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Autherine Lucy

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Autherine Lucy
Lucy in 1955
Born
Autherine Juanita Lucy

(1929-10-05)October 5, 1929
Shiloh, Alabama, U.S.
DiedMarch 2, 2022(2022-03-02) (aged 92)
Education
Occupation(s)Educator, professor
Years active1956–2022
Known forFirst African-American student to attend the University of Alabama, 1956
RelativesNikema Williams (grandniece)

Autherine Juanita Lucy (October 5, 1929 – March 2, 2022) was an American activist who was the first African-American student to attend the University of Alabama, in 1956.[1] Her expulsion from the institution later that year led to the university's President Oliver Carmichael's resignation.[2][3] Years later, the University admitted her as a master's student and in 2010 a clock tower was erected in her honor on its campus.[4]

Early life

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Lucy was born in Shiloh, Alabama. Her father Milton Cornelius Lucy[5] and mother Minnie Maud Hosea[5] were sharecroppers; she was the youngest child in a family of five sons and four daughters.[6] The family owned and farmed 110 acres, and Lucy's father also did blacksmithing, and made baskets and ax handles to supplement their income.[5] After attending public school in Shiloh through grade ten, she attended Linden Academy in Linden, Alabama.[7] She graduated in 1947, and went on to attend Selma University in Selma for two years, after which she studied at the historically black Miles College in Fairfield. She graduated from Miles with a Bachelor of Arts in English in 1952.[6]

Desegregation of the University of Alabama

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In September 1952, she and a friend, Pollie Myers, a civil-rights activist with the NAACP, applied to the University of Alabama. Lucy later said that she wanted a second undergraduate degree, not for political reasons but to get the best possible education in the state. Although the women were accepted, their admittance was rescinded when the authorities discovered they were not white. Backed by the NAACP, Lucy and Myers charged the University with racial discrimination in a court case that took almost three years to resolve. While waiting, Lucy worked as an English teacher in Carthage, Mississippi, and as a secretary at an insurance company.[8]

Autherine Lucy with Roy Wilkins and Thurgood Marshall of NAACP in 1955

On June 29, 1955, the NAACP secured a court order preventing the University from rejecting the admission applications of Lucy and Myers (who had married and was then known as Pollie Myers Hudson) based upon their race.[9] Lucy was finally admitted to the University but it rejected Hudson on the grounds that a child she had conceived before marriage made her an unsuitable student.[10] Even though Lucy was officially admitted, she was still barred from all dormitories and dining halls. Days later, the court amended the order to apply to all other African-American students seeking admission.[11] At least two sources have said that the board hoped that without Hudson, the more outgoing and assured of the pair and whose idea it originally was to enroll at Alabama, Lucy's own acceptance would mean little or nothing to her, and she would voluntarily decide not to attend. But Hudson and others strongly encouraged her, and on February 3, 1956, Lucy enrolled as a graduate student in library science, becoming the first African American ever admitted to a white public school or university in the state.[12][13]

Lucy attended her first class on Friday, February 3, 1956. On Monday, February 6, 1956, riots broke out on the campus and a mob of more than a thousand men pelted the car in which the Dean of Women drove Lucy between classes. Threats were made against her life and the University president's home was stoned.[14] The police were called to secure her attendance. These riots at the University remain, to date, the most violent, post-Brown, anti-integration demonstration. After the riots, the University suspended Lucy from school because of concern over her own safety.[8]

Martin Luther King Jr. wrote a sermon in 1956 about the events and it at the Dexter Avenue Baptist Church the day before his trial for violating Alabama’s anti-boycott law:

As soon as Autherine Lucy walked on the campus, a group of spoiled students lead [sic] by Leonard Wilson and a vicious group of criminals began threatening her on every hand. Crosses were burned. Eggs and bricks were thrown at her. The mob even jumped on top of the car in which she was riding. Finally the president and trustees of the university of Alabama asked Autherine to leave for her own safety and the safety of the university. The next day after Autherine was dismissed the paper came out with this headline: 'Things are quiet in Tuscaloosa today. There is peace on the campus of the university of Alabama.' Yes things were quiet in Tuscaloosa. yes there was peace on the campus, but it was peace at a great price. It was peace that had been purchased at the exorbitant price of an inept trustee board succoming [sic] to the whims and carprices [sic] of a vicious mob. It was peace that had been purchased at the price of allowing mobocracy to reign supreme over democracy.[15]

Lucy was known and described as "the architect of desegregating Alabama's education systems."[16] Thurgood Marshall helped win the 1954 landmark Supreme Court desegregation case, Brown v. Board of Education. The Brown decision said that racial segregation in public schools was unconstitutional (illegal).[17] Marshall had a great amount of confidence that if the Supreme Court decided something, then the rest of the country would follow its decision. Attorneys for Lucy and the NAACP, including Arthur Shores and Marshall, helped build a lawsuit against the University because they believed the school helped the white mob by not having protection for her and prevented Lucy from attending class. A series of legal proceedings lasted from 1953 until 1955.[18]

While Lucy felt defeated from being expelled and losing the court case, Marshall, who would become the first African-American Supreme Court Justice in 1967, thought differently. In a letter to Lucy, he said, "Whatever happens in the future, remember for all concerned, that your contribution has been made toward equal justice for all Americans and that you have done everything in your power to bring this about."[10]

Lucy and the NAACP filed contempt-of-court charges against the trustees and president of the University; against the dean of women for barring her from the dining hall and dormitories, and against four other men (none connected to the University) for participating in the riots.[19] On February 29, the Federal Court in Birmingham ordered that Lucy be reinstated and that the University must take adequate measures to protect her. The University trustees then expelled her permanently on a hastily contrived technicality.[11] The University used the court case as a justification for her permanent expulsion, claiming that Lucy had slandered the University and they could not have her as a student. The NAACP, feeling that further legal action was pointless, did not contest this decision. Lucy acquiesced.[citation needed]

University President Oliver Carmichael resigned as a result of the trustees' opposition to Lucy's admission.[3]

In April 1956, in Dallas, Lucy married Hugh Foster, a divinity student (and later a minister) whom she had met at Miles College. For some months afterward she was a civil rights advocate, making speeches at NAACP meetings around the country. But by the end of the year, her active involvement in the Civil Rights Movement had ceased.[20]

Later life and death

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After Lucy was expelled from the university, Marshall was so concerned about her safety that he brought her to New York to stay in his home with him and his wife, Cecilia. Lucy said later, "I just felt so secure with Mr. Marshall and his wife... How grateful I have been over all these years for the protection and the kindness he gave to me."[17]

For the next seventeen years, Lucy and her family lived in various cities in Louisiana, Mississippi, and Texas. Her notoriety made it difficult at first for her to find employment as a teacher. The Fosters moved back to Alabama in 1974, and Lucy obtained a position in the Birmingham school system.[8]

In April 1988, Lucy's expulsion was officially annulled by the University of Alabama. She enrolled in the graduate program in Education the following year and received an M.A. degree in May 1992. The University named an endowed fellowship in her honor[8] and unveiled a portrait of her in the student union. The inscription reads "Her initiative and courage won the right for students of all races to attend the University. She is a sister of the Zeta Phi Beta sorority."[21]

Lucy died on March 2, 2022, at the age of 92.[22] Her grandniece, Nikema Williams, is a member of the United States House of Representatives and chair of the Democratic Party of Georgia.[23]

Legacy

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Autherine Lucy Clock Tower

On November 3, 2010, the Autherine Lucy Clock Tower was dedicated in a new space honoring her, Vivian Malone, and James Hood (the Malone-Hood Plaza)—three individuals who pioneered desegregation at the University of Alabama.[4] The Plaza is located beside Foster Auditorium, where, in 1963, Alabama Governor George Wallace unsuccessfully attempted to bar Malone and Hood from registering at the University.[24] The 40-foot-tall (12 m) brick tower has a base displaying bronze plaques that chronicle the individual struggles of Lucy, Malone, and Hood. Additionally, on September 15, 2017, a special marker was erected in her honor near Graves Hall (home of the College of Education) on the UA campus.[25] Lucy returned to speak at the ceremony and compared the crowd that welcomed her with the hatred she had encountered the first time she entered the university.[26]

In May 2019, Lucy attended the University of Alabama's spring graduation, where the school presented her with an honorary doctorate.[27]

Lucy's legacy continues at the University of Alabama with a $25,000 scholarship named after her and a picture of Lucy was put up at the university in 1992.[10][5] On February 3, 2022, the university added Lucy's name to what was formerly Bibb Graves Hall, then changed to Lucy-Graves Hall.[28] Following an outcry from students, faculty and the public about Lucy's name being placed alongside that of a former Klansman, UA trustees dropped Graves's name completely from the hall on February 11, 2022, renaming the building Autherine Lucy Hall.[29]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ "Civil rights pioneer Vivian Jones dies". USA Today. 2005-10-13. Archived from the original on 2011-12-19. Retrieved 2007-11-23.
  2. ^ "Expelled in 1956, Autherine Lucy Foster Receives Honorary Doctorate from University of Alabama". www.apr.org. Associated Press. 6 May 2019. Archived from the original on 2019-05-06. Retrieved 2021-08-24.
  3. ^ a b "Education: Goodbye to 'Bama". Time. November 19, 1956. Archived from the original on June 13, 2021. Retrieved August 28, 2017.
  4. ^ a b "Malone-Hood Plaza, Autherine Lucy Clock Tower at UA's Foster Auditorium to be Dedicated Nov. 3". The University of Alabama. October 25, 2010. Archived from the original on February 6, 2016. Retrieved February 6, 2016.
  5. ^ a b c d "Autherine Lucy". National Women's History Museum. Archived from the original on 2020-02-24. Retrieved 2020-02-24.
  6. ^ a b Autherine J. Lucy, "Miss Autherine Lucy Tells of Hectic Alabama U. Crusade." Atlanta Daily World, February 9, 1956, p. 1.
  7. ^ Ethel L. Payne, "Autherine Lucy Youngest of Nine in Alabama Family." Chicago Defender, February 8, 1956, p. 5.
  8. ^ a b c d Palmer, Colin A. (2006). Encyclopedia of African-American Culture and History. Web: Gale Virtual Reference Library. pp. 1346–1347. Retrieved 15 May 2015.[permanent dead link]
  9. ^ Clark, E. Culpepper (1993). The Schoolhouse Door: Segregation's Last Stand at the University of Alabama. New York, Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 55. ISBN 978-0817354336.
  10. ^ a b c "An Indomitable Spirit: Autherine Lucy". National Museum of African American History and Culture. 2017-10-11. Archived from the original on 2021-05-04. Retrieved 2020-02-24.
  11. ^ a b Huges, Longston; Meltzer, Milton; Lincoln, C. Eric; Spencer, Jon Michael (1971). A Pictorial History of African Americans. Crown Publishers, Inc. pp. 306–307.
  12. ^ Clark, p.56
  13. ^ Roberts, Gene and Hank Klibanoff (2006). The Race Beat: The Press, the Civil Rights Struggle, and the Awakening of a Nation. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. pp. 129–131. ISBN 0-679-40381-7.
  14. ^ Huges, Longston; Meltzer, Milton; Lincoln, C. Eric; Spencer, Jon Michael (1995). A Pictorial history of African Americans. crown Publishers, Inc. pp. 306–307.
  15. ^ King, Martin Luther (11 February 2015). "When Peace Becomes Obnoxious". Stanford University: The Martin Luther King, Jr. Research and Education Institute. Archived from the original on 2015-11-08. Retrieved 2021-11-20.
  16. ^ Miller, Ryan W. "1st black to attend University of Alabama got threats in 1956. Now, she's getting an honorary degree". USA TODAY. Archived from the original on 2019-05-09. Retrieved 2020-02-24.
  17. ^ a b "Autherine Lucy and the University of Alabama". www.americaslibrary.gov. Archived from the original on 2020-02-24. Retrieved 2020-02-24.
  18. ^ Mack, Dwayne (2008-03-24). "Autherine Juanita Lucy (1929- ) •". Archived from the original on 2021-07-05. Retrieved 2020-02-24.
  19. ^ Polski, Ph.D., Harry A.; Kaiser, Ernest (1971). The Negro Almanac: The Black Experience in America. Bellwether Publishing Company. pp. 39–30.
  20. ^ Goldstein, Richard (2022-03-02). "Autherine Lucy Foster, First Black Student at U. of Alabama, Dies at 92". New York Times. Archived from the original on 2022-03-02. Retrieved 2022-03-02.
  21. ^ Clark, p.260.
  22. ^ "Autherine Lucy Foster, UA's first Black student, has died". WSFA. 2 March 2022. Archived from the original on 2 March 2022. Retrieved 2 March 2022.
  23. ^ Edwards, Breanna (December 6, 2019). "Georgia State Sen. Nikema Williams On Continuing The Legacy Of The Civil Rights Movement". Essence. Archived from the original on July 20, 2020. Retrieved July 20, 2020.
  24. ^ Dunn, Robert Andrew (November 25, 2008). "Stand in the Schoolhouse Door". The Encyclopedia of Alabama. Retrieved February 6, 2016.
  25. ^ Taylor, Drew (September 16, 2017). "UA honors first black student Autherine Lucy". Tuscaloosa News. Retrieved September 19, 2017.
  26. ^ "Monument to Autherine Lucy Foster is one we can (and should) all love". AL.com. Archived from the original on 2018-09-30. Retrieved 2018-09-30.
  27. ^ "University of Alabama honors its first black student who was removed because of riots". www.msn.com. Archived from the original on 2019-05-09. Retrieved 2019-05-09.
  28. ^ Schepis, Grace (February 3, 2022). "Lucy-Graves Hall: UA building named for Autherine Lucy Foster on anniversary of enrollment". The Crimson White. Archived from the original on February 3, 2022. Retrieved February 3, 2022.
  29. ^ Phillips, Ryan (February 11, 2022). "UA Trustees Approve Autherine Lucy Hall As New Name For Building". Archived from the original on July 18, 2024. Retrieved February 11, 2022.
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