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August 1975

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The following events occurred in August 1975:

August 20, 1975: Viking 1 begins journey to Mars
August 27, 1975: Ex-Emperor of Ethiopia, Haile Selassie, murdered
August 1, 1975: Helsinki Accords signed by world's leaders
August 18, 1975: The bicentennial quarter introduced

August 1, 1975 (Friday)

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Ms. KNM ER 3733
  • The skull of "KNM ER 3733", a woman of the species Homo ergaster, was discovered by Bernard Ngeneo, 1,750,000 years after her death, at the Koobi Fora Ridge near Lake Turkana in Kenya. By August 9, the nearly intact skull had been carefully unearthed.[4]
  • The Republic of Cabinda unilaterally declared independence.

August 2, 1975 (Saturday)

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  • The highest temperatures ever recorded in Massachusetts (107 °F at New Bedford) [5] and Rhode Island (104 °F at Providence) [6] took place during a heatwave in northeast United States.
  • Carrying U.S. President Ford on his departure from the Helsinki summit, Air Force One strayed from its flight plan and veered into restricted air space near Swedish military installations, prompting the Swedish Air Force to send a J35 Draken to intercept the jet and turn it away. Major Carl-Christen Hjort said that the fighter was equipped with air-to-air missiles, "but, of course, there were no plans to use them".[7]
  • Billy Martin had his first game as manager of baseball's New York Yankees for owner George Steinbrenner being hired and fired in several times between 1975 and 1988. In his outing, he guided the Yankees to a 5–3 win over the Cleveland Indians.[8]

August 3, 1975 (Sunday)

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  • Less than four weeks after becoming the first President of the Comoros, Ahmed Abdallah was overthrown in a bloodless coup. Foreign mercenaries, sponsored by French soldier of fortune Bob Denard, seized the lone radio station and television station in Moroni, the capital city. An hour later, opposition leader Ali Soilih announced that he was the new President.[9] Solih would place Said Mohamed Jaffar in the office of president, before assuming the job himself in January.[10]
  • A0620-00, the first x-ray nova to also be visible on an optical telescope (designated V616 Mon), was seen and detected to flare. After eight months, the flare diminished, and the object is considered to be likely to be a black hole that was created around the time of the 10th century BCE based on its distance from earth of an estimated 3,000 light years.[11]
  • The Louisiana Superdome opened in New Orleans.[12][13]
  • Died: Jack Molinas, 43, gambler and former college and professional basketball player convicted for "fixing" games, was shot and killed while standing in his backyard at his home in Hollywood Hills, California, in what was believed to have been a mob hit.[14] The gunman, Eugene Conner, was convicted of murder in 1978 after being turned in by his own brother.[15]

August 4, 1975 (Monday)

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  • A chartered ALIA, Royal Jordanian Airlines Boeing 707 crashed into the side of a mountain while attempting to land at Agadir after departing Paris three hours earlier. All but four of the passengers were Moroccans who worked in France and were coming home on their vacations. All 188 people on the jet were killed.[16]
  • Members of the Japanese Red Army terrorist group fought their way into the American consulate in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, then took 52 hostages, only five of whom were American. The group demanded the release of 7 jailed Red Army members.[17] Five of the JRA prisoners accepted the offer of safe passage and were flown to Libya.[18]

August 5, 1975 (Tuesday)

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President Ford
General Lee
  • U.S. President Ford signed into law a U.S. Senate resolution posthumously restoring the American citizenship of Confederate Army General Robert E. Lee, restoring his American citizenship. Lee had died in 1870, but had signed an oath of allegiance in 1865 as part of being granted amnesty. "Although more than a century late," President Ford said, "I am delighted to sign this resolution and to complete the full restoration of General Lee's citizenship."[19]
  • The Parliament of India retroactively changed the 1971 election law that Prime Minister Indira Gandhi had violated four years earlier while running for her seat in the Lok Sabha. Gandhi had been convicted on June 12 of violating campaign laws, with a mandatory penalty of being barred from public office for six years, then declared an emergency. Most citizens of India were unaware of the rewriting of the law because of censorship of the press.[20]
  • South African troops drove ten miles into Angola, resulting in a decision by Cuba to increase its presence in the African nation.[21]
  • An armored car of the Hang Seng Bank was robbed of 75 million Hong Kong dollars, equivalent to USD $10,000,000.[22]
  • Born: Kajol (Kajol Devgan), Indian film actress and five-time winner of Filmfare Award for Best Actress; as Kajol Mukherjee in Mumbai

August 6, 1975 (Wednesday)

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  • The United Nations Security Council declined to approve South Korea's application for membership. The United States would veto the application of North Vietnam and South Vietnam a week later.[23]
  • One day before it was to expire, the U.S. Voting Rights Act of 1965 was extended for another ten years. The Act of 1975 had passed the U.S. House of Representatives 341-70 on June 4, 1975, and the U.S. Senate 77-12 on July 24.[24]
  • The death of Hercule Poirot was announced worldwide by the publishers of Agatha Christie's novel Curtain.[25]
  • The Presidium of the Supreme Soviet unanimously approved the Helsinki Accords, and a resolution praying "that all countries represented at the conference will live up to the agreements reached. As to the Soviet Union, it will act precisely in this way." [26]

August 7, 1975 (Thursday)

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  • Typhoon Nina produced the heaviest one-day rainfall ever recorded from a Pacific Ocean typhoon, with 97 centimeters (38 inches) at Linzhang County in the Hebei Province.[27] The typhoon itself had killed 12 people up to that point, in Taiwan,[28] but the downpour continued for 26 hours, leading to a dam burst in mainland China the next day.
  • Alger Hiss was sworn back in as an attorney, 23 years after having been disbarred in 1952 for perjury, after denying that he had given U.S. State Department documents, nicknamed the "Pumpkin Papers", to Communist spy Whittaker Chambers.[23]
  • Born:
    • Charlize Theron, South African-born American actress, 2004 Academy Award winner for Best Actress for portrayal of serial killer Aileen Wuornos in the film Monster, in Benoni, Gauteng
    • David Hicks, Australian man imprisoned by the United States at Guantanamo Bay from 2001 to 2007 while awaiting trial on charges of supporting terrorism in Afghanistan; in Adelaide

August 8, 1975 (Friday)

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  • The Banqiao Dam, in China's Henan Province, failed after a freak typhoon, drowning over 26,000 people and leading to famine and disease that killed 145,000 more.[29] At 12:30 am local time, the Shimantan Dam, on the Ru River, gave way from a downpour; thirty minutes later, the pressure caused the Banqiao dam to burst, and 62 more dams further downstream failed as well. A large wave, atleast 3 meters (nearly 10 feet) high, swept through the valley rendering eleven million people homeless. The People's Republic of China would not acknowledge the disaster until 30 years later.[30]
  • Singer Hank Williams Jr. was seriously injured in a near-fatal mountain climbing accident at Ajax Peak in Montana, when the ground beneath him gave way, and fell 500 feet down the slope.[31] After two years of reconstructive surgeries, Williams would set about rebuilding his career and become one of the best-selling country music artists in history.[32]
  • Died: Cannonball Adderley, 46, former high school music teacher who became a contemporary jazz artist

August 9, 1975 (Saturday)

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  • The COS-B satellite, a project of the European Space Research Organisation (ESRO), was launched from Vandenberg Air Force Base in California. "It is difficult to overestimate the importance of COS-B in the historical evolution" of ESRO, it would be written later.[33] Operating five years longer than expected, up until April 25, 1982, the European mission provided the first detailed view of gamma ray sources in the Milky Way.[34]
  • Samuel Bronfman II, son of the president of Seagram's, was reported kidnapped and held for ransom after disappearing from his home in Purchase, New York.[35] After the ransom was paid, Bronfman was located August 17 by the FBI and by the New York Police Department.[23] Defendants Mel Patrick Lynch and Dominic Byrne would later persuade a jury that Bronfman was their accomplice, and would be acquitted of kidnapping charges, and convicted only of extortion of the Bronfman family.[36] Byrne's attorney wrote a memoir before his death in 2020, confessing that the defense was a lie, and Bronfman had been an innocent victim.[37]
  • Planning began to move the capital of Nigeria from Lagos to a new location. A committee, headed by Akinola Aguda, would select a site for the Federal Capital Territory to be made up of part of the states of Nasarawa, Niger and Kogi, for the building of the new city of Abuja.[38]
  • Mark Donohue set the world record for speed on a closed race course, averaging 221.120 miles per hour while driving a Porsche 917.30 at the Talladega Motor Speedway in Talladega, Alabama. The record would stand for 11 years, but Donohue would be killed in a racing accident ten days later.[39]
  • Hours after their birth, two baby girls, born as Siamese twins, were separated by a team of 25 surgeons, anesthetists and nurses, led by Dr. Peter Jones at the Royal Children's Hospital in Melbourne.[40]
  • Died: Dmitri Shostakovich, 69, Russian composer

August 10, 1975 (Sunday)

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Betty Ford
  • An interview with U.S. First Lady Betty Ford was broadcast on the popular news show 60 Minutes. Taking questions from Morley Safer, President Ford's wife gave surprisingly candid answers, noting that she "wouldn't be surprised" if her daughter was "having an affair" (referring to premarital sex) and that marijuana was "the type of thing young people have to experience".[41] In the opinion of historian Nigel Hamilton, "alcohol certainly loosened her tongue when she gave what would become a famed interview...No First Lady had ever spoken so candidly on national television, sending moralists of both parties into a tailspin."[42]
  • Former U.S. President Richard M. Nixon signed a contract with Australian TV journalist David Frost, agreeing to answer any questions posed in four sessions of 90 minutes apiece. In return, Nixon would receive $700,000. The meetings would later be the subject of the film Frost/Nixon.[43]
  • As Indira Gandhi's exercise of "emergency rule" over India continued, the Thirty-ninth Amendment of the Constitution of India took effect, prohibiting civil lawsuits or criminal charges from being brought against an incumbent Prime Minister of India. The new rule brought to an end the June decision that had threatened to bar Gandhi from public office.[23]

August 11, 1975 (Monday)

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  • British Leyland Motor Corporation, the United Kingdom's largest auto manufacturer, came under 78 percent control of the British government.[44]
  • The UDT carried out a coup in the Portuguese colony at East Timor, which was in the process of being granted eventual independence from Portugal, beginning a civil war between UDT and a rival independence group, Fretilin.[45] In the civil war that followed, the UDT troops and thousands of refugees were forced, by a counterattack from Fretilin, to flee across the border to Indonesia, but not before their leaders signed a document asking for East Timor to be annexed by Indonesia.[46]
  • Resolutions to admit North Vietnam and the Communist South Vietnam to the United Nations were vetoed in the Security Council by the United States. The Council had recommended submitting the resolutions to the U.N. General Assembly by a 13–1 margin, with the U.S. against and Costa Rica abstaining.[47]
  • Died:
    • Anthony C. McAuliffe, 77, American general famous for answering a German surrender demand at the Battle of the Bulge with the written reply "Nuts!". The U.S. 101st Airborne Division was able to hold out against the German attack for a week until relieved by other American units.
    • Rachel Katznelson-Shazar, 90, Zionist political figure and wife of third President of Israel

August 12, 1975 (Tuesday)

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  • John Walker of New Zealand became the first person to run a mile in less than 3 minutes and 50 seconds, clocking in at 3:49.4 in a meet a Gothenburg in Sweden.[48]
  • Died: Laurance Labadie, 77, American anarchist and author of Anarchism Applied to Economics, and Origin and Nature of Government

August 13, 1975 (Wednesday)

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  • South Korean serial killer Kim Dae-doo murdered 63-year old Ahn Jong-hyun and injured Ahn's wife, beginning a 55-day spree of killing that would not end until his arrest on October 8, 1975. [49] Over a period of eight weeks, Kim murdered 17 victims ranging in age from an infant to a 70-year-old man, including 14 during the month of September. His final victim was a 26-year-old man, Hong Jin-man.
  • A group of 33 Libyan Army officers attempted to overthrow the government of Muammar Gaddafi and his ruling Revolutionary Command Council, in the first major coup attempt since Gaddafi took power in 1969. The coup failed and the officers would be publicly executed in 1977. [50]
  • A terrorist attack by the Provisional IRA Belfast Brigade on the Bayardo Bar, a popular pub in Belfast, Northern Ireland, killed five people and injured 50. Two people outside were killed first, and a bomb placed inside the bar exploded and collapsed the building. [51] Brendan "Bik" McFarlane was arrested 20 minutes later, along with Peter Hamilton and Seamus Clarke. Sentenced to life imprisonment, McFarlane would later coordinate the 1981 Irish hunger strike at Maze Prison, and lead the successful 1983 Maze Prison escape.[52]

August 14, 1975 (Thursday)

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  • The government of the Philippines and the rebel Moro Liberation Front signed a cease fire agreement after five years of fighting.[23] The Front would repudiate the agreement on September 11, and fighting would continue until 1986.[53]
  • Portugal resumed its colonial administration of Angola, but pledged to abide by the scheduled November 11 independence date.[23]

August 15, 1975 (Friday)

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August 16, 1975 (Saturday)

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  • Serial killer Ted Bundy was arrested by Salt Lake County police sergeant Bob Hayward after fleeing when Hayward approached Bundy's Volkswagen Beetle. In the search of the car, Hayward found burglary tools and a ski mask. Bundy would be identified as the kidnapper of Carol Da Roach and sentenced to 15 years in prison. Transferred to a jail in Colorado to stand trial for a murder there, he would escape in 1977 and committed three more murders.[60]

August 17, 1975 (Sunday)

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Lund with son
  • Two auto racing legends were fatally injured on the same day, thousands of miles apart.[61] Tiny Lund, who had won the 1963 Daytona 500, was killed in a six car pileup while competing in NASCAR's Talladega 500 car race in Alabama.[62] Earlier in the day, Mark Donohue, who had set a world record at the same track a week earlier, was fatally injured during a final morning practice, hours before the Austrian Grand Prix, when a punctured tire caused his car to hurtle through a fence. Donohue walked away from the crash, complaining of a severe headache, then went into convulsions. Two days after undergoing emergency brain surgery at Graz, Donohue died of complications.[63]
  • Six firemen were killed and five others were injured while fighting a blaze at a Gulf Oil refinery in Philadelphia. Two of the company employees prevented further destruction by paddling a rowboat through a pool of hot crude oil and shutting off an open valve in a naphtha storage tank.[64]
  • Died:
    • Vladimir Kuts, 48, Soviet runner, gold medalist at the 1956 Olympics in the 5,000m and 10,000m events, died of an apparent suicide from an overdose of alcohol and sleeping pills.[65]
    • Chang Chun-Ha, 56, South Korean publisher who had published the newspaper Sassanggye from 1953 until its shutdown in 1970, fell to his death while mountain climbing. The South Korean government said that Chang, who was known for his opposition to President Park Chung-hee, had lost his footing while descending a mountain near the city of Pocheon, but Park's opponents said that Chang had been murdered.[66]
    • Sig Arno, 79, German-born character actor

August 18, 1975 (Monday)

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  • The "Bicentennial quarter" was put into circulation in the United States. For one year, the image of the American eagle was replaced by one of an American Revolutionary War drummer boy. The image of George Washington remained the same, but the inscription "1776-1976" was put where "1976" would have gone.[67] The coins entered general circulation starting on September 17, 1975. [68]

August 19, 1975 (Tuesday)

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August 20, 1975 (Wednesday)

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  • NASA launched the Viking 1 planetary probe toward Mars. Liftoff took place from Cape Canaveral at 5:22 pm local time.[70] After a journey of ten months and 505 million miles, Viking would enter orbit around Mars on June 19, 1976, and the lander would reach the surface of Mars on July 20, sending back pictures and data until November 13, 1982.[71]
  • Czechoslovak State Airlines Flight 542, an Ilyushin-62 jet, crashed while attempting to land in Damascus, killing 126 of the 128 people aboard.[23]

August 21, 1975 (Thursday)

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  • The United States partially lifted its embargo against Cuba, allowing the foreign subsidiaries of American companies to trade directly with the Castro regime.[72]
  • Venezuela nationalized the oil industry there, with production facilities taken over by the state-owned company, Petróleos de Venezuela.[73]
  • Died: Sam McGee, 81, older of the country music duo The McGee Brothers, in a farming accident. A master guitarist who performed regularly at the Grand Ole Opry, McGee was cutting hay on his farm near Franklin, Tennessee, when he was run over by his tractor.[74]

August 22, 1975 (Friday)

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  • The destroyer ARA Santísima Trinidad, being outfitted as the most advanced ship of the Argentine Navy, was sunk in La Plata Harbor by bombs placed by the Montoneros terrorist group, causing $70,000,000 worth of damage.[75] The ship would be restored and put into service in 1981.[76]
  • Serial killer Henry Lee Lucas was paroled after serving three years of a five-year sentence for attempted kidnapping, and began a killing spree along with his friend, Ottis Toole.[77]
  • John Patler, a sniper who had assassinated American Nazi leader George Lincoln Rockwell on August 25, 1967, was paroled after serving nearly eight years of his 20-year prison sentence.[78]
  • Died: Lancelot Hogben, 79, British scientist and author of books on science, mathematics and language.

August 23, 1975 (Saturday)

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  • Laos became the third Indochinese nation to come under Communist Control in six months, as Vientiane, the nation's capital, welcomed the Pathet Lao guerillas.[79] Prime Minister Souphanouvong, who led the Pathet Lao and a coalition government, pledged that King Sri Savang Vatthana would continue to reign.[23]
  • The Soviet Union detonated eight nuclear devices simultaneously in a single event, marking a new trend in multiple testing.[80]
  • Died:

August 24, 1975 (Sunday)

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August 25, 1975 (Monday)

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August 26, 1975 (Tuesday)

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  • The Emir of Bahrain dissolved that nation's Constitutional Assembly, after a two-year experiment in parliamentary democracy, replacing the legislature with the prior system of the laws by decree of the Emir, with the advice and counsel of a cabinet of ministers of his choice. A bicameral legislature would be created in 2001.[85]
  • Bundelkhand University was created in Jhansi in the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh.[86]

August 27, 1975 (Wednesday)

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  • The death of Haile Selassie I, the last Emperor of Ethiopia, was announced by the African republic's radio station. Officially, the 83-year-old deposed Emperor had been found dead in his palace, and had been in failing health after prostate surgery two months earlier, and he was buried in a "secret location" by orders of President Mengistu.[87] After the overthrow of the Mengistu regime 16 years later, Selassie's body was unearthed from a grave beneath Mengistu's office at the former Imperial Palace, and it was revealed that the Emperor had been smothered with a pillow while sleeping, after he refused to provide information about his overseas bank accounts.[88]
  • The defendants in the 1970 shootings at Kent State University were acquitted of all responsibility for the May 4, 1970 killing of four students. Former Ohio Governor James A. Rhodes, former KSU President Robert I. White, and 27 members of the Ohio National Guard had been sued by the parents of the four students for $46 million.[23]
  • Governor Mário Lemos Pires of the colony of Portuguese Timor abandoned the capital Dili and departed by the freighter Macdili, along with 722 refugees, to the tiny nearby Atauro Island.[89]
  • The West German communications satellite Symphonie-B was launched into space from the United States.[90]

August 28, 1975 (Thursday)

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  • The U.S. Food and Drug Administration announced a ban on the use of polyvinyl chloride plastic for packaging of certain foods, because of its potential for causing cancer. At the time, PVC was the second most-used plastic in American food packaging. Although PVC film wrapping of meat and fruits was still permitted, the use of hard PVC plastic on lunch meat packages, and for bottles of liquids, was to be prohibited.[91]
  • The FBI released the first 725 of 48,000 pages of its files concerning Julius and Ethel Rosenberg, 22 years after the American couple's execution for treason. The materials were made available following a Freedom of Information Act request by Professor Allen Weinstein of Smith College.[92]
  • Died: Fritz Wotruba, 68, Austrian sculptor

August 29, 1975 (Friday)

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August 30, 1975 (Saturday)

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August 31, 1975 (Sunday)

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  • The largest robbery of bus passengers in history netted $35,000 worth of cash, coins and jewelry in what was described as "a 1975 version of a stagecoach holdup". Two armed bandits were among the 38 passengers on a Greyhound bus that was en route from Chicago to Toronto when the robbery took place near Detroit, taking an estimated $20,000 in cash and $15,000 in other valuables from people who chose not to fly.[98]

References

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  1. ^ "35 Nations Sign Charter For European Security", Sarasota (FL) Herald-Tribune, August 2, 1975, p. 1.
  2. ^ "Helsinki Final Act (1975), in Cold War: The Essential Reference Guide, James R. Arnold and Roberta Wiener, eds., (ABC-CLIO, 2012), p. 75.
  3. ^ B. S. S. Rao, Television For Rural Development (Concept Publishing, 1992) p70; "A visitor to the village", by Yash Paul, Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists (January 1977), p. 55.
  4. ^ Mary Bowman-Kruhm, The Leakeys: A Biography (Greenwood Publishing Group, 2005), p. 89.
  5. ^ Larry B. Pletcher and Lisa Harvey, It Happened in Massachusetts (Globe Pequot, 1999) p100
  6. ^ Ted Klein, Rhode Island (Marshall Cavendish, 2007), p. 113.
  7. ^ "Swedish Fighter Intercepts Plane Transporting Ford", Sarasota (FL) Herald-Tribune, August 5, 1975, p. 1.
  8. ^ Mark Gallagher and Walter LeConte, The Yankee Encyclopedia (Sports Publishing, 2003), p. 291.
  9. ^ "Comoro Island Leader Ousted In Bloodless Coup", Sarasota Herald-Tribune, August 4, 1975, p. 11-A.
  10. ^ Ann Lynn Griffiths and Karl Nerenberg, Handbook Of Federal Countries, 2005 (McGill-Queens, 2005), pp. 123–124.
  11. ^ Philip A. Charles and Frederick D. Seward, Exploring the X-Ray Universe (Cambridge University Press, 1995) p263
  12. ^ "Superdome Opens In New Orleans", , Sarasota (FL) Herald-Tribune, August , 1975, p. 3-C.
  13. ^ Arthur Q. Davis, with J. Richard Gruber, It Happened by Design: The Life and Work of Arthur Q. Davis (University Press of Mississippi, 2009), pp. 49–50.
  14. ^ Charles E. Quirk, Sports and the Law: Major Legal Cases (Taylor & Francis, 1999), pp. 127–128; "Molinas Mob Victim?", St. Petersburg Independent, August 5, 1975, p. 1-C.
  15. ^ Stanley H. Teitelbaum, Athletes Who Indulge Their Dark Side: Sex, Drugs, and Cover-Ups (ABC-CLIO, 2010), p. 56.
  16. ^ "Moroccan Jet Crash Kills 188 Aboard", Pittsburgh Press, August 4, 1975, p. 1.
  17. ^ "TERRORISTS SEIZE U.S. EMBASSY", Pittsburgh Press, August 4, 1975, p. 1.
  18. ^ Aileen Gallagher, The Japanese Red Army (Rosen Publishing Group, 2003), pp. 42–43.
  19. ^ "President Gerald R. Ford's Remarks Upon Signing a Bill Restoring Rights of Citizenship to General Robert E. Lee", FordLibraryMuseum.gov.
  20. ^ "Election Law Changed For Indira", Sarasota (FL) Herald-Tribune, August 6, 1975, p. 3-A.
  21. ^ Victoria Brittain, Death of Dignity: Angola's Civil War (Pluto Press, 1998), p. 3.
  22. ^ Kam C. Wong, One Country, Two Systems: Cross Border Crime Between Hong Kong and China (Transaction Publishers, 2012), p. 34.
  23. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l The World Almanac and Book of Facts, 1976 (Newspaper Enterprise Association, 1975), pp. 944–946.
  24. ^ Nina M. Moore, Governing Race: Policy, Process, and the Politics of Race (Greenwood Publishing Group, 2000) p100
  25. ^ Russell H. Fitzgibbon, The Agatha Christie Companion (Popular Press, 1980), p. 44.
  26. ^ "Soviets Approve Helsinki Pact", Sarasota (FL) Herald-Tribune, August 7, 1975, p. 2-A.
  27. ^ Pukh Raj Rakhecha and Vijay P. Singh, Applied Hydrometeorology (Springer, 2009), p. 152.
  28. ^ "Typhoon Kills 12 in Taiwan", St. Joseph (MO) News-Press, August 4, 1975, p. 3A.
  29. ^ Shakuntala Bhattacharya, It's Our Earth: Environmental Education (Dorling Kindersley Pvt. Ltd, 2010), pp. 92–93.
  30. ^ "After 30 years, secrets, lessons of China's worst dams burst accident surface", People's Daily Online, October 1, 2005
  31. ^ "Fall Injures Country Singer, 34", Salt Lake Tribune, August 11, 1975, p. 5.
  32. ^ "Long Gone From Daddy", by Michael Bane, Billboard magazine, May 4, 1985.
  33. ^ John Krige, Choosing Big Technologies (Taylor & Francis, 1993), p. 48.
  34. ^ "Cosmic Ray Satellite-B (COS-B)", in Encyclopedia of Space and Astronomy (Joseph A. Angelo, ed.) (Infobase Publishing, 2006), p. 156.
  35. ^ "$4.5 Million Reportedly Set As Seagram Heir's Ransom", Sarasota (FL) Herald-Tribune, August 13, 1975, p. 1.
  36. ^ "Bronfman, Samuel II: alleged kidnap victim", in The Encyclopedia of Kidnappings by Michael Newton (Infobase Publishing, 2002), p. 40.
  37. ^ Traub, Alex (August 12, 2021). "A Lawyer's Deathbed Confession About a Sensational 1975 Kidnapping". The New York Times.
  38. ^ Hilary V. Lukong, The Cameroon Nigeria Border Dispute Management and Resolution, 1981–2011 (African Books Collective, 2011), p. 3.
  39. ^ Randy Leffingwell, Porsche Legends (MotorBooks International, 2002), p. 139.
  40. ^ "Siamese Twin Girls Separated", Sarasota (FL) Herald-Tribune, August 10, 1975, p. 2-A.
  41. ^ "Betty Ford Gives Controversial Answers To Sex, Drug Questions", St. Petersburg (FL) Independent, August 11, 1975, p. 2-A; Clergymen assail Betty Ford on talk of 'affair", Miami News, August 12, 1975, p. 1.
  42. ^ Nigel Hamilton, American Caesars: Lives of the Presidents from Franklin D. Roosevelt to George W. Bush (Yale University Press, 2010).
  43. ^ "Nixon Signs Contract For Interviews On TV", Sarasota (FL) Herald-Tribune, August 11, 1975, p. 1.
  44. ^ "New British Leyland takes to the road", Glasgow Herald, August 11, 1975, p. 3.
  45. ^ Geoffrey C. Gunn, Historical Dictionary of East Timor (Scarecrow Press, 2010), p. 58.
  46. ^ Constâncio Pinto and Matthew Jardine, Inside the East Timor Resistance (James Lorimer & Company, 1997), pp. 15–16.
  47. ^ "United States' Two Vetoes Bar Vietnams From United Nations", Sarasota (FL) Herald-Tribune, August 12, 1975, p. 1.
  48. ^ Peter Matthews, Historical Dictionary of Track and Field (Scarecrow Press, 2012), p. 214.
  49. ^ "17 murders admitted", AP report in Regina (SK) Leader-Post, October 9, 1975, p. 1
  50. ^ Historical Dictionary of Libya, ed. by Ronald Bruce St John (Rowman & Littlefield, 2014) p. xxxi
  51. ^ "Belfast bar is bombed; Four killed, 40 injured", Miami News, August 14, 1975, p. 2.
  52. ^ Padraig O'Malley, Biting at the Grave: The Irish Hunger Strikes and the Politics of Despair (Beacon Press, 1991), p. 68.
  53. ^ John E. Jessup, An Encyclopedic Dictionary of Conflict and Conflict Resolution, 1945–1996 (Greenwood Publishing Group, 1998), p. 489.
  54. ^ "Military Seizes Bangladesh; Mujib Killed in Bloody Coup", Sarasota (FL) Herald-Tribune, August 16, 1975, p. 1.
  55. ^ "Bangladesh Coup Leaders Turned Grudges Into Blood", Milwaukee Journal, August 23, 1975, pp. 1–2.
  56. ^ "Five Mujib killers hanged" Archived November 20, 2010, at the Wayback Machine, BDNews24.com, January 28, 2010.
  57. ^ "Sholay emerges as Bollywood's most successful re-run product even after 20 years", by Anupama Chandra, India Today, September 14, 1995
  58. ^ "Birmingham Pub Bombings", in Encyclopedia of Terrorism, Harvey W. Kushner, ed. (SAGE, 2003), p. 78.
  59. ^ "Former Nazi Party Official dies in El Monte Shooting", by Greg Waskul, Los Angeles Times, August 16, 1975, p.II-1
  60. ^ Mike Mayo, American Murder: Criminals, Crimes and the Media (Visible Ink Press, 2008), p. 51.
  61. ^ "Day of Racing Tragedy; 1 Driver Dead, 1 Critical", Milwaukee Journal, August 18, 1975), p. 7.
  62. ^ "Tiny Lund Killed In 6-Car Smashup In Talladega 500", Sarasota Herald-Tribune, August 18, 1975, p. 1-D.
  63. ^ "Donohue dead— Surgical complications", Ottawa Citizen, August 20, 1975, p. 21.
  64. ^ "Philly Refinery Fire Kills 6; Gulf Workers Shut Valve", Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, August 19, 1975, p. 1.
  65. ^ БЕГ ЗА РОДИНУ БОСЯКОМ. novayagazeta.ru (14 April 2003)
  66. ^ Park, Kyung-Man (16 August 2012). "Chang Chun-ha's family hopes to know truth of his death after 37 years". the Hankyoreh. Retrieved 10 April 2014.
  67. ^ "Drummer Boy Replaces Eagle", Sarasota (FL) Herald-Tribune, August 7, 1975, p. 2-A.
  68. ^ "First Bicentennial Quarters Now Being Distributed", Fort Worth Star-Telegram, September 17, 1975, p.4-B
  69. ^ "'He Said, She Said'", by Carrie N. Baker, in Disco Divas: Women and Popular Culture in the 1970s (University of Pennsylvania Press, 2003) p. 42; "Women Begin to Speak Out Against Sexual Harassment at Work", by Enid Nemy, The New York Times, August 19, 1975, p. 38.
  70. ^ "Viking Lifts Off To Seek Life On Mars", Modesto (CA) Bee, August 21, 1975, p. A-4.
  71. ^ Peter Bond, Exploring the Solar System (John Wiley & Sons, 2012), p. 428.
  72. ^ "US Softens Trade Bans Against Cuba", Milwaukee Sentinel, August 21, 1975, p. 2.
  73. ^ John D. Wirth, The Oil Business in Latin America: The Early Years (Beard Books, 2001), p. 212.
  74. ^ "Hay mishap robs Opry of star", Montreal Gazette, August 23, 1975, p. 37.
  75. ^ "Terrorists Scuttle Argentine Ship", Milwaukee Journal, August 22, 1975, p. 3.
  76. ^ Antonius C. G. M. Robben, Political Violence and Trauma in Argentina (University of Pennsylvania Press, 2007), p. 159.
  77. ^ Christopher Berry-Dee, Serial Killers: Up Close and Personal: Inside the World of Torturers, Psychopaths, and Mass Murderers (Ulysses Press, 2007), pp. 261–262.
  78. ^ "Rockwell Slayer Paroled in Va.", Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, August 23, 1975, p. 2.
  79. ^ "Laotians Celebrate as Communists Complete Takeover", Palm Beach (FL) Post, August 24, 1975, p. A8.
  80. ^ Oleg Bukharin, et al., Russian Strategic Nuclear Forces (MIT Press, 2004), p. 453.
  81. ^ "Rhodesia talks end in failure", The Sydney Morning Herald, August 27, 1975, p. 3.
  82. ^ "Vorster to meet Kaunda at vital Rhodesia talks", Glasgow Herald, August 25, 1975, p. 1.
  83. ^ "Zambia", in Historical Dictionary of United States-Africa Relations (Scarecrow Press, 2009), p. 318.
  84. ^ Scott Schinder and Andy Schwartz, Icons of Rock (Greenwood Publishing Group, 2008), p. 513.
  85. ^ David Seddon, A Political and Economic Dictionary of the Middle East (Taylor & Francis, 2004), p. 90.
  86. ^ Ameeta Gupt and Ashish Kumar, Handbook of Universities (Volume 1) (Atlantic Publishers & Distributors, 2006), p. 142.
  87. ^ "Once all powerful, Haile Selassie dies, but no one mourns", Ottawa Citizen, August 27, 1975, p1
  88. ^ "Selasssie's body is exhumed", Reading (PA) Eagle, February 17, 1992, p. A4; David Hamilton Shinn, Thomas P. Ofcansky, Historical Dictionary of Ethiopia (Scarecrow Press, 2004), pp. 195–196.
  89. ^ "Governor, Staff Flee Timor Strife", Milwaukee Sentinel, August 28, 1975, p. 2.
  90. ^ Niklas Reinke, The History of German Space Policy: Ideas, Influences and Interdependance, 1923–2002 (Editions Beauchesne, 2007), p. 116.
  91. ^ "FDA Set to Ban Certain Plastics", Milwaukee Journal, August 29, 1975, p. 8.
  92. ^ "FBI releases Rosenberg files", St. Petersburg (FL) Times, August 30, 1975, p. 3.
  93. ^ "V1500 Cyg (Nova Cygni 1975)", American Association of Variable Star Observers
  94. ^ "The interstellar reddening and distance of Nova Cygni 1975 /V1500 Cygni/", by G. J. Ferland, Astrophysical Journal, August 1, 1977, pp. 873–876.
  95. ^ "Daily News 31 Aug 1975, page 166".
  96. ^ Ashbindu Singh, One Planet, Many People: Atlas of Our Changing Environment (United Nations Environment Programme, 2005), p. 92.
  97. ^ "Libertarian Party Picks Candidate", Toledo (OH) Blade, August 31, 1975, p. 2.
  98. ^ "$35,000 haul in bus hijack", Deseret News (Salt Lake City), September 2, 1975, p. 2.
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