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Tornado outbreak of April 8, 1957

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Tornado outbreak of April 8, 1957
Map of tornadoes
Tornado outbreak
Tornadoes18
Maximum ratingF4 tornado
DurationApril 8, 1957
Highest winds65 kn (75 mph; 120 km/h)
Largest hail4 in (10 cm)
Overall effects
Fatalities7
Injuries203
Damage≥ $4.108 million ($44,560,000 in 2024 USD)[note 1]
Areas affectedSoutheastern United States
Part of the tornadoes and tornado outbreaks of 1957

On Monday, April 8, 1957, a widespread tornado outbreak struck the Southeastern United States, particularly the Carolinas, and was responsible for seven deaths and 203 injuries across the region. Most of the activity occurred on either side of the Piedmont, including portions of the Cumberland Plateau. At least 18 tornadoes occurred, including several long-tracked tornado families, one of which included a violent tornado that was retroactively rated F4 on the Fujita scale; activity lasted 211⁄12 hours. Besides tornadoes, the outbreak also generated other severe weather phenomena such as large hail.[note 2]

Background

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[2]

Outbreak statistics

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Impacts by region
Region Locale Deaths Injuries Damages Source
United States Alabama 2 95 $525,500 [3]
Arkansas 0 0 $2,500 [4]
Georgia 1 26 $550,000 [5]
Mississippi 0 0 ≥ $25,000 [6]
North Carolina 4 64 $1,500,000 [7]
South Carolina 0 16 $775,000 [8]
Tennessee 0 0 $5,000 [9]
Virginia 0 2 $250,000 [10]
Total 7 203 ≥ $4,108,000 [11][12][13]

Confirmed tornadoes

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Confirmed tornadoes by Fujita rating
FU F0 F1 F2 F3 F4 F5 Total
0 0 3 8 5 2 0 ≥ 18

Prior to 1990, there is a likely undercount of tornadoes, particularly E/F0–1, with reports of weaker tornadoes becoming more common as population increased. A sharp increase in the annual average E/F0–1 count by approximately 200 tornadoes was noted upon the implementation of NEXRAD Doppler weather radar in 1990–1991.[14][note 3] 1974 marked the first year where significant tornado (E/F2+) counts became homogenous with contemporary values, attributed to the consistent implementation of Fujita scale assessments.[18][note 4] Numerous discrepancies on the details of tornadoes in this outbreak exist between sources. The total count of tornadoes and ratings differs from various agencies accordingly. The list below documents information from the most contemporary official sources alongside assessments from tornado historian Thomas P. Grazulis.

April 8 event

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List of confirmed tornadoes in the tornado outbreak of April 8, 1957[note 5]
F# Location County / Parish State Start Coord.[note 6] Time (UTC) Path length Width[note 7] Damage
F2 Elm Park Scott AR 34°54′N 94°06′W / 34.9°N 94.1°W / 34.9; -94.1 (Elm Park (April 8, F2)) 05:05–? 4.7 mi (7.6 km) 300 yd (270 m) $2,500
This tornado, attended by minor hail, damaged roofing and three barns. Tornado expert Thomas P. Grazulis did not rate it F2 or stronger.[13][28][29]
F2 Northeastern Red Bay Franklin AL 34°27′N 88°08′W / 34.45°N 88.13°W / 34.45; -88.13 (Red Bay (April 8, F2)) 05:35–? 0.1 mi (0.16 km) 33 yd (30 m) $25,000
This low-end F2 tornado may have begun in Mississippi before entering Red Bay, Alabama, unroofing a home, tearing porches off other homes, and destroying garages and barns. Grazulis listed total damages as $12,000 and a 5-mile-long (8.0 km) path.[13][30][29]
F2 Old Union to S of Verona Lee MS 34°06′N 88°49′W / 34.1°N 88.82°W / 34.1; -88.82 (Old Union (April 8, F2)) 09:10–? 9 mi (14 km) 200 yd (180 m) $250,000
A tornado passed through the agricultural experiment station—now the North Mississippi Research and Extension Center—south of Verona, destroying, unroofing, or otherwise damaging several homes and other structures. Grazulis listed total damages as $100,000.[13][31][29]
F2 NNE of Plateau to NE of Isoline Cumberland TN 36°06′N 85°06′W / 36.1°N 85.1°W / 36.1; -85.1 (Plateau (April 8, F2)) 12:00–? 2.7 mi (4.3 km) 10 yd (9.1 m) $2,500
This tornado downed several trees and damaged a number of outbuildings. Five houses and three barns were damaged as well. Grazulis did not rate the tornado F2 or stronger.[13][32][29]
F1 ESE of Banner Calhoun MS 33°58′N 89°20′W / 33.97°N 89.33°W / 33.97; -89.33 (Banner (April 8, F1)) 14:00–? 0.1 mi (0.16 km) 100 yd (91 m) Un­known
A tornado severely damaged or destroyed a few homes.[33][29]
F3 Southern Hamilton to NNW of Piney Grove Marion, Winston, Lawrence AL 34°07′N 87°59′W / 34.12°N 87.98°W / 34.12; -87.98 (Hamilton (April 8, F3)) 15:46–? 51.4 mi (82.7 km) 100 yd (91 m) $250,000
A long-tracked tornado family leveled a few small houses near the end of its path. Trees were damaged along a 1-mile-wide (1.6 km) swath, and a car was lofted and rolled 1⁄4 mi (0.40 km). Five people were injured, and of the losses $150,000 were to timberland, mainly in the William B. Bankhead National Forest. The tornado family consisted of two segments with intermittent damage in between, passing south of Ashridge and Grayson.[13][34][29]
F3 ENE of Battleground to NNE of Cottonville Morgan, Marshall AL 34°19′N 86°59′W / 34.32°N 86.98°W / 34.32; -86.98 (Battleground (April 8, F3)) 16:15−? 38.8 mi (62.4 km) 200 yd (180 m) $500
2 deaths – A long-lived tornado hit between Florette and Oleander, destroying or damaging more than 150 homes in the small, rural communities of Rock Creek, Lawrence Cove, Briddle Mountain, and Cotaco Valley—all in southern Morgan County. At least 90—perhaps as many as 125—people were injured.[13][35][36][29]
F3 S of Hulaco to SE of Union Grove Cullman, Morgan, Marshall AL 34°18′N 86°36′W / 34.3°N 86.6°W / 34.3; -86.6 (Hulaco (April 8, F3)) 16:30–? 16.3 mi (26.2 km) 33 yd (30 m) $250,000
This tornado, roughly paralleling the previous event, destroyed several barns and small homes. Grazulis rated it F2. The NCEI list the path as extending to near Warrenton and Mount Carmel.[13][37][38]
F2 SSE of Reeves to southern Calhoun to NNE of Crane Eater Gordon GA 34°26′N 85°00′W / 34.43°N 85°W / 34.43; -85 (Reeves (April 8, F2)) 19:00–? 10.3 mi (16.6 km) 200 yd (180 m) $250,000
A yellowish-appearing tornado destroyed or damaged 70 structures, including mobile homes in a trailer park. 20 people were injured.[13][39][38]
F2 Cross Keys to SSE of Santuc Union SC 34°38′N 81°47′W / 34.63°N 81.78°W / 34.63; -81.78 (Cross Keys (April 8, F2)) 21:00–21:30 15.2 mi (24.5 km) 100 yd (91 m) $25,000
A tornado destroyed or damaged approximately 60–63 homes and 67 other structures, injuring a few people. The Climatological Data National Summary and Grazulis listed a 20-mile-long (32 km) path length. The tornado may have begun as far west as Cross Anchor. Damage at Santuc and nearby Carlisle may have been downburst-related.[13][40][38]
F1 SE of Chula to eastern Douglas Tift, Irwin, Coffee GA 31°32′N 83°32′W / 31.53°N 83.53°W / 31.53; -83.53 (Chula (April 8, F1)) 21:00–22:00 41.3 mi (66.5 km) 90 yd (82 m) $250,000
An intermittent, long-tracked tornado unroofed a large home and shifted other homes on their foundations. A lumber mill and a barn were destroyed as well. Damage occurred near Harding, Riverbend, Gladys, and Lax. Grazulis rated the tornado F2.[13][41][38]
F3 China Hill to ENE of Jacksonville Telfair GA 31°51′N 83°05′W / 31.85°N 83.08°W / 31.85; -83.08 (China Hill (April 8, F3)) 21:30–? 14.7 mi (23.7 km) 400 yd (370 m) $25,000
1 death – An intense tornado hurled a truck 100 yd (300 ft), the two occupants of which it killed and injured, respectively. A church and a pair of small homes were destroyed as well. A large refrigerator was moved 250 yd (750 ft). Four other people were injured.[13][42][38]
F2 SSW of Bowmantown to WNW of Fairview Washington TN 36°17′N 82°35′W / 36.28°N 82.58°W / 36.28; -82.58 (Bowmantown (April 8, F2)) 21:30–21:40 3 mi (4.8 km) 440 yd (400 m) $2,500
A short-tracked tornado unroofed a silo and felled approximately 20 large trees. A barn was shifted 3 ft (1.0 yd) off its foundation, and flying debris damaged a home. Grazulis did not rate the tornado F2 or stronger.[13][43][38]
F4 NNW of Pleasant Plain (SC) to Jefferson (SC) to Wallace (SC) to eastern Roseboro (NC) Lancaster (SC), Chesterfield (SC), Marlboro (SC), Scotland (NC), Robeson (NC), Cumberland (NC), Sampson (NC) SC, NC 34°38′N 80°35′W / 34.63°N 80.58°W / 34.63; -80.58 (Pleasant Plain (April 8, F4)) 22:00–? 121.4 mi (195.4 km) 150 yd (140 m) $1,750,000
4 deaths – See section on this tornado – 80 people were injured.
F1 Northern Norfolk Norfolk VA 36°56′N 76°17′W / 36.93°N 76.28°W / 36.93; -76.28 (Norfolk (April 8, F1)) 22:20–? 1 mi (1.6 km) 33 yd (30 m) $250,000
A brief tornado passed between Naval Station Norfolk and Forest Lawn Cemetery in Norfolk, southwest of Ocean View, wrecking signage, damaging an unfinished warehouse, shattering windows, unroofing structures, and splintering utility poles. Two people were injured.[44][45]
F2 ESE of Benevolence to SSW of Weston Randolph GA 31°52′N 84°42′W / 31.87°N 84.7°W / 31.87; -84.7 (Benevolence (April 8, F2)) 23:30–? 5.2 mi (8.4 km) 200 yd (180 m) $25,000
A tornado destroyed or damaged a school, a church, a few barns, and three homes. One person was injured.[13][46][45]
F4 Downtown Pembroke Robeson NC 34°41′N 79°12′W / 34.68°N 79.2°W / 34.68; -79.2 (Pembroke (April 8, F4)) 01:00–? 0.8 mi (1.3 km) 150 yd (140 m) $250,000
A brief-but-violent tornado parabolically tracked through Pembroke, where it damaged approximately 100 structures, of which it reportedly destroyed 25. Many small, poorly built homes were leveled as well. 21 people were injured. Grazulis rated the tornado F3, but noted "F4-appearing" damage to frail homes.[47][13][48][45]
F3 NE of Brices Crossroads Duplin NC 34°50′N 78°05′W / 34.83°N 78.08°W / 34.83; -78.08 (Brices Crossroads (April 8, F3)) 02:00–? 8 mi (13 km) 150 yd (140 m) $250,000
An intense tornado leveled nine homes in rural areas near Rose Hill and Magnolia. It also damaged damaged a dozen other homes, scattering debris over many acres and tearing apart a concrete-block foundation. 29 people were injured. The tornado produced F4-like damage, but only hit flimsy, unreinforced houses.[47][13][49][45]

Flat Creek–Jefferson–Cheraw–Wallace–McColl, South Carolina/Johns–Maxton–Roseboro–Parkersburg, North Carolina

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Flat Creek–Jefferson–Cheraw–Wallace–McColl, South Carolina/Johns–Maxton–Roseboro–Parkersburg, North Carolina
Meteorological history
FormedApril 8, 1957, 6:00 p.m. EDT (UTC−04:00)
F4 tornado
on the Fujita scale
Overall effects
Fatalities4
Injuries80
Damage$13⁄4 million ($18,980,000 in 2024 USD)

This long-lived tornado family comprised at least two separate tornadoes, both of which may have been tornado families themselves. The first member of the tornado family touched down near Flat Creek and moved into the town of Jefferson, where it destroyed or damaged 141 homes, along with 156 other structures. It also tore apart 23 of 25 buildings on Main Street. As it left Jefferson, the tornado generated a swath of near-continuous damage, indicative of F2 and F3 intensity, that extended from Jefferson to near Cheraw and Wallace. The tornado destroyed or damaged 25 homes in Wallace. Parts of a cotton gin were found 10 mi (16 km) distant. 16 injuries occurred in South Carolina, all in Chesterfield County, and losses statewide totaled $750,000 (Grazulis listed damages as $1 million). The second member of the tornado family, described as a wide funnel, touched down near McColl and crossed into North Carolina near Johns and east of Maxton. In this area the tornado destroyed several barns, a gas station, and small homes, but was not of violent intensity. The tornado later tracked near St. Pauls en route to Roseboro. Its only confirmable F4 damage occurred in a pair of small communities between Roseboro and Parkersburg, where four people died and approximately 20 homes were destroyed. More than 387 homes, businesses, and other structures were damaged or destroyed along the path, including more than 100 in Sampson County alone. In all, 80 people were injured and losses totaled $13⁄4 million.[50]

Other effects

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Severe thunderstorm winds gusted to 75 mph (121 km/h) at Bristol, Virginia. Additionally, 4-inch-diameter (10 cm) hail was recorded in Anderson County, South Carolina.[51]

Impact

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Aftermath and recovery

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See also

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Notes

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  1. ^ All losses are in 1957 USD unless otherwise noted.
  2. ^ An outbreak is generally defined as a group of at least six tornadoes (the number sometimes varies slightly according to local climatology) with no more than a six-hour gap between individual tornadoes. An outbreak sequence, prior to (after) the start of modern records in 1950, is defined as a period of no more than two (one) consecutive days without at least one significant (F2 or stronger) tornado.[1]
  3. ^ Historically, the number of tornadoes globally and in the United States was and is likely underrepresented: research by Grazulis on annual tornado activity suggests that, as of 2001, only 53% of yearly U.S. tornadoes were officially recorded. Documentation of tornadoes outside the United States was historically less exhaustive, owing to the lack of monitors in many nations and, in some cases, to internal political controls on public information.[15] Most countries only recorded tornadoes that produced severe damage or loss of life.[16] Significant low biases in U.S. tornado counts likely occurred through the early 1990s, when advanced NEXRAD was first installed and the National Weather Service began comprehensively verifying tornado occurrences.[17]
  4. ^ The Fujita scale was devised under the aegis of scientist T. Theodore Fujita in the early 1970s. Prior to the advent of the scale in 1971, tornadoes in the United States were officially unrated.[19][20] Tornado ratings were retroactively applied to events prior to the formal adoption of the F-scale by the National Weather Service.[21] While the Fujita scale has been superseded by the Enhanced Fujita scale in the U.S. since February 1, 2007,[22] Canada used the old scale until April 1, 2013;[23] nations elsewhere, like the United Kingdom, apply other classifications such as the TORRO scale.[24]
  5. ^ All dates are based on the local time zone where the tornado touched down; however, all times are in Coordinated Universal Time and dates are split at midnight CST/CDT for consistency.
  6. ^ All starting coordinates are based on the NCEI database and may not reflect contemporary analyses
  7. ^ The listed width values are primarily the average/mean width of the tornadoes, with those having known maximum widths denoted by ♯. From 1952 to 1994, reports largely list mean width whereas contemporary years list maximum width.[25] Values provided by Grazulis are the average width, with estimates being rounded down (i.e. 0.5 mi (0.80 km) is rounded down from 880 yards to 800 yards.[26][27]

References

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  1. ^ Schneider, Russell S.; Brooks, Harold E.; Schaefer, Joseph T. (2004). Tornado Outbreak Day Sequences: Historic Events and Climatology (1875–2003) (PDF). 22nd Conf. Severe Local Storms. Hyannis, Massachusetts: American Meteorological Society. Retrieved September 17, 2019.
  2. ^ "North America Tornado Cases 1950 to 1959". bangladeshtornadoes.org. Retrieved April 21, 2022.
  3. ^ Multiple sources:
  4. ^ Multiple sources:
  5. ^ Multiple sources:
  6. ^ Multiple sources:
  7. ^ Multiple sources:
  8. ^ Multiple sources:
  9. ^ Multiple sources:
  10. ^ Multiple sources:
  11. ^ Storm Data Publication 1957, Events Reported
  12. ^ USWB 1957, pp. 116–8.
  13. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p Grazulis 1993, p. 1004.
  14. ^ Agee and Childs 2014, p. 1496.
  15. ^ Grazulis 2001a, pp. 251–4.
  16. ^ Edwards, Roger (March 5, 2015). "The Online Tornado FAQ (by Roger Edwards, SPC)". Storm Prediction Center: Frequently Asked Questions about Tornadoes. Storm Prediction Center. Retrieved February 25, 2016.
  17. ^ Cook & Schaefer 2008, p. 3135.
  18. ^ Agee and Childs 2014, pp. 1497, 1503.
  19. ^ Grazulis 1993, p. 141.
  20. ^ Grazulis 2001a, p. 131.
  21. ^ Edwards et al. 2013, p. 641–642.
  22. ^ Edwards, Roger (March 5, 2015). "Enhanced F Scale for Tornado Damage". The Online Tornado FAQ (by Roger Edwards, SPC). Storm Prediction Center. Retrieved February 25, 2016.
  23. ^ "Enhanced Fujita Scale (EF-Scale)". Environment and Climate Change Canada. Environment and Climate Change Canada. June 6, 2013. Archived from the original on March 3, 2016. Retrieved February 25, 2016.
  24. ^ "The International Tornado Intensity Scale". Tornado and Storm Research Organisation. Tornado and Storm Research Organisation. 2016. Archived from the original on March 5, 2016. Retrieved February 25, 2016.
  25. ^ Agee and Childs 2014, p. 1494.
  26. ^ Brooks 2004, p. 310.
  27. ^ Grazulis 1990, p. ix.
  28. ^ Storm Data Publication 1957, #9984229
  29. ^ a b c d e f g USWB 1957, p. 116.
  30. ^ Storm Data Publication 1957, #9976825
  31. ^ Storm Data Publication 1957, #10049860
  32. ^ Storm Data Publication 1957, #10127419
  33. ^ Storm Data Publication 1957, #10049861
  34. ^ Storm Data Publication 1957, #9976826
  35. ^ Storm Data Publication 1957, #9976827
  36. ^ Storm Data Publication 1957, #9976828
  37. ^ Storm Data Publication 1957, #9976829
  38. ^ a b c d e f USWB 1957, p. 117.
  39. ^ Storm Data Publication 1957, #9998082
  40. ^ Storm Data Publication 1957, #10117724
  41. ^ Storm Data Publication 1957, #9998084
  42. ^ Storm Data Publication 1957, #9998085
  43. ^ Storm Data Publication 1957, #10127421
  44. ^ Storm Data Publication 1957, #10154174
  45. ^ a b c d USWB 1957, p. 118.
  46. ^ Storm Data Publication 1957, #9998086
  47. ^ a b Grazulis 1984, p. A-67.
  48. ^ Storm Data Publication 1957, #10075793
  49. ^ Storm Data Publication 1957, #10075795
  50. ^ Multiple sources:
  51. ^ Multiple sources:

Sources

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