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Spanish Renaissance architecture

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Baths of Maria de Padilla, Alcázar of Seville, Seville, Spain

Spanish Renaissance architecture emerged in the late 15th century as Renaissance ideals reached Spain, blending with existing Gothic forms. Rooted in Renaissance humanism and a renewed interest inClassical architecture,[1] the style became distinguished by a synthesis of Gothic and Italian Renaissance elements. The style is a creation of uniquely Spanish phases notable because of both rich ornamentation and restrained minimalism.[2] The period saw contributions from the patronage of noble families, notably the House of Mendoza, and architects like Lorenzo Vázquez de Segovia, whose works in places like the Colegio Mayor Santa Cruz [es] in Valladolid, incorporated Tuscan-Roman motifs alongside Gothic forms.[2]

In the northern regions, Italian influences expanded, while local architectural styles (or schools) combined French, Flemish and Lombard styles in highly ornamental designs, seen in landmarks such as the façade of the Universidad de Salamanca.[2] The distinctive Plateresque style also emerged, with decorative forms mimicking silversmith techniques.[3] Meanwhile, the integration of Islamic decorative methods with Gothic structures developed into the Mudéjar style, particularly in Andalusia, Aragón, and Castile.[2]

During the reign of Philip II of Spain (r. 1556–1589), Renaissance influence spread across Spain, aided by architecture treatises from famous architects, including Vitruvius, Leon Battista Alberti, Sebastiano Serlio, Andrea Palladio, Giacomo Barozzi da Vignola and Diego de Sagredo [es], among others.[1] Spanish Renaissance architecture thus became defined by an eclectic fusion of local and imported influences, shaping an architectural identity that resonated across the Iberian Peninsula.[2]

Brief history (c. 1500–1600)

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Between 1500 and 1600, Spain experienced an architectural transition from the Gothic style to Renaissance one.[2] The style was characterized by two distinct phases: the first with elements of excessive ornamentation and then the second, characterized by a more severe minimalism.[2] Despite a general consensus on these phases, there has been little consistency in terminology, Spanish Renaissance architecture does not follow a single, unified style or cohesive development and is ultimately characterized by a variety of styles.[2] The style comprises a mix of influences, with elements from both Gothic and Plateresque styles continuing into the 16th century.[2]

Characteristics

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Mudéjar style

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Main article: Mudéjar

From the 12th to the 16th centuries, the Mudéjar style flourished, primarily in Castile, Aragón, and Andalusia.[2] Derived from the term mudajjan, meaning "domesticated" or "subjugated", Mudéjar describes an artistic style resulting from a unique demographic situation born of the Reconquest.[4][5] This style is viewed as a synthesis of Romanesque, Baroque, Gothic and Renaissance elements.[4] This was seen in the preservation of aspects found in Islamic artistry after Christian rulers reconquered former Muslim-controlled lands in Spain.[5][6] This Mudéjar style utilized Arabic forms and techniques, influenced by Christian ecclesiastical architecture, and evolved from Romanesque Mudéjar to Gothic Mudéjar over time.[2] By the mid-13th century, Gothic Mudéjar incorporated Gothic-inspired plans mixed with Islamic decorative motifs, seen in buildings such as the Synagogue of Santa María la Blanca, Synagogue of El Tránsito and San Tomé.[2] Bishops and Christian nobles embraced these Islamic motifs, integrating them into palaces and church treasuries, a symbolic yet functional coalescence of two cultures.[5]

In Aragón, Mudéjar elements adorned both the interiors and exteriors of buildings, as seen in the Cathedral of the Savior of Zaragoza, La Seo de Zaragoza, particularity notable in their polygonal towers.[2] In Andalusia, Mudéjar features were most visible in coffered ceilings and cloister vaults set on squinch arches.[2] These features reflected not only architectural ingenuity, but also the interwoven social fabric as various cultural practices, including marriage traditions, clothing, and everyday economies that continued to bridge communities even amid political shifts.[2][5] This architectural synthesis culminated in a Spanish style that endured, making the ongoing integration of Islamic designs in non-Muslim contexts and the social unity maintained despite territorial changes.[5]

Italian influence

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In the late 15th century, Proto-Renaissance architecture in Spain began to reflect Italian influences, primarily through decorative elements brought by the Mendoza family's patronage.[2] Architect Lorenzo Vázquez of Segovia, in service of Cardinal Pedro González de Mendoza, contributed works such as the Colegio de Santa Cruz (1486–1494) and the Palacio Medinaceli (c. 1492–1495).[2] Vázquez's subsequent projects include: the Palace of Antonio de Mendoza in Guadalajara (before 1507), the Monastery of San Antonio de Mondéjar (1489–1509), and the early phase of La Calahorra Castle in Granada (begun in 1492).[2] All of these buildings demonstrate his use of cloister supports, or composite columns, featuring Gothic proportions combined with pseudo-classical pilasters.[2]

Around the same time, the Alcarreña school emerged in the northern peninsula, characterized by a distinctive decorative style that blended French and Flemish influences with Lombard ornamentation.[2] The approach of architects in this style applied embellishments, often prioritizing visual impact over strict accuracy and preciseness.[2] Examples of the Alcarreña style include the portal of Santa Engarcia in Saragossa (c. 1512–1515) by Gil de Morlanes, Casa Desplá and Casa Gralla in Barcelona by Felipe Vigarny, Francisco de Colonia, and Hanequín de Cuéllar.[2] The façade of the Universidad de Salamanca (1519–1525) further demonstrates this decorative experimentation, as it integrates elements into Gothic structures like retable-portals and "fachadas-tapiz" (carpet-façades) that were regarded as modern for Late Gothic Spanish architecture.[2]

The Palacio del Infantado in Guadalajara, Spain
Partal Palace in the Alhambra in Granada, Spain

In the 1520s, despite the continuing influence of the Gothic style, a new Italian-inspired approach was emerging in Spain.[2] This design incorporated the use of the classical orders on facades and in interiors, a style previously unseen in Spain.[2] A new approach to decoration was introduced based on Italian architectural elements rather than the typical Plateresque design.[2] Palace interiors adopted Italian styles, incorporating features like vaulting, stucco, and frescoes.[2] One of the best examples of this is at the Palacio del Infantado in Guadalajara, Spain.[2] During this time, a new generation of architects began to emerge, such as Diego de Siloé, who had traveled to Italy and returned to Spain with direct experience of the early sixteenth century architecture from Rome and Naples.[2] Diego de Siloé combined elements, merging domed, centralized structures with longitudinal designs.[2] Along with him, Pedro Machuca, having studied in Italy under Raphael, returned to Spain in 1520 and designed the Palace of Charles V in the Alhambra in Granada. Construction began in 1533 in an attempt to bring the style of a Roman palace into Spain.[2]

Geometric perspective

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Groin vault in the Church of La Asunción in Almansa, Spain

In the Spanish Renaissance style, a relationship between geometry and architecture created a method of architectural reasoning.[7] In the sixteenth century there was a significant transformation of design approaches and construction techniques.[7] The use of geometric perspective made elements like coffered ceilings and groin vaults part of the visual approach to architecture.[7] Both foreign and local innovations led to techniques like timbrel and round barrel vaults.[2] These developments led to the transcription of architectural manuscripts that recorded the mathematic, tectonic, and constructional principles that architects of the Spanish Renaissance were using in their designs.[2]

Isabelline style

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Main article: Isabelline (architectural style)
Artesonado in Monasterio de San Juan De Los Reyes in Toledo, Spain

During the Spanish Renaissance, political power was expressed through the form of architecture, specifically, through palaces.[8] Court styles had many practices that shaped the function and design of architecture.[8] For example, Ferdinand and Isabella's court style took features such as heraldic motifs along with Islamic architectural influences from the regions they had reconquered and were now under Spanish rule.[8][9] Juan Guas (c. 1430–1496) was a prominent Spanish architect for Queen Isabella I of Castile.[8] Along with rich decoration, Juan Guas was known for his ability to blend architectural traditions and techniques from different cultures in the Iberian Peninsula, a technique known as Mudéjar (see above section).[8] The Mudéjar style can be seen in the Monastery San Juan de los Reyes in Toledo, Spain.[8] One technique Juan Guas used was artesonado, a term the denotes wooden ceilings with intricate design derived from North African mixed with and Spanish building techniques that was continued to be used in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries.[8]

Principle phases

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Plateresque

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Main article: Plateresque
Cathedral of Saint Mary of Burgos, Burgos.

Etymology

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The origin of the term Plateresque remains unknown, though it emerged within early Spanish Renaissance vocabulary to describe the meticulous architectural ornamentation mirroring the work of silversmiths which characterized this period's architectural style.[6][3][10] Initially, this new style was solely applied to ornamentation, but later expanded to architectural facades.[6] The style was applied to buildings that had been built during the Muslim occupation of Spain, along with silver, stone, and ivory.[6] The term is first credited to Cristóbal de Villalón in 1539 within his panegyric Comparacíon, where he discussed the Gothic Cathedral of León and likened its ornamental style to the refined craftsmanship of silversmiths.[10][3] Without using the specific Spanish words platero (silversmith) and plateresco (plateresque), Villalón compared their work to obras de platas (silver works), in which he implied that silversmiths were like "miniature architects" due to the similarities in architectural standards and perfection of expertise in both crafts.[3] In Madrid, craftsmen were known as "plateros deyeso", or plaster silversmiths.[3] The term plateresque also appeared within Lope de Vega's comedy Sembrar en buena tierra, contributing to the confusion surrounding the definitive aspects of the term.[3]

Capitel del patio del Santo Sepulcro, Colegiata de Osuna.

Style

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By the 17th century, the Plateresque style was widely recognized among craftsmen, a statement made by Don Diego Ortiz de Zúñiga (1633–1680). In his 1677 work, Zúñiga used the term to describe the Casa de Ayuntamiento in Madrid, highlighting its exelente dibuxo (excellent drawings), delicadeza (delicacy), and bellísima aparencia (beautiful appearance).[3] The style is also discussed in relation to the Capilla de los Reyes Nuevos, a chapel located in the Seville Cathedral, started by Martín de Gainza, and then later completed by Hernán Ruiz the Younger and Asenio de Maeda in 1575.[3] Their work, deviating from classical Roman standards of ornamentation by allowing greater decorative freedoms, featured "fantasías platerescas" (Plateresque fantasies).[3] This approach corresponds with a definition found in the Spanish Royal Academy's Dictionary of the Castilian language (1726–1739), referring the Plateresque style to a layered ornamental freedom reminiscent of silverwork--a concept possibly influenced by Ortiz's writings.[3]

The Renaissance relationship between metal-smithing and architecture in Spain is also demonstrated in the work of Juan de Arphe y Villafañe, a silversmith working under King Philip III of Spain (r.1598–1621) and Philip IV of Spain (r. 1621–1665).[3]

Purism

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Main article: Purism (Spanish architecture)
Colegia del Arzobispo Fonseca in Salamanca, Spain

In Spain, the elaborate Plateresque and rich Mudéjar was rejected by Purist architecture. Purist architecture favored simplified and classical designs, like the Palace of Charles V in Granada.[11] These designs followed the struct classical principles from Italy, focusing on refinement and seriousness.[11] The style emphasizes individual architectural elements such as entablatures, niches with archivolts, and keystones, rather than an overall decorative scheme.[11] This style relies heavily on classical vocabulary, adhering to principles of "correctness" outlined in classical treaties and the first Renaissance architectural treatise in Spanish by Diego de Sagredo.[11] A notable architect, Rodrigo Gil de Hontañón, served as the Master of Works at several cathedrals including, Segovia, Salamanca, Palencia, Plasencia, and Astorga.[2] He also contributed to renowned projects such as the Colegio del Arzobispo Fonseca, the Palacio de Monterrey in Salamanca, and the Palacio de los Guzmanes in León.[12] Religious architecture after 1550 seamlessly merged Renaissance and Gothic elements in wall-pillar churches. This was achieved by substituting Gothic supports with classical columns and pilasters, notably large-scale Doric, Tuscan, Ionic, and Corinthian designs.[2]

Herrerian style

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Juan de Herrera's El Escorial for King Phillip II. Located in San Lorenzo de El Escorial, Spain
Main article: Herrerian style
Alcázar de Toledo. Toledo, Spain

A final phase of the Spanish Renaissance style emerged with the work of Juan Bautista de Toledo, and Juan de Herrera in the Escorial: the Herrerian style.[13][14] The Escorial would be the flagship architectural piece of this new style as it spread throughout Spanish institutional buildings and even into new world colonies.[13] The Herrerian style stemmed from a desire to extend the influence of Spain's new Christian monarchy after the reconquista and represent the architecture of government institutions in a more striking way.[13] The Herrerian style can be characterized as extremely sober and naked.[13] Herrerian style is utilitarian and uses a lot of horizontal symmetry.[13] Ornamentation is no longer present; rather Herrerian style architecture relies on its austerity and typically tall facades to alter the urban scales, making the structure's stature feel imposing to whoever walks past it.[13] Herrerian style can also be characterized by frequent use of granite ashlar masonry work. Spanish architects during this time (specifically, the years 1559–1567), differed from the traditional Renaissance model of architecture in two fundamental ways: it associated design and building within a continuum and it assigned responsibility for design entirely to a professional who would remain involved with the building's construction.[15]

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  • The late-15th century Palacio de Santa Cruz, an early example of Renaissance architecture in Valladolid
    The late-15th century Palacio de Santa Cruz, an early example of Renaissance architecture in Valladolid
  • Plateresque facade of the University of Salamanca
    Plateresque facade of the University of Salamanca
  • Dome of the Chapel of El Salvador in Úbeda
    Dome of the Chapel of El Salvador in Úbeda

List of notable architects

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List of notable structures

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Monastery of San Salvador de Celanova in Celanova, Galicia

See also

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Wikimedia Commons has media related to Renaissance architecture in Spain.

References

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  1. ^ a b Amoruso, Giuseppe, ed. (2018). "Architectural Representation in the Spanish Renaissance: Some Examples from the City of Lugo". Putting Tradition into Practice: Heritage, Place and Design: Proceedings of 5th INTBAU International Annual Event. Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering. Vol. 3 (1st ed. 2018 ed.). Cham: Springer International Publishing : Imprint: Springer. pp. 137–146. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-57937-5_15. ISBN 978-3-319-57937-5.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai Marías, Fernando; Rivera, Javier; Brindle, Stephen; Fernández-Galiano, Luis; Muncharaz, L. J. Balmaseda; Gómez, Isabel Mateo; Sánchez, Alfonso E. Pérez; Vázquez, Oscar E.; Bozal, Valeriano; Gil, Julia Ara; González, J. J. Martín; Sandoval, Francisco Portela; Aguiló, María Paz; Ray, Anthony; Casanovas, Maria Antonia; Giral, Maria Dolors; Alcón, Maria Teresa Ruíz; Valdovinos, José Manuel Cruz; Martín, Fernando A.; Mata, Angela Franco; Chadour, Anna Beatriz; Sanz, Ana García; García, Pilar Benito; Sanz-Pastor, Consuelo; Bravo, Miguel Cabañas; Cuadro, F. Moreno; Brooke, Xanthe (2003). "Spain". Grove Art Online. doi:10.1093/gao/9781884446054.article.t080265. ISBN 978-1-884446-05-4. Retrieved 2024-11-02.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Bury, J. B. (1976). "The Stylistic Term 'Plateresque'". Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institutes. 39: 199–230. doi:10.2307/751139. ISSN 0075-4390. JSTOR 751139.
  4. ^ a b Jeffery, R. Brooks (2003). "From Azulejos to Zaguanes: The Islamic Legacy in the Built Environment of Hispano-America". Journal of the Southwest. 45 (1/2): 289–327. ISSN 0894-8410. JSTOR 40170260.
  5. ^ a b c d e Ruggles, D. Fairchild (2004). "The Alcazar of Seville and Mudejar Architecture". Gesta. 43 (2): 87–98. doi:10.2307/25067097. ISSN 0016-920X. JSTOR 25067097.
  6. ^ a b c d Kroesen, Justin E.A. (2008). "From Mosques to Cathedrals: Converting Sacred Space During the Spanish Reconquest". Mediaevistik. 21: 113–137. doi:10.3726/83010_113. ISSN 0934-7453. JSTOR 42586616.
  7. ^ a b c Cabezas, Lino (2011-06-08). "Ornamentation and Structure in the Representation of Renaissance Architecture in Spain". Nexus Network Journal. 13 (2): 257–279. doi:10.1007/s00004-011-0067-3. ISSN 1590-5896.
  8. ^ a b c d e f g Anderson, Christy (2013). Renaissance Architecture. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780192842275.
  9. ^ Tessari, Cristiano (2003). "Jamete, Esteban". Oxford Art Online.
  10. ^ a b Hamlin, A. D. F. (1922). "The American Debt to Spanish Art". The American Magazine of Art. 13 (9): 285–287. ISSN 2151-254X. JSTOR 23939260.
  11. ^ a b c d McAndrew, John; Toussaint, Manuel (1942). "Tecali, Zacatlan, and the Renacimiento Purista in Mexico". The Art Bulletin. 24 (4): 311. doi:10.2307/3046843. JSTOR 3046843.
  12. ^ Ristori, J (2003). "Gil de Hontañón, Rodrigo". Grove Art Online. Retrieved November 19, 2024.
  13. ^ a b c d e f Johnson, Michael (May 2016). "El Valle de los Caídos: Spain's inability to digest its historical memory". Bard Digital Commons.
  14. ^ Kamen, Henry (2017-12-31). The Escorial: Art and Power in the Renaissance. Yale University Press. doi:10.12987/9780300168259. ISBN 978-0-300-16825-9.
  15. ^ Wilkinson-Zerner, Catherine; Herrera, Juan de (1993). Juan de Herrera: architect to Philip II of Spain. New Haven: Yale Univ. Press. ISBN 978-0-300-04991-6.
  16. ^ El Escorial Monastery - History of El Escorial accessed 23 October 2006
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