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[[Image:ViperaAspis 1469AE.jpg|thumb|right|250px|European asp, ''[[Vipera aspis]]'']] |
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'''Asp''' is the modern [[Anglicisation]] of the word ''aspis,'' which in [[Ancient history|antiquity]] referred to any one of several [[venomous snake]] species found in the [[Nile delta|Nile]] region.{{Citation needed|date=May 2009}} It is believed that the ''aspis'' referred to in Egyptian [[mythology]] is the modern [[Egyptian cobra]].<ref name="Schneemann2004">{{cite journal |last=Schneemann |first=M. |coauthors=R. Cathomas, S.T. Laidlaw, A.M. El Nahas, R.D.G. Theakston, and D.A. Warrell |year=2004 |month=August |title=Life-threatening envenoming by the Saharan horned viper (Cerastes cerastes) causing micro-angiopathic haemolysis, coagulopathy and acute renal failure: clinical cases and review |journal=QJM: an International Journal of Medicine |volume=97 |issue=11 |pages=717–27 |doi=10.1093/qjmed/hch118 |url=http://qjmed.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/reprint/97/11/717.pdf |accessdate=2009-09-04 |quote=Whether Cleopatra used a snake as the instrument of her suicide has been long debated. Some favour the idea that she chose ''C. cerastes'', but its venom is insufficiently potent, rapid and reliable. A more plausible candidate is the Egyptian cobra or 'asp' (''Naja haje'') |pmid=15496528}}</ref> |
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Throughout dynastic and [[Egypt (Roman province)|Roman Egypt]], the asp was a symbol of royalty.{{Citation needed|date=May 2009}} Moreover, in both [[Ancient Egypt|Egypt]] and [[Ancient Greece|Greece]], its potent venom made it useful as a means of execution for criminals who were thought deserving of a more dignified death than that of typical executions. In some stories of [[Perseus]], after killing Medusa the hero used winged boots to transport her head to Mount Olympus. As he was flying over Egypt some of her blood fell to the ground, which transformed into asps.<ref> Lucan, ''Pharsalia'', (c.61-65), trans. Robert Graves, book IX </ref> |
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According to [[Plutarch]] (quoted by [[James Ussher|Ussher]]), [[Cleopatra VII of Egypt|Cleopatra]] tested various deadly poisons on condemned persons and animals for daily entertainment and concluded that the bite of the asp was the least terrible way to die; the venom brought sleepiness and heaviness without spasms of pain. The asp is perhaps most famous for its role in Cleopatra's suicide<ref name="Smithsonian">{{cite web |last=Crawford |first=Amy |title=Who Was Cleopatra? Mythology, propaganda, Liz Taylor and the real Queen of the Nile |url=http://www.smithsonianmag.com/history-archaeology/biography/cleopatra.html |date=April 1, 2007 |publisher=Smithsonian.com |accessdate=4 September 2009}}</ref> (some believe it to have been a [[Cerastes cerastes|horned viper]])<ref name="Schneemann2004"/><ref name="Kinghorn1994">{{cite journal |last=Kinghorn |first=A. M. |year=1994 |month=March |title='All joy o' the worm' or, death by asp or asps unknown in act v of Antony and Cleopatra |journal=English Studies |volume=75 |issue=2 |pages=104–9 |doi=10.1080/00138389408598902 |url=http://www.informaworld.com/smpp/content~db=all~content=a901590944 |accessdate=2009-09-12 |quote=The venomous reptile commonly known today as 'Cleopatra's asp' is a horned viper (''Cerastes cornutus'')}}</ref> as immortalized by both history and legend: |
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<blockquote> |
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With thy sharp teeth this knot intrinsicate<br/> |
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Of life at once untie: poor venomous fool<br/> |
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Be angry, and dispatch. |
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:—Cleopatra, Act V, scene II |
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:''[[Antony and Cleopatra]]'' by [[William Shakespeare]] |
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</blockquote> |
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Othello also famously compares his hatred for Desdemona as being full of "aspics' tongues" in Shakespeare's play ''Othello''. (Act 3, scene iii) |
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==See also== |
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*[[Snakebite]] |
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*[[Serpent (symbolism)]] |
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==References== |
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{{reflist}} |
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Asp (Reptile)}} |
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[[Category:Snakes]] |
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[[Category:Suicide methods]] |
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[[de:Aspisviper]] |
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[[es:Vipera aspis]] |
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[[eu:Aspis sugegorri]] |
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[[fr:Vipère aspic]] |
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[[io:Aspiko]] |
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[[id:Asp (ular)]] |
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[[it:Vipera aspis]] |
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[[lt:Europinė angis]] |
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[[nl:Aspisadder]] |
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[[fi:Aspiskyy]] |
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Revision as of 13:41, 9 May 2012
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