Zaiwa language

Not to be confused with Atsi dialect of Fang.

Zaiwa
Tsaiwa, Tsaiva
Pronunciation	IPA: [tsau³¹va⁵¹]
Native to	China, Burma
Native speakers	150,000 (2021)
Language family	Sino-Tibetan (Tibeto-Burman) Lolo–Burmese Burmish Maruic Zaiwa
Writing system	Latin Fraser
Language codes
ISO 639-3	atb
Glottolog	zaiw1241

Zaiwa (autonym: tsau³¹va⁵¹; 载瓦; Burmese: ဇိုင်ဝါး/အဇီး) is a Burmish language spoken in parts of southwest China and eastern Burma. There are around 100,000 speakers. It is also known as Atsi, its name in Jingpo. Zaiwa may be spelled 'Tsaiva' or 'Tsaiwa', and Atsi may be spelled 'Aci', 'Aji', 'Atshi', 'Atzi' or 'Azi'. Other names include Atsi-Maru, Szi and Xiaoshanhua. Pela (Bola), with 400 speakers, was once classified as a dialect. From the 1950s Zaiwa was written using the Roman script. A Gospel of Mark was published in Zaiwa in 1938 in the Fraser alphabet and in 1951 in the Roman script.

Distribution

There are more than 70,000 Zaiwa speakers in Yunnan, China, including in:

• Bangwa (邦瓦), Longchuan County, Dehong Prefecture
• Zhanxi (盏西), Yingjiang County, Dehong Prefecture
• Xishan (西山), Mangshi, Dehong Prefecture

The Ethnologue lists Bengwa, Longzhun and Tingzhu as dialects.

In Myanmar, the Sadon (Sadung) dialect is the standard variety.

Phonology

Consonants

Zaiwa has the following consonant sounds:

		Labial		Dental/ Alveolar		Palatal	Velar
		plain	pal.	plain	sib.		plain	pal.
Plosive/ Affricate	voiceless	p	pʲ	t	t͡s̪	t͡ʃ	k	kʲ
	aspirated	pʰ	pʰʲ	tʰ	t͡s̪ʰ	t͡ʃʰ	kʰ	kʰʲ
Fricative	voiceless	f			s̪	ʃ	x	xʲ
	voiced	v				ʒ
Nasal		m	mʲ	n			ŋ	ŋʲ
Approximant		w		l		j

Vowels

Zaiwa distinguishes between tense throat and lax throat vowel sounds:

	Front		Central		Back
	lax	tense	lax	tense	lax	tense
Close	i	i			u	u
Mid	ɛ	ɛ	ə	ə	ɔ	ɔ
Open			a	a
Syllabic			ɹ̩	ɹ̩

Tones

Zaiwa has five tones. Three of these five tones are in unchecked syllables and the remaining two are in checked syllables. The tones are distinguished through a numbering system of one to five; one being the lowest pitch and five the highest pitch.

Further reading

• Cheng, Mei 程黙 (1956). "Zàiwǎyǔ jiǎnjiè" 載瓦語簡介 [Introduction to the Zaiwa Language]. Zhōngguó yǔwén 中国語文. 53: 41–44.
• Hill, Nathan; Cooper, Douglas (2020). "A Machine Readable Collection of Lexical Data on the Burmish Languages" (Data set). Zenodo. doi:10.5281/zenodo.3759030.
• Lustig, Anton (2010). A Grammar and Dictionary of Zaiwa. Leiden: Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-18489-3.
• Yabu, Shirō 藪 司郎 (1982). アツィ語基礎語彙集 / Atsigo kiso goishū / Classified Dictionary of the Atsi or Zaiwa Language (Sadon Dialect) with Atsi, Japanese and English Indexes. Tokyo: 東京外国語大学アジア・アフリカ言語文化研究所 Tōkyō Gaikokugo Daigaku Ajia Afurika Gengo Bunka Kenkyūjo.
• Yabu, Shirō 藪 司郎 (1988). "A Preliminary Report on the Study of the Maru, Lashi and Atsi Languages of Burma". In Ishizawa, Yoshiaki (ed.). Historical and Cultural Studies in Burma. Tokyo: Institute of Asian Studies, Sophia University. pp. 65–132.
• Zhu, Yanhua 朱艳华; Lepaizaosha 勒排早扎著 Dai, Qingxia 戴庆厦 (2013). Zhēfàng Zàiwǎyǔ cānkǎo yǔfǎ 遮放载瓦语参考语法 [Reference Grammar of Zhefang Zaiwa] (in Chinese). Beijing: Zhongguo shehui kexue chubanshe. ISBN 978-7-5161-2257-0.