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Mid-20th century postcard showing an aerial view of the American Viscose Corporation Plant in Front Royal, Virginia.
American Viscose Corporation Industrial Village built to house workers in Marcus Hook, Pennsylvania

American Viscose Corporation was an American division of the British firm Courtaulds, which manufactured rayon and other synthetic fibres. The company operated from 1910 to 1976 when it was renamed Avtex. Avtex closed in 1990.

History

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Vacant American Viscose Corporation Building on 10th Street in Marcus Hook in 2020

Established in 1909, it became the largest supplier of rayon and the first company to make artificial silk in the United States.

American Viscose had plants at Marcus Hook, Pennsylvania (established 1910), Roanoke, Virginia (1916), Lewistown, Pennsylvania (1920), Parkersburg, West Virginia (1927), Meadville, Pennsylvania (1929), Nitro, West Virginia,[1] and Front Royal, Virginia (1940).[2] After a 1946 merger with Sylvania Industrial Corporation (not to be confused with lighting and electronics manufacturer Sylvania), it gained a plant at Fredericksburg, Virginia.[3]

The company was founded by Samuel Agar Salvage, as a division of Courtaulds and began production as "The American Viscose Corporation-(AVC)" in 1910. Later it was branded as "Crown Rayon". In 1941, to purchase supplies for the War, the British government were pressured by the U.S. Government to sell the company to 152 American investment firms in a deal led by Morgan, Stanley & Co. and Dillion, Reed & Co. The 228,480 shares were sold to the public. In 1949, The company passed into the control of the Monsanto Corporation. (Courtaulds resumed manufacture of rayon in the United States in 1952, at a new plant in Axis, Alabama).[4] In 1963 it was purchased by FMC Corporation. In 1974 the plant in Parkersburg, West Virginia was closed. FMC sold off the division in 1976 to its employees, when it was renamed Avtex Fibers.

AVC also extended their reach to television station ownership, purchasing majority control of five construction permits from Daniel H. Overmyer in 1967 in exchange for a $3 million loan.[5][6] AVC formed U.S. Communications, Inc., to operate these unbuilt stations along with WPHL-TV in Philadelphia, which was concurrently purchased from separate interests.[7][8] Four of the five permits signed on the air,[9] but three of the five left the air in 1971;[10] all were eventually sold by 1972.[11]

In 1980 Avtex Fibers closed their plant in Nitro, West Virginia that manufactured rayon staple. In 1983, Avtex Fibers was the largest US manufacturer of rayon fiber, as well as operating plants that made polyester and acetate yarn.[12]

Many of its closed plants have become Superfund pollution cleanup sites. The former plant site at Front Royal, Virginia was used for manufacturing from 1940 until 1989, when the plant was closed after being cited for more than 2,000 environmental violations over five years, including emissions of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) into the nearby Shenandoah River.[13][14] The plant was demolished in 1997,[15] and is being restored by FMC in conjunction with the United States Environmental Protection Agency.[2]

The company made rayon fiber for fabric and also rayon cord for reinforcement of pneumatic automobile tires. Declining sales and high internal costs caused Avtex to close its rayon operations in 1988, briefly restarting to produce fiber for the aerospace industry, and then permanently closing in 1990 for economic and environmental reasons.

See also

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References

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  1. ^ Wilkins, Mira (2004). The History of Foreign Investment in the United States, 1914-1945. Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press. p. 152. ISBN 0674045181. Retrieved April 8, 2015.
  2. ^ a b "Avtex Fibers Superfund Site - Site History". Avtexfibers.com (in Chinese). Archived from the original on June 2, 2002. Retrieved April 8, 2015.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  3. ^ "Viscose-Sylvania Merger Goes Into Effect Today". The Free Lance-Star. Fredericksburg, Va. September 12, 1946. Retrieved November 22, 2015.
  4. ^ Supreme Court of Alabama (September 15, 2000). "Courtaulds Fibers Inc v. Long". Findlaw. Retrieved September 29, 2020.
  5. ^ "WSCO-TV Sold". The Cincinnati Enquirer. April 20, 1967. p. 12. Archived from the original on February 3, 2022. Retrieved February 3, 2022 – via Newspapers.com.
  6. ^ "Overmyer selling control of outlets". Broadcasting. Vol. 72, no. 14. April 3, 1967. p. 80. ProQuest 1014520519.
  7. ^ "U.S. Communications plans UHF group". Broadcasting. Vol. 72, no. 25. June 19, 1967. p. 63. ProQuest 1014493487.
  8. ^ "WPHL to Head New Six-Station Group". The Philadelphia Inquirer. June 13, 1967. p. 15. Archived from the original on August 29, 2018. Retrieved August 29, 2018.
  9. ^ "WATL-TV; WPGH-TV; WXIX-TV; KEMO-TV". Television Factbook 1970-71 (PDF). Vol. Stations (40 ed.). Washington, D. C.: Television Digest, Inc. 1970. pp. 104-b, 185-b, 589-b, 666-b. LCCN 67-118025. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 8, 2024. Retrieved March 28, 2024.
  10. ^
    • "Group mothballs two U's; cites low ad revenues". Broadcasting. Vol. 80, no. 13. March 29, 1971. p. 96. ProQuest 1016858243.
    • "Two UHF's kept on air". Broadcasting. Vol. 81, no. 6. August 9, 1971. p. 8. ProQuest 1016856191.
    • Kristoff, Bob (October 25, 1971). "One went off, one stayed on". Broadcasting. Vol. 81, no. 17. p. 11. ProQuest 1016862699.
  11. ^ "AVC bails out of U in Philadelphia". Broadcasting. February 14, 1972. pp. 40–41. ProQuest 1505656462.
  12. ^ United States International Trade Commission (March 1983). "Rayon staple fiber from Sweden: Determination of the Commission in investigation no. 104-TAA-13 under section 104(b) of the Trade Agreements Act of 1979, together with the information obtained in the investigation". p. A-8. Retrieved April 8, 2015.
  13. ^ U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (January 2015). "Mid-Atlantic Superfund - Avtex Fibers, Inc". Epa.gov. Retrieved March 28, 2015.
  14. ^ Ayres, B. Drummond Jr. (November 21, 1989). "Jobs Are Lost in Plant Shutdown, but So Is Foul-Smelling Air". The New York Times. Retrieved January 14, 2017.
  15. ^ Finn, Peter (November 12, 1997). "Pollution Landmark Demolished in VA". The Washington Post. Retrieved January 14, 2017.
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