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Atlanta (gastropod)

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Atlanta
Temporal range: Bartonian–Recent Bartonian-Recent[1]
Atlanta anatomy
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Mollusca
Class: Gastropoda
Subclass: Caenogastropoda
Order: Littorinimorpha
Family: Atlantidae
Genus: Atlanta
Lesueur, 1817
Type species
Atlanta peronii
Lesueur, 1817
Species

See text

Synonyms[2]

Steira Eschscholtz, 1825

Atlanta is a genus of pelagic marine gastropod molluscs in the family Atlantidae. They are sometimes called heteropods.[2]

Distribution

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All of the nineteen species but one, Atlanta californiensis, dwell in tropical and subtropical waters.[3] The majority of species (ten) are cosmopolitan and, among the remaining nine species, five are Indo-Pacific, two are restricted to the Pacific Ocean, one is Indo-Atlantic, and one is limited to the Atlantic Ocean.[3]

They are floating or swimming snails in tropical and subtropical seas. Most have a cosmopolitan distribution, but A. brunnea, A. pulchella and A. quoyi are only found in American waters. A. fusca, A. pacifica and A. rosea are restricted the seas around Japan.

Description

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It has been recognized by several authors that identification of species in this genus is difficult and is dependent on their morphology of eyes, radula and operculum.

Main diagnostic features include: the shell and keel are calcareous;[3] larval shell becomes the spire in the adult shell.[3]

Snails of this genus are very small. Their coiled, calcareous[3] shell has a diameter of less than 1 cm. The protoconch of the larval shell is retained after metamorphosis and becomes the spire of the adult shell.[3] The number of spire whirls varies from 2½ (in the A. lesueuri- group) to 6 (A. gibbosa) and is thus also helpful in the identification of a species. The spire shape differs between the species groups, from very small (A. lesueuri- group), to inflated or flat (A. inflata- group ) to large (A.inclinata- group and A. gibbosa- group).

They can retract into their shell and close it off with an operculum. This operculum is cartilaginous and flexible. In 1961 Richter distinguished three types of the operculum[4] in which the larval gyre of the operculum is apical. This gyre can be relatively somewhat larger (macro-oligogyre), smaller (micro-oligogyre) or a single gyre (monogyre).

The eye morphology also consists of three types with differences in pigmented region between the lens and the retina.

The radula is typically taenioglossate with one central (rachidian) tooth, with on each side one lateral tooth and two marginal teeth. In 13 species the number of tooth rows increases during growth (Type I), while in 8 species the radula has a limited number of tooth rows (Type II).[4]

Identification

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Many authors (e.g., Thiriot-Quiévreux, 1973, p. 240; Richter, 1974, p. 60; Seapy, 1990, p. 107) admit that identification of Atlanta species is difficult and including soft-part features (eyes, radula, operculum) or application of transmitted light to observe inner shell structures (Richter, 1987, p. 178) are very helpful in distinguishing species with similar shells.[1] However, such methods are unavailable for fossil material.[1] This makes identifying fossil species of Atlanta quite difficult and even well-preserved specimens occasionally can only be related to existing taxa with a query (e.g., Atlanta sp. in Janssen, 2004, p. 108; Atlanta cf. echinogyra in Jansen 2007).[1] Advantageous in this study of fossil atlantids, however, is the fact that all specimens are preserved as opaque aragonitic shells as a result of recrystallisation, which facilitates assessing protoconch shape and ornament with a normal 25 or 50× binocular magnification, they are thus much easier studied than in the usually very transparent and shiny Recent specimens.[1] Still, here, too, study of the larval shell shape and micro-ornamentation by SEM is highly desirable or even indispensable.[1]

Species

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Atlanta includes a large number of Recent species. Lalli & Gilmer (1989)[5] listed 14 species, but Richter & Seapy (1999)[6] recognised 21 extant species, provisionally subdivided into seven 'species groups' (and one species unassigned).[1] A further Recent species was described since; Atlanta selvagensis de Vera & Seapy, 2006.[1]

Species in the genus Atlanta include:

Species brought into synonymy
  • Subgenus Atlanta (Heliconoides) d'Orbigny, 1835: synonym of Heliconoides d'Orbigny, 1835
  • Atlanta bulimoides d'Orbigny, 1834: synonym of Limacina bulimoides (d'Orbigny, 1834)
  • Atlanta fusca Souleyet, 1852: synonym of Atlanta brunnea J. E. Gray, 1850
  • Atlanta gaudichaudii Souleyet, 1852: synonym of Atlanta gaudichaudi J. E. Gray, 1850
  • Atlanta gibbosa Souleyet, 1852:[27] synonym of Atlanta inclinata J. E. Gray, 1850
  • Atlanta helicinoides Souleyet, 1852: synonym of Atlanta helicinoidea J. E. Gray, 1850
  • Atlanta inclinata Souleyet, 1852: synonym of Atlanta inclinata J. E. Gray, 1850
  • Atlanta inflata Souleyet, 1852: synonym of Atlanta inflata J. E. Gray, 1850
  • Atlanta inflata d'Orbigny, 1834: synonym of Heliconoides inflata (d'Orbigny, 1834)
  • Atlanta lamanoni Gray, 1850: synonym of Protatlanta souleyeti (E. A. Smith, 1888)
  • Atlanta lesueurii Souleyet, 1852: synonym of Atlanta lesueurii J. E. Gray, 1850
  • Atlanta lesueurii d'Orbigny, 1835: synonym of Limacina lesueurii (d'Orbigny, 1835)
  • Atlanta quoyana Smith, 1888:[28] synonym of Atlanta quoyii J. E. Gray, 1850
  • Atlanta steindachneri Oberwimmer, 1898: synonym of Atlanta peronii Lesueur, 1817
  • Atlanta trochiformis d'Orbigny, 1834: synonym of Limacina trochiformis (d'Orbigny, 1834)

Based on similar morphologies, these species have been placed in seven species groups:[3][29]

Atlanta (19 recent species)
Atlanta brunnea species group
Atlanta inflata species group
Atlanta lesueurii species group
Atlanta peronii species group
Atlanta gaudichaudi species group
Atlanta inclinata species group
Atlanta gaudichaudi species group

Tesch (1908) was the first to group together the species of Atlanta sharing similar morphologies.[3] He recognized four species groups; the Atlanta peronii-, Atlanta inflata-, Atlanta turriculata-, and Atlanta inclinata-groups.[3] In addition to these four, three additional ones are currently recognized; the Atlanta lesueurii-, Atlanta gaudichaudi- and Atlanta gibbosa groups.[3] Except for Tesch's Atlanta turriculata-group, the composition of Tesch's species groups has changed by species invalidations, the addition of new species over time, and addition of three new species groups.[3] The main changes in Tesch's species groups have occurred in the Atlanta peronii-group (with Atlanta gaudichaudi and Atlanta lesueurii now forming their own species groups) and the Atlanta inclinata-group (the Atlanta gibbosa now forming its own group).[3]

References

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This article incorporates CC BY-3.0 text from references.[1][3]

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Janssen A. W. (2007). "Holoplanktonic Mollusca (Gastropoda: Pterotracheoidea, Janthinoidea, Thecosomata and Gymnosomata) from the Pliocene of Pangasinan (Luzon, Philippines)". Scripta Geologica. 135. Archived from the original on 24 July 2011. Retrieved 20 May 2010.
  2. ^ a b Bouchet, P.; Gofas, S. (2012). Atlanta. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=137687 on 2012-07-18
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Seapy R. R. (2010). Atlanta. Version 17 July 2010. Tree of Life Web Project, accessed 19 August 2010.
  4. ^ a b Richter G. (1961). "Die Radula der Atlantiden (Heteropoda, Prosobranchia) und ihre Bedeutung für die Systematik und Evolution der Famiie". Morphol. Okol. Tiere. 50: 163–238. doi:10.1007/bf00408284.
  5. ^ Lalli C. M. & Gilmer R. W. (1989). Pelagic Snails. The Biology of Holoplanktonic Gastropod Mollusks. Stanford University Press, Stanford, California: viii + 259 pp. page 52.
  6. ^ Richter G. & Seapy R. R. (1999). "Heteropoda". In: D. Boltovskoy (ed.) South Atlantic zooplankton, 1. Backhuys, Leiden: 621–647. page 631.
  7. ^ WoRMS (2010). Atlanta brunnea J. E. Gray, 1850. In: Bouchet, P.; Gofas, S.; Rosenberg, G. (2010) World Marine Mollusca database. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=238118 on 2010-08-19
  8. ^ WoRMS (2009). Atlanta californiensis Seapy & Richter, 1993. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=430414 on 2010-08-19
  9. ^ WoRMS (2009). Atlanta echinogyra Richter, 1972. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=430420 on 2010-08-19
  10. ^ Gofas, S. (2009). Atlanta fragilis Richter, 1993. In: Bouchet, P.; Gofas, S.; Rosenberg, G. World Marine Mollusca database. Accessed through the World Register of Marine Species at http://marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=244556 on 2010-08-19
  11. ^ Seapy R. R. (2010). Atlanta frontieri Richter 1993. Version 31 January 2010 (under construction). http://tolweb.org/Atlanta_frontieri/28758/2010.01.31 in The Tree of Life Web Project, accessed 19 August 2010.
  12. ^ WoRMS (2009). Atlanta gaudichaudi J. E. Gray, 1850. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=430418 on 2010-08-19
  13. ^ WoRMS (2009). Atlanta helicinoidea J. E. Gray, 1850. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=419791 on 2010-08-19
  14. ^ WoRMS (2009). Atlanta inclinata J. E. Gray, 1850. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=430422 on 2010-08-19
  15. ^ WoRMS (2009). Atlanta inflata J. E. Gray, 1850. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=430413 on 2010-08-19
  16. ^ WoRMS (2010). Atlanta lesueurii J. E. Gray, 1850. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=430416 on 2010-08-19
  17. ^ WoRMS (2009). Atlanta meteori Richter, 1972. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=430425 on 2010-08-19
  18. ^ WoRMS (2009). Atlanta oligogyra Tesch, 1806. In: Bouchet, P.; Gofas, S.; Rosenberg, G. (2009) World Marine Mollusca database. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=244554 on 2010-08-19
  19. ^ Gofas, S. (2009). Atlanta peronii Lesueur, 1817. In: Bouchet, P.; Gofas, S.; Rosenberg, G. (2009) World Marine Mollusca database. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=138838 on 2010-08-19
  20. ^ WoRMS (2009). Atlanta plana Richter, 1972. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=430419 on 2010-08-19
  21. ^ Rosenberg, G. (2010). Atlanta pulchella A. E. Verrill, 1884. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=160169 on 2010-08-19
  22. ^ WoRMS (2009). Atlanta quoyii J. E. Gray, 1850. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=419792 on 2010-08-19
  23. ^ Gofas, S. (2009). Atlanta rosea Souleyet, 1852. In: Bouchet, P.; Gofas, S.; Rosenberg, G. World Marine Mollusca database. Accessed through the World Register of Marine Species at http://marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=238120 on 2010-08-19
  24. ^ Vera, A de & Seapy, R.R. (2006). "Atlanta selvagensis, a new species of heteropod mollusc from the northeastern Atlantic Ocean (Gastropoda: Carinarioidea)". Vieraea. 34: 45–54.
  25. ^ WoRMS (2009). Atlanta tokiokai van der Spoel and Troost, 1972. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=430423 on 2010-08-19
  26. ^ WoRMS (2009). Atlanta turriculata d'Orbigny 1835. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=430412 on 2010-08-19
  27. ^ WoRMS (2009). Atlanta gibbosa Souleyet, 1852. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=430424 on 2010-08-19
  28. ^ WoRMS (2009). Atlanta quoyana Smith, 1888. Accessed through the World Register of Marine Species at http://marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=238119 on 2010-08-19
  29. ^ Richter G. & Seapy R. R. (1999). Heteropoda. In: D. Boltovskoy (ed.). South Atlantic zooplankton, 1. Backhuys, Leiden; p. 621-647.
  • Richter G. & Seapy R.R. 1999. Heteropoda, pp. 621–647. In: D. Boltovskoy (ed.), South Atlantic Zooplankton. Leiden: Backhuys Publ.
  • Gofas, S.; Le Renard, J.; Bouchet, P. (2001). Mollusca, in: Costello, M.J. et al. (Ed.) (2001). European register of marine species: a check-list of the marine species in Europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification. Collection Patrimoines Naturels, 50: pp. 180–213
  • Rolán E., 2005. Malacological Fauna From The Cape Verde Archipelago. Part 1, Polyplacophora and Gastropoda.
  • Rosenberg, G., F. Moretzsohn, and E. F. García. 2009. Gastropoda (Mollusca) of the Gulf of Mexico, Pp. 579–699 in Felder, D.L. and D.K. Camp (eds.), Gulf of Mexico–Origins, Waters, and Biota. Biodiversity. Texas A&M Press, College Station, Texas.
  • Spencer, H.; Marshall. B. (2009). All Mollusca except Opisthobranchia. In: Gordon, D. (Ed.) (2009). New Zealand Inventory of Biodiversity. Volume One: Kingdom Animalia. 584 pp
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