Jump to content

Browning Hi-Power

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Arcus 94)
"Hi-Power" redirects here. For the record label, see Mr. Capone-E.

Browning Hi-Power
Fabrique Nationale Browning Hi-Power
TypeSemi-automatic pistol
Place of origin
  • Belgium
  • United States
Service history
In service1935–present[1]
Used bySee Users
Wars
Production history
Designer
Designed1914–1935[1]
Manufacturer
Produced1935–2018,[1] 2022[5]–present
No. built1,500,000+[6]
VariantsSee Variants
Specifications
Mass1 kg (2.2 lb)[1]
Length197 mm (7.8 in)[1]
Barrel length124 mm (4.89 in)[1]
Cartridge
ActionShort recoil operated tilting barrel
Rate of fireSemi-automatic
Muzzle velocity335 m/s(1,100 ft/s) (9mm)[1]
Effective firing range50 m (54.7 yd)
Feed systemDetachable box magazine
  • 10, 13, 15 or 17 rounds (9mm)
  • 20 or 30 rounds made by Rhodesia (9mm)[1]
  • 10 rounds (.40 S&W)

The Browning Hi-Power is a single-action, semi-automatic pistol available in the 9×19mm Parabellum and .40 S&W calibers. It was based on a design by American firearms inventor John Browning, and completed by Dieudonné Saive at FN Herstal. Browning died in 1926, several years before the design was finalized. FN Herstal named it the "High Power" in allusion to the 13-round magazine capacity, almost twice that of other designs at the time, such as the Walther P38 or Colt M1911.

During World War II, Belgium was occupied by Nazi Germany and the FN factory was used by the Wehrmacht to build the pistols for their military, under the designation "9mm Pistole 640(b)".[7] FN Herstal continued to build guns for the Allied forces by moving their production line to a John Inglis and Company plant in Canada, where the name was changed to "Hi Power". The name change was kept even after production returned to Belgium. The pistol is often referred to as an HP or BHP,[8] and the terms P-35 and HP-35 are also used, based on the introduction of the pistol in 1935. Other names include GP (after the French term grande puissance) or BAP (Browning Automatic Pistol). The Hi-Power is one of the most widely used military pistols in history,[9] having been used by the armed forces of over 50 countries.[1] Although most pistols were built in Belgium by FN Herstal, licensed and unlicensed copies were built around the world, in countries such as Argentina, Hungary, India, Bulgaria, and Israel.

After 82 years of continuous production, FN Herstal announced that the production of the Hi-Power would end, and it was discontinued in early 2018 by Browning Arms.[10] From 2019 to 2022, with new Belgian Hi-Powers no longer being built, new clones were designed by various firearm companies to fill the void, including GİRSAN, TİSAŞ, and Springfield Armory, Inc. These new Hi-Power clones began competing with each other by offering new finishes, enhanced sights, redesigned hammers, bevelled magazine wells, improved trigger, and increased magazine capacity.[11][12]

In 2022, FN announced they would resume production of the Browning Hi-Power. The 2022 "FN High Power" incorporated a number of entirely new features such as a fully ambidextrous slide lock, simplified takedown method, enlarged ejection port, reversible magazine release, wider slide serrations, different colored finish offerings, and 17-round magazines. In contrast to popular belief, the new FN High Power might resemble a modern Hi-Power, but it is, in fact, a different design. One of the noticeable details is the lack of Browning-style locking lugs.[5]

History

[edit]

Development

[edit]

The Browning Hi-Power was designed in response to a French military requirement for a new service pistol, the "Grand Rendement" (French for "high efficiency"), or alternatively Grande Puissance (literally "high power"). The French military required that:

  • The gun must be compact.
  • The magazine have a capacity of at least 10 rounds.
  • The gun have a magazine disconnect device, an external hammer, and a positive[clarification needed] safety.
  • The gun be robust and simple to disassemble and reassemble.
  • The gun be capable of killing a man at 50 m (55 yd).

This last criterion was seen to demand a caliber of 9 mm (0.35 in) or larger, a bullet mass of around 8 g (120 gr), and a muzzle velocity of 350 m/s (1,100 ft/s). It was to accomplish all of this at a weight not exceeding 1 kg (2.2 lb).

FN commissioned John Browning to design a new military sidearm conforming to this specification. Browning had previously sold the rights to his successful M1911 U.S. Army automatic pistol to Colt's Patent Firearms, and was therefore forced to design an entirely new pistol while working around the M1911 patents. Browning built two different prototypes for the project in Utah and filed the patent for this pistol in the United States on 28 June 1923, granted on 22 February 1927.[13][14] One was a simple blowback design, while the other was operated with a locked-breech recoil system. Both prototypes utilised the new staggered magazine design (by designer Dieudonné Saive) to increase capacity without unduly increasing the pistol's grip size or magazine length.

The locked breech design was selected for further development and testing. This model was striker-fired, and featured a double-stack magazine that held 16 rounds. The design was refined through several trials held by the Versailles Trial Commission.

In 1928, when the patents for the Colt Model 1911 had expired, Dieudonné Saive integrated many of the Colt's previously patented features into the Saive-Browning Model of that same year. This version featured the removable barrel bushing and take down sequence of the Colt 1911.

In 1929, as an effort to find an alternative solution to the long-ongoing French trials, and with a pistol that they considered by then to be good enough to stand on its own to find other potential clients, FN decided to announce the "Grand Rendement", incorporating a shortened 13-round magazine, for sale in their commercial catalogue. They hoped to find a military contract which would in turn help them finance a production line, essentially through the same process as their previous FN M1900 pistol.

By 1931, the Browning Hi-Power design incorporated the same 13-round magazine, a curved rear grip strap, and a barrel bushing that was integral to the slide assembly. The Belgian Army showed a definite interest and bought 1,000 pistols based on this prototype for field trials.

By 1934, the Hi-Power design was complete and ready to be produced. Ultimately, France decided not to adopt the pistol, instead selecting the conceptually similar but lower-capacity Modèle 1935 pistol. However, it was good enough to stand on its own as a service pistol for the Belgian Army and other clients. These would become the Grande Puissance, known as the High Power, in Belgium for military service in 1935 as the Browning P-35.[15]

Military service and widespread use

[edit]

Browning Hi-Power pistols were used during World War II by both Allied and Axis forces.[16] After occupying Belgium in 1940, German forces took over the FN plant. German troops subsequently used the Hi-Power, having assigned it the designation Pistole 640(b) ("b" for belgisch, "Belgian").[9] Examples produced by FN in Belgium under German occupation bear German inspection and acceptance marks, or Waffenamts, such as WaA613. In German service, it was used mainly by Waffen-SS and Fallschirmjäger personnel.

High-Power pistols were also produced in Canada for Allied use, by John Inglis and Company in Toronto. The plans were sent from the FN factory to the UK when it became clear the Belgian plant would fall into German hands, enabling the Inglis factory to be tooled up for Hi-Power production for Allied use. Inglis produced two versions of the Hi-Power, one with an adjustable rear sight and detachable shoulder stock (primarily for a Nationalist Chinese contract) and one with a fixed rear sight. Production began in late 1944 and they were on issue by the March 1945 Operation Varsity airborne crossing of the Rhine into Germany. The pistol was popular with the British airborne forces as well as covert operations and commando groups such as the Special Operations Executive (SOE), the U.S. Office of Strategic Services (OSS), and the British Special Air Service (SAS) Regiment.

Inglis High-Powers made for Commonwealth forces have the British designation 'Mk 1' or 'Mk 1*' and the manufacturer's details on the left of the slide. They were known in British and Commonwealth service as the 'Pistol No 2 Mk 1', or 'Pistol No 2 Mk 1*' where applicable. Serial numbers were 6 characters, the second being the letter 'T', e.g. 1T2345. Serial numbers on pistols for the Chinese contract instead used the letters 'CH', but otherwise followed the same format. When the Chinese contract was cancelled, all undelivered Chinese-style pistols were accepted by the Canadian military with designations of 'Pistol No 1 Mk 1' and 'Pistol No 1 Mk 1*'.[17]

In the postwar period, Hi-Power production continued at the FN factory and as part of FN's product range, which included the FN FAL rifle and FN MAG general-purpose machine gun. It has been adopted as the standard service pistol by over 50 armies in 93 countries. At one time most NATO nations used it, and it was standard issue to forces throughout the British Commonwealth. It was manufactured under licence, or in some cases cloned, on several continents. Former Iraqi ruler Saddam Hussein often carried a Browning Hi-Power. Former Libyan ruler Muammar Gaddafi carried a gold-plated Hi-Power with his own face design on the left side of the grip which was waved around in the air by Libyan rebels after his death.[18] A Hi-Power was used by Mehmet Ali Agca during the assassination attempt of Pope John Paul II in 1981.

Decline and resurgence

[edit]

While the Hi-Power remains an excellent and iconic design, since the early 1990s it has been eclipsed somewhat by more modern designs which are often double-action with aluminum alloy frames and are manufactured using more modern methods. However, even to this day, the Hi-Power remains in service throughout the world. As of 2017, the MK1 version remained the standard service pistol of the Canadian Armed Forces, with the SIG Sauer P226 being issued to specialised units along with the SIG Sauer P225. The weapon is the standard sidearm of the Belgian Army, Indian Army, Indonesian Armed Forces, Australian Defence Force, Argentine Army, Luxembourg Armed Forces, Israel Police, and Venezuelan Army, among others. The Irish Army replaced its Browning Pistols (known popularly as BAPs, or Browning Automatic Pistols) with the Heckler & Koch USP in 2007. From 2013 the British Army is replacing the Browning with the polymer-framed Glock 17 Gen 4 pistol, due to concerns about weight and the external safety of the pistol.[19]

In 2018, FN announced they would end production of the Mark III Hi-Power, which was expensive to produce and had been assembled in Portugal to cut costs. Early in that year, Browning officially ceased production of the Belgian Hi-Power for the first time since 1935. An unlicensed clone called the "Regent BR9" was produced in Turkey by TİSAŞ in 2019 and had gained some popularity now that authentic Hi-Powers were no longer being made and surplus Hi-Powers from other countries like Hungary and Argentina had dried up. The Regent BR9 design was more of a copy of the Mark I design, but did offer some modern design features, like a Cerakote or stainless steel finish and Novak-style sights.[11] The BR9 was soon discontinued, but, in 2021, another Turkish company called GİRSAN began producing their own Hi-Power clone called the MCP35, imported by EAA. In 2021, American firearms company Springfield Armory announced their own Hi-Power clone, the SA-35.[12] GİRSAN and Springfield Armory's clones began competing with each other by offering new design improvements that would help them compete in the oversaturated defensive handgun market. GİRSAN's MCP35 attempted to replicate the Mark III design as closely as possible, including the Belgian-style ambidextrous thumb safety, Mark III-style sights with a windage drift adjustable rear sight and dovetailed front sight, and Mark III-style black polymer grips. The MCP35 also retained the Belgian magazine disconnect safety. However, the MCP35 incorporated the original ring hammer design instead of the claw hammer design of the Mark III and also incorporated some design elements to appeal to the modern shooter, such as a 15-round Mec-Gar magazine and Cerakote finish.[20]

FN Browning High Power M46

The steady competition between the MCP35 and the SA-35 to make the original Hi-Power relevant to the market stirred up a great interest among both Hi-Power fans and new shooters. On 18 January 2022, after a four-year hiatus, FN announced they would resume production of the Browning Hi-Power, albeit with a number of upgraded features.[5] FN named the 2022 redesign the "FN High Power" and incorporated a number of features to help it compete with the improved Hi-Power clones being made by GİRSAN and Springfield Armory. FN incorporated a number of changes that would make the classic Hi-Power design more modern and ergonomic. The most significant changes included opening up the top of the slide to increase the size of the ejection port to ensure reliable feeding and ejection, incorporating an ambidextrous slide lock and reversible magazine release, a completely different takedown that is faster and simpler, and redesigning the barrel and recoil spring. Other changes FN made include removing the magazine disconnect safety, adding an extended beavertail and redesigned hammer to eliminate the issue of hammer bite, several sets of redesigned grips, new sights compatible with the FN 509 dovetail pattern, wider slide serrations, different colored PVD or stainless steel finish offerings and 17-round magazines. The new FN High Powers will be made at FN's Columbia, South Carolina factory in the United States.[21][22][5]

At SHOT show 2022, GİRSAN announced new color offerings for the MCP35, including two-tone and gold, as well as the MCP35 "Match", which incorporated a number of designs intended to cater to target shooters, such as an integrated 1913 Picatinny rail for accessories, ergonomic grips, a shorter hammer throw, beveled and flared magwell, a flat target trigger and raised target sights with a fiber optic front sight.[23][24]

At SHOT Show in 2024, Tennessee-based company SDS Imports announced that they were reviving the John Inglis line of military-spec, parkerized Inglis Browning Hi-Power clones. SDS CEO Tim Mulverhill stated: "The market demand has not been met for historically accurate Hi-Powers. We’re planning for the L9A1 to influence the Hi-Power market the way the Tisas US Army did in the 1911 market".[25] The new Inglis Hi-Powers are available in black chromate, black Cerakote, satin nickel and color case-hardened finishes. The SDS Inglis line is essentially a more military accurate version of the now-discontinued Regent BR9, and it is a fully interchangeable Mark III design.

In August 2024, another Browning Hi-Power clone, the Centurion 14, was announced by Century Arms. The Centurion 14 is built in Turkey by Alpharms Savunma Sanayi, and imported by Century Arms.[26]

Design

[edit]
A FN Browning High Power, of the Indonesian Marine Corps

The Browning Hi-Power has undergone continuous refinement by FN since its introduction. The pistols were originally made in two models: an "Ordinary Model" with fixed sights and an "Adjustable Rear Sight Model" with a tangent-type rear sight and a slotted grip for attaching a wooden shoulder stock. The adjustable sights are still available on commercial versions of the Hi-Power, although the shoulder stock mounts were discontinued during World War II. In 1962, the design was modified to replace the internal extractor with an external extractor, improving reliability.

Standard Hi-Powers are based on a single-action design. Unlike modern double-action semi-automatic pistols, the Hi-Power's trigger is not connected to the hammer. If a double-action pistol is carried with the hammer down with a round in the chamber and a loaded magazine installed, the shooter may fire the pistol either by simply squeezing the trigger or by pulling the hammer back to the cocked position and then squeezing the trigger. In contrast, a single-action pistol can only be fired with the hammer in the cocked position; this is generally done when a loaded magazine is inserted and the slide cycled by hand. In common with the M1911, the Hi-Power is therefore typically carried with the hammer cocked, a round in the chamber, and the safety catch on (a carry mode often called cocked and locked in the United States or made ready in the United Kingdom, or sometimes called condition one).

The Hi-Power, like many other Browning designs, operates on the short-recoil principle, where the barrel and slide initially recoil together until the barrel is unlocked from the slide by a cam arrangement. Unlike Browning's earlier Colt M1911 pistol, the barrel is not moved vertically by a toggling link, but instead by a hardened bar which crosses the frame under the barrel and contacts a slot under the chamber at the rearmost part of the barrel. The barrel and slide recoil together for a short distance, but as the slot engages the bar, the chamber and the rear of the barrel are drawn downward and stopped. The downward movement of the barrel disengages it from the slide, which continues rearward, extracting the spent case from the chamber and ejecting it while also re-cocking the hammer. After the slide reaches the limit of its travel, the recoil spring brings it forward again, stripping a new round from the magazine and pushing it into the chamber. This also pushes the chamber and barrel forward. The cam slot and bar move the chamber upward and the locking lugs on the barrel re-engage those in the slide.

Design flaws

[edit]

The pistol has a tendency to "bite" the web of the shooter's hand, between the thumb and forefinger. This bite is caused by pressure from the hammer spur, or alternatively by pinching between the hammer shank and grip tang. This problem can be fixed by altering or replacing the hammer, or by learning to hold the pistol to avoid injury. While a common complaint with the commercial models with spur hammers similar to that of the Colt "Government Model" automatic, it is seldom a problem with the military models, which have a smaller, rounded "burr" hammer, more like that of the Colt "Commander" compact version of the 1911. Another flaw is that the original small safety is very hard to release and re-engage. This is because when cocked, the shaft the safety turns on is under hammer spring pressure. Later versions went to a larger safety to address this issue.[27][28][29]

Hi-Power artillery version with its adjustable tangent rear-sight and shoulder-stock in the upper right-hand corner

Variants

[edit]

Belgium

[edit]

The original P35, as noted earlier, featured an internal extractor. During World War II, it was manufactured by Inglis of Canada for Allied use, and by FN in occupied Belgium for German use. The P35s made under Nazi occupation were designated as the Pistole 640b. Most Canadian P35s were manufactured with a Parkerized finish, while most P35s manufactured in occupied Belgium had a blued finish. In 1962 the internal extractor was replaced with a more durable and reliable external extractor alongside other modifications, including a 2-piece barrel and modifications to the locking system for improved durability. Later barrels and frames are not interchangeable with earlier ones.

The Mark I is among the best-known models of the P35 developed over the last 50 years. P35s were first imported into the US in 1954 – the US civilian market P35s had the 'Browning Arms Company' stamp on the left side of the slide (to meet the import requirement for US sales under ATF Section 478.112). These P35s lack the provision of the lanyard ring – the left side pistol grip for a Mark I is fully covered unlike those produced for military and law enforcement use. A wide variety of options and features are available on the P35 models. Recently, Hi-Power pistols have become available in .40 S&W and .357 SIG loadings. The use of these calibres in guns designed and built for 9×19mm Parabellum has created cases of broken or warped frames. Only Hi-Powers specifically built for these rounds should be used to fire them. The pistols manufactured for these two rounds are easily identified by examining the left side of the slide – a groove is machined into the side of the heavier slide to allow clearance for the slide release. Genuine FN-produced P35s (either FN (Europe/international) or Browning (USA) for the civilian market will have a 245-prefix serial number. Some Hi-Power variants (Type 65, Type 73) incorporate production changes e.g. spur hammers (commonly seen for 1971–present civilian market P35s) and/or 2-piece barrels (1965–present). The 'Type 73' variant (with an elongated barrel bushing) of the Mark I was produced until 1987 by FM Argentina, when the Mark II production commenced in the early-mid-1980s (Belgium).

The Mark II is an upgraded model of the original Hi-Power introduced in 1982.[30] Some of the upgrades were ambidextrous thumb safeties, nylon grips, 3-dot low profile sights, and a throated barrel.[30]

The Mark III was another advancement over the Mark II released in 1989,[31] which featured a firing pin safety and a black epoxy finish. The main distinguishing (visual) feature of the Mark III is the absence of the water drain hole below the muzzle on the forward face of the slide.

    • Standard is the name given to the Mark III variant with walnut grips, gloss finish, and choice of sights. A Standard is a Mark III model, but a Mark III is not necessarily a Standard.
    • The Silver Chrome featured a silver-chrome frame and slide, and Pachmayr rubber grips. The magazines for the silver chrome BHP had a dull finish and a black rubber Pachmayr basepad.
    • The Capitan is a Mark III variant that features adjustable tangent rear sights, a "ring hammer" like the early model HP35, checkered walnut grips, and a blued finish. It was reintroduced in 1993.[32]
    • The Practical is a Mark III variant featuring a slide finished in black polymer with a contrasting silver-chrome frame. In addition, this model has wraparound Pachmayr rubber grips and a "ring hammer". The Practical has fixed or adjustable sights, and is available in either 9×19mm Parabellum or .40 S&W. Magazines for all Practical models sport Pachmayr base pads; magazines feature a cartridge capacity of 13 rounds in 9×19mm Parabellum and a cartridge capacity of 10 rounds in .40 S&W.[33]
    • The HP-SFS (Safe-Fast-Shooting) is the latest Hi-Power Mark III variant with a modified firing mechanism. After the weapon is loaded, the hammer is pushed forward, which automatically activates the safety catch. When the shooter is prepared to fire, the safety is pressed down with the thumb, releasing the hammer to spring backwards into the usual, single-action position. A similar system is available for modifying Colt M1911A1s. Magazines are interchangeable with the Mark III and others.

The BDA and BDAO models were first produced in the 1980s by FN. The BDA model is double-action, and the BDAO model is "double-action only", both versions differing from the usual single-action operation of the P35. These designs have also been marketed as the FN HP-DA and Browning BDA. The DA and DAO models retain many features of the P35, and both are available in full-sized and compact versions. The performance of these models is consistent with FN's high standards. These models resemble the P35, but the most distinguishing feature is the extended SIG Sauer-style trigger guard. Many parts are interchangeable with the P35, but the magazines (although similar) are not. The compact versions also utilise shorter magazines.[33]

Both the DA/DAO models and the BDM model borrow features from the SIG P220 pistols, marketed under the name Browning Double Action (BDA) in 1977.[34]

The Beretta Cheetah has also been marketed by Browning under the name BDA 380.[35]

Canada

[edit]

The Pistol, Browning FN 9mm, HP No. 2 MK.1/1 Canadian Lightweight Pattern was a series of experimental aluminum/aluminum alloy framed Browning Hi-Power pistols by the Canadian Inglis Company that reduced the weight by as much as 25% from 8.5 to 25.5 oz (240 to 720 g).[36] Two scalloped cuts were made on both sides of the steel slide as well as in front of the rear sight. The reception to this was positive and so six prototype frames were machined from solid aluminum and two were sent to each of the Canadian, American, and British governments for testing. The Canadian and British governments concluded that sand and dirt caught between the steel slide and aluminum frame substantially increased wear. The steel locking block also wore the holes in its aluminum frame.

An experimental lightweight Inglis Hi-Power

After testing, Inglis cast 29 frames, assembled 21 pistols, and tested them, which were met with various problems. The lightweight program ended in Canada in 1951. In 1952, a US Major General Kessels requested one and took it with him in the Korean War.[37]

The Mark I Lightweight is a very rare variant of the Mark I made with a lightweight alloy frame originally intended for paratroop use. According to Massad Ayoob, these were introduced commercially in the 1950s but never caught on. The Lightweights are marked only with Fabrique Nationale's rollmarks, not Browning's.

Hi-Powers made with a rear sight instead of a tangent sight with known as No. 2 while those with a tangent sight are known as No. 1[38]

UK

[edit]

The L9A1 was the British designation for the military version of the Hi-Power and is marked 'Pistol Automatic L9A1' on the left side of the slide.[39] It started to replace Inglis variants in British service from the late 1960s, and the two types remained in service together until the Inglis variants were finally retired in the late 1980s. The L9A1 was upgraded with the more ergonomic Mk2 ambidextrous safety and grips.

The L9A1 was also widely used by other Commonwealth armed forces.[40] The Hi-Power was the pistol issued to all British Armed Forces throughout the Cold War era and up to Iraq and Afghanistan conflicts.[41]

It was phased out in 2013 and replaced with the Glock 17.[42]

USA

[edit]
Main article: Browning BDM

On 18 January 2022, FN America re-introduced a new model of Hi-Power called the FN High Power. The new pistol features a 17+1 magazine capacity and various ergonomic changes to improve user handling.[5]

Argentina

[edit]

FM manufactures the Hi-Power under license from 1968.[43] The license expired in 1989.

FM made a machine pistol of the FM Hi-Power known as the PB a Rafaga, which was used by Argentine special forces in anti-Montoneros opearations.[44] The fire selector (semi or full auto) is on the right side, located above the trigger.[45] They either use 13 or 20-round magazines.[44]

One Rafaga was made to fire 7.63x21mm Mannlicher.[46]

India

[edit]
Main article: Pistol Auto 9mm 1A

Nigeria

[edit]

Hi-Powers were made by DICON under license.[47]

Indonesia

[edit]

Pindad made a licensed version of the High-Power known as the P1.[48] Production reportedly started in the 1960s.[49]

Clones

[edit]
  •  Argentina:
    • The Rosario, FM90, and FM95 models are manufactured by FM.[43] The Rosario is an almost exact copy of the Mark II intended for Argentine and Latin American sales. The FM90 was an export model based on the Mark II, but with a "Colt style" slide without the characteristic bevelled front end, first made in 1990.[50] Rubberized pistol grips (similar to the Pachmayr grips used for P35s) with finger grooves were used in place of the traditional slab side wood grips. The FM95 was the current export model (until 2002) based on the Mark III, also with the "Colt style" slide. The last models, until 2010, are the M02 AR (modernised version of the M95, with a new single-action system by Fabrique nationale) and the M03 AR (not dated 2003, as it would seem, actually a .40 S&W version of M02 AR) with their Detective versions.[33]
    • The Detective is a short-slide HP produced by FM.[43] The Detective slide group was also available without the frame, and is interchangeable with other FM and FN Hi-Power P35s. The pistol and slide group have not been available for North American sales since the late 2000s, but can be found in resale outlets.
  •  Bulgaria: The Arcus 94 is a single-action semi-automatic pistol manufactured by Arcus as an unlicensed clone.[51] There is a compact version, the Arcus 94C.[52] It has been succeeded in production by the double-action Arcus 98DA.[51]
A Century International Arms-imported Arcus 94
Kareen Mark I
    • Mark II variant made with larger, squared trigger and ambidextrous thumb safeties.[68]
    • Mark III variant made with hogue pistol grips, dovetailed front sight and parkerized slide with serration cuts.[68]
  •  Philippines: Unlicensed clones made in various workshops.[69]
  •  Turkey:
    • TİSAŞ made the ZIG 14[70] and the Regent BR9.
    • GİRSAN made the MCP35.[71]
    • Alpharms Savunma Sanayi made the Centurion 14.[72]
    • Özerbaş Makina manufactures the Inglis L9A1, P-35 and GP-35 for SDS Imports.
  •  United States:
    • Charles Daly firearms marketed the Charles Daly HP.[73] The first HPs were shipped by CD in 2003.[74]
    • On 25 October 2021, Springfield Armory launched a reproduction of the Hi-Power called the SA-35.[75] It has the features of the original Hi-Power, but has a capacity of 15 rounds while the pistol can handle +P 9 mm Luger loads.[76]

Users

[edit]
A map with Browning Hi-Power users in blue
Canadian Inglis-made Pistol No 2 Mk 1* Browning Hi-Power
Browning Hi-Power made in 1961
A worn Browning Hi-Power, made in Argentina in the mid-1970s
Canadian soldiers inspect a Hi-Power pistol during a training exercise in April 2009.
A Uruguayan marine armed with a Canadian made Hi-Power during a training exercise in April 2009
A 1971 Browning Hi-Power 10

Former

[edit]

Non-State Actors

[edit]

Future

[edit]
  •  Ukraine: 10,500 pistols are to be donated by Canada with delivery expected to start in December 2024.[105]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Miller, David (2001). The Illustrated Directory of 20th Century Guns. Salamander Books Ltd. ISBN 1-84065-245-4.
  2. ^ Bloomfield, Lincoln P.; Leiss, Amelia Catherine (30 June 1967). The Control of local conflict: a design study on arms control and limited war in the developing areas (PDF). Vol. 3. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Center for International Studies. pp. 78, 89. hdl:2027/uiug.30112064404368. Archived (PDF) from the original on 4 August 2020.
  3. ^ Small Arms Survey (2015). "Waning Cohesion: The Rise and Fall of the FDLR–FOCA" (PDF). Small Arms Survey 2015: weapons and the world (PDF). Cambridge University Press. p. 201. Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 October 2016. Retrieved 29 August 2018. Small Arms Survey 2015 at the Wayback Machine (archived 2018-01-28)
  4. ^ Conflict Armament Research (September 2014). Islamic State Weapons in Iraq and Syria: Analysis of weapons and ammunition captured from Islamic State forces in Iraq and Syria (PDF). p. 10. Archived (PDF) from the original on 26 August 2018. Retrieved 31 August 2018.
  5. ^ a b c d e "Highpower".
  6. ^ "FN Herstal – Major Product Achievements". FN Herstal. Archived from the original on 27 September 2011. Retrieved 24 June 2010.
  7. ^ MacGregor, Steve (7 December 2018). "Shot by both sides – The Browning High Power in WW2".
  8. ^ "Browning Catalog". Browning.com. Archived from the original on 10 December 2012. Retrieved 3 November 2012.
  9. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Arnold, David W. (24 September 2010). "Classic Handguns of the 20th Century: The Browning HI-Power". Handguns Magazine. Archived from the original on 29 February 2012. Retrieved 19 January 2010.
  10. ^ "Browning Ends Hi-Power Production -". 6 February 2018. Archived from the original on 30 January 2019. Retrieved 30 January 2019.
  11. ^ a b "Tisas BR9 Vs. Browning's Hi-Power". Archived from the original on 28 July 2021. Retrieved 28 July 2021.
  12. ^ a b "Springfield Armory SA-35 Review". 27 December 2021.
  13. ^ Gangarosa, Gene Jr. (1999). FN...Browning: Armorer to the World. Stoeger Publishing, New Jersey. pp. 63–65.
  14. ^ U.S. patent 1,618,510
  15. ^ "Before the High Power was the FN Grand Rendement". 8 August 2022.
  16. ^ Thompson (2020), p. 33.
  17. ^ Law, Clive M. (2001). Inglis Diamond - The Canadian High Power Pistol. Collector Grade Publications. ISBN 978-0889352650.
  18. ^ "Confirmed Gaddafi dead: New York Yankees baseball fan 'captured' tyrant - Mirror Online". Mirror.co.uk. 20 October 2011. Archived from the original on 21 January 2012. Retrieved 3 November 2012.
  19. ^ "British armed forces get first new pistol since World War II". The Register. 11 January 2013. Archived from the original on 17 January 2013. Retrieved 19 January 2013.
  20. ^ "Girsan MCP35". 8 November 2023.
  21. ^ "[SHOT 2022] the FN Hi-Power is Reborn -". 18 January 2022.
  22. ^ "An Official Journal of the NRA | New for 2022: FN High Power".
  23. ^ "[SHOT 2022] is 2022 the Year of the Hi-Power? Girsan MCP35 and Other new Pistols from EAA -". 19 January 2022.
  24. ^ "[SHOT 2022] the Modern Hi-Power, the EAA/Girsan MC P35 Match -". 19 January 2022.
  25. ^ "INGLIS REBORN, TO MARKET PERIOD CORRECT HI-POWERS". 8 January 2024.
  26. ^ "First Look: Century Arms Centurion 14". 15 August 2024.
  27. ^ "What's Wrong With the Hi Power?". Shooting Illustrated. 20 March 2015.
  28. ^ "The Browning HI-POWER Today". Guns magazine. February 2004.
  29. ^ "A Look Back at the Browning High Power Pistol". www.americanrifleman.org. 24 October 2017.
  30. ^ a b Thompson (2020), p. 23.
  31. ^ Thompson (2020), p. 24.
  32. ^ Michalowski, Kevin (ed.) The Gun Digest Book of Guns for Personal Defense: Arms & Accessories for Self-Defense Handguns - Browning, p. 48. KP Books: Iola, Wisconsin (2004)
  33. ^ a b c "Fabrica Militar Fray Luis Beltrán (FMFLB)". Myaflb.com.ar. Archived from the original on 7 September 2008. Retrieved 8 September 2008.
  34. ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20210202180228/https://www.guns.com/news/2021/02/02/browning-bda-the-og-sig-sauer-p220
  35. ^ "Browning BDA .380 Auto Pistol". 17 April 2020.
  36. ^ F, Nathaniel (19 December 2016). "The Hi Power of the Future (in 1948): Canada's Lightweight Aluminum-Framed Browning -". The Firearm Blog. Archived from the original on 17 December 2018. Retrieved 17 December 2018.
  37. ^ Archived at Ghostarchive and the Wayback Machine: McCollum, Ian (3 May 2017). "Experimental Lightweight Browning High Power". Youtube. Forgotten Weapons. Retrieved 17 December 2018.
  38. ^ Thompson (2020), p. 36.
  39. ^ Thompson (2020), p. 47.
  40. ^ Stevens (1996), p. 202.
  41. ^ Norton-Taylor, Richard (11 January 2013). "British forces to be equipped with Glock pistols for protection in Afghanistan". The Guardian.
  42. ^ Wyatt, Caroline (11 January 2013). "Glock 17 9mm pistols replace Browning for UK forces". BBC News. Archived from the original on 11 January 2013. Retrieved 11 January 2013.
  43. ^ a b c "Firearm Review, February 2001".
  44. ^ a b Stevens (1996), p. 269.
  45. ^ Stevens (1996), p. 270.
  46. ^ Stevens (1996), p. 271.
  47. ^ Thompson (2020), p. 71.
  48. ^ http://web.archive.org/web/20240406200813/https://www.guns.com/news/2024/01/29/license-made-fnc-bm-59-and-pm12-headed-to-us-from-pindad-of-indonesia
  49. ^ Stevens (1996), p. 264.
  50. ^ "The FM Argentine Hi Power". Archived from the original on 28 June 2017. Retrieved 3 July 2017.
  51. ^ a b "Arcus 94 and 98DA". 22 October 2010.
  52. ^ "Arcus 94 / Arcus 94C пистолет - характеристики, фото, ттх".
  53. ^ a b c "Multiplying the Sources" (PDF). www.smallarmssurvey.org. Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 June 2011.
  54. ^ "Mauser M80 SA - Hungarian Weapons FEG Pistols".
  55. ^ "Feg P9R". 22 October 2010.
  56. ^ "These 15 Pistols Copied the Browning Hi-Power". 18 June 2024.
  57. ^ "FEG PJK-9HP - Hungarian Weapons FegArmy Pistols".
  58. ^ https://john1911.com/feg-hi-power-clone/
  59. ^ "FEG FP-9 - the 9mm Hi-Power Python". 26 July 2017.
  60. ^ "Hungarian Weapons - FegArmy FEG P9L Pistols".
  61. ^ "FEG P9R - Hungarian Weapons FegArmy Pistols".
  62. ^ "FEG P9RK - Hungarian Weapons - FegArmy Pistols".
  63. ^ "Hungarian Weapons - FegArmy FEG AC Pistols".
  64. ^ "FEG ACK - Hungarian Weapons - FegArmy Pistols".
  65. ^ "FEG GKK - Hungarian Weapons - FegArmy Pistols".
  66. ^ "FEG P9RC - Hungarian Weapons - FegArmy FEG Pistols".
  67. ^ "Hungarian Weapons - FegArmy FEG B9R Pistols".
  68. ^ a b c d "The Curious Case of the Kareen – Apex Gunsmithing".
  69. ^ https://www.researchgate.net/publication/328963582_GUNS_ON_OUR_DOORSTEP_-_Illicit_Firearm_Markets_of_South_East_Asia_Australian_Police_Journal_March_2015
  70. ^ "ZIG 14, the HP 35 reborn in Turkey". 6 October 2019.
  71. ^ https://blog.cheaperthandirt.com/girsan-mc-35-pi-9mm-worthy-of-the-hi-power-name/
  72. ^ https://www.shootingnewsweekly.com/gun-review/gun-review-century-arms-centurion-14-hi-power-clone/
  73. ^ "Browning Hi Power: Eulogy and Final Farewell". 17 September 2018.
  74. ^ "PrimeFaces Rain - Login". Archived from the original on 21 November 2003.
  75. ^ "SA-35 Review: Dissecting Springfield's New Pistol". 24 February 2022.
  76. ^ "An Official Journal of the NRA | Springfield Armory SA-35 High Power: Classic, Modern, American \".
  77. ^ a b c d e f g h Valpolini, Paolo (June 2009). "There are Two Types of Men in this World..." (PDF). Armada International (Online). Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 March 2016. Retrieved 13 February 2010.[dead link‍]
  78. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk Jones, Richard D. Jane's Infantry Weapons 2009/2010. Jane's Information Group; 35 edition (January 27, 2009). ISBN 978-0-7106-2869-5.
  79. ^ a b Gander, Terry J.; Hogg, Ian V. Jane's Infantry Weapons 1995/1996. Jane's Information Group; 21 edition (May 1995). ISBN 978-0-7106-1241-0.
  80. ^ Wiener, Friedrich (1987). The armies of the NATO nations: Organization, concept of war, weapons and equipment. Truppendienst Handbooks Volume 3. Vienna: Herold Publishers. p. 425.
  81. ^ a b Ministry of Defence, Royal Netherlands Army (1991). Handboek voor de Soldaat 1991 (Soldier's Handbook) (VS 2-1350 ed.). Ministry of Defence. pp. 22–1.
  82. ^ Bishop, Chris (1998). Guns in Combat. Chartwell Books, Inc. ISBN 0-7858-0844-2.
  83. ^ "Kopassus & Kopaska – Specijalne Postrojbe Republike Indonezije" (in Croatian). Hrvatski Vojnik Magazine. Archived from the original on 22 August 2010. Retrieved 12 June 2010.
  84. ^ "Un repaso a las armas ligeras de Pindad" (in Spanish). ARMAS. Archived from the original on 2 April 2013. Retrieved 5 July 2010.
  85. ^ ncoicinnet. "Web Site of the Jamaica Defence Force". Jdfmil.org. Archived from the original on 19 April 2012. Retrieved 3 November 2012.
  86. ^ Jenzen-Jones, N.R.; McCollum, Ian (April 2017). Small Arms Survey (ed.). Web Trafficking: Analysing the Online Trade of Small Arms and Light Weapons in Libya (PDF). Working Paper No. 26. pp. 48, 53, 57. Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 October 2018. Retrieved 30 August 2018.
  87. ^ Thompson, Leroy (December 2008). "Malaysian Special Forces". Special Weapons. Archived from the original on 2 April 2012. Retrieved 30 November 2009.
  88. ^ "MA5 MK II: The Burmese Tatmadaw's Production Glock Handgun -". 20 July 2018. Archived from the original on 3 August 2018. Retrieved 3 August 2018.
  89. ^ "Struggle Kids' break colleague out of Police Station". Archived from the original on 4 September 2015.
  90. ^ "유용원의 군사세계". Archived from the original on 24 May 2015. Retrieved 10 August 2017.
  91. ^ Okoroafor, Cynthia (27 August 2015). "You probably didn't know that Nigeria already manufactures these weapons". Ventures. Archived from the original on 2 February 2017. Retrieved 24 January 2017.
  92. ^ "Special Forces (Maritime) (Pakistan), Amphibious and special forces". Archived from the original on 11 April 2013. Retrieved 24 February 2013.
  93. ^ "Gun Violence, Crime and Politics in the Southern Highlands". www.iansa.org. Archived from the original on 15 December 2010.
  94. ^ Neil Grant (2015). Rhodesian Light Infantryman: 1961-1980. Osprey Publishing. p. 21. ISBN 978-1472809629.
  95. ^ Stevens, R. Blake The Browning High Power Automatic Pistol. Collector Grade Publications (1990). ISBN 978-0-88935-089-2.
  96. ^ "Self-Loading Pistol 9 millimetre Mark 3". Australian Army. Archived from the original on 27 February 2012.
  97. ^ "ADF signs up for next generation of weapons". Defence News (Press release). Department of Defence. 30 September 2022. Retrieved 5 October 2022.
  98. ^ "Australian Defence Force Orders First SIG P320s". 24 July 2023.
  99. ^ Hufnagl, Wolfdieter; Benz, Martin (2001). Jagdkommando: Sondereinheiten des österreichenischen Bundesheeres (2. Aufl ed.). Stuttgart: Motorbuch-Verl. ISBN 978-3-613-02079-5.
  100. ^ Urrisk, Rolf M. (1990). Die Bewaffnung des österreichischen Bundesheeres, 1918-1990 (1. Aufl ed.). Graz: H. Weishaupt Verlag. ISBN 978-3-900310-53-0.
  101. ^ "The Glock 17 Hasn't Been Adopted by the World's Armed Forces for 1 Reason". 18 November 2019.
  102. ^ "Landcomponent Onderwerp Bewapening GP 9 mm". Mil.be. Archived from the original on 7 March 2012. Retrieved 3 November 2012.
  103. ^ "Browning 9mm Pistol". Canadian Forces. 13 May 2009. Archived from the original on 2 August 2009. Retrieved 27 June 2009.
  104. ^ Pugliese, David (24 April 2024). "Canadian military to destroy 11,000 Second World War-era pistols". Ottawa Citizen. Retrieved 14 September 2024.
  105. ^ a b Pugliese, David (13 September 2024). "Canadian military Second World War pistols slated for destruction will instead be sent to Ukraine". Ottawa Citizen. Retrieved 14 September 2024.
  106. ^ McCollum, Ian (2021). "Other Chinese Copies". Pistols of the Warlords: Chinese Domestic Handguns, 1911 - 1949. Headstamp Publishing. pp. 518–519. ISBN 9781733424639.
  107. ^ Defensa.com (31 July 2013). "Lo que Croacia se llevó de la Argentina - Noticias Defensa Documentos". Defensa.com (in Spanish). Retrieved 26 November 2022.
  108. ^ "Revolvers & Pistols, part 3". 24 May 2014.
  109. ^ Lavery, Don (2 September 2006). "Defence Forces to turn 'tomb raiders'". Irish Independent. Archived from the original on 19 December 2011. Retrieved 16 September 2010.
  110. ^ a b Meyr, Eitan (6 January 1999). "Special Weapons for Counter-terrorist Units". Jane's — Law Enforcement. Archived from the original on 1 March 2008. Retrieved 26 September 2009.
  111. ^ "Armement". Armee.lu. Archived from the original on 20 July 2011. Retrieved 3 November 2012.
  112. ^ Sebastian Miernik. "//- Strona poświęcona Wojskowej Formacji Specjalnej GROM -//". Grom.mil.pl. Archived from the original on 14 August 2011. Retrieved 3 November 2012.
  113. ^ "Historia" (PDF). Gnr.pt. Archived (PDF) from the original on 25 October 2012. Retrieved 3 November 2012.
  114. ^ "PSP, GNR e SEF receberam mais de 12 mil armas desde 2017". www.dn.pt (in Portuguese). Retrieved 22 November 2021.
  115. ^ "The state of the Union - Brendan O'Neill". Archived from the original on 10 July 2012. Retrieved 16 March 2012.
  116. ^ British Military Adopts Glock 17 Archived 2014-01-13 at the Wayback Machine - Modernserviceweapons.com, January 12, 2013
  117. ^ Thompson (2020), p. 52.
  118. ^ "RHKR Equipment - Weapons". www.rhkr.org. The Royal Hong Kong Regiment (The Volunteers) Association. Archived from the original on 16 June 2021. Retrieved 16 June 2021.
  119. ^ Thompson (2020), p. 54.
  120. ^ "American Genius: Nighthawk Custom Hi-Power - SWAT Survival | Weapons | Tactics". 6 July 2016.
  121. ^ Rottman, Gordon L. (20 September 2011). US MACV-SOG Reconnaissance Team in Vietnam. Warrior 159. Osprey Publishing. p. 40. ISBN 9781849085137.
  122. ^ Uruguay to produce Glock pistols Archived 2013-11-09 at the Wayback Machine - Janes.com, 28 April 2013
  123. ^ "La representación de las armas Glock se fue de Uruguay".
  124. ^ Small Arms Survey (2005). "Sourcing the Tools of War: Small Arms Supplies to Conflict Zones". Small Arms Survey 2005: Weapons at War. Oxford University Press. p. 166. ISBN 978-0-19-928085-8. Archived from the original (PDF) on 30 August 2018. Retrieved 29 August 2018.
  125. ^ Thompson (2020), p. 57.

Bibliography

[edit]
  • Stevens, R. Blake (1996). The Browning High Power Automatic Pistol: Expanded 1990 Edition. Coburg: Collector Grade Publications Incorporated. ISBN 0-88935-089-2.
  • Thompson, Leroy (2020). The Browning High-Power Pistol. Oxford: Osprey Publishing. ISBN 978-1472838094.
[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Browning HP.
Wikiquote has quotations related to Browning Hi-Power.
Retrieved from "https://wiki.riteme.site/w/index.php?title=Browning_Hi-Power&oldid=1257300752#Variants"