Jump to content

Apple Inc. and unions

Edit links
This is a good article. Click here for more information.
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Apple worker organization)

SACOM protests in 2013 at the opening of the first Apple Store in Hong Kong over labor rights violations in its supplier factories Foxconn and Wintek[1]

Apple Inc. workers around the globe have been involved in organizing since the 1990s. Apple unions are made up of retail, corporate, and outsourced workers. Apple employees have joined trade unions and or formed works councils in Australia, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, the United Kingdom and the United States.

The majority of industrial labor disputes (including union recognition) involving Apple occur indirectly through its suppliers and contractors, notably Foxconn plants in China, and, to a lesser extent, in Brazil and India.

In 2021, Apple Together, a solidarity union, sought to bring together the company's global worker organizations. In the 2020s, a surge in new organizing took place in Australia, United Kingdom and the United States.

Industrial composition

[edit]

Apple was founded in 1976,[2] and has become one of the most valuable corporations in the world, being valued over $1 trillion in 2018, and in 2020 becoming the first American company to be valued over $2 trillion.[3] Since the 1980s, Apple, like other Silicon Valley companies, shifted assembly operations and other manufacturing services from the United States to countries with lower labor, overhead costs and flexible scaling.[4][5] Apple directly employs 147,000 workers including 25,000 corporate employees in Apple Park and across Silicon Valley.[6][7] The vast majority of its employees work at 500 retail Apple stores globally.[8]

Apple relies on a larger, outsourced workforce for manufacturing, particularly in China. As of 2021, Apple uses hardware components from 43 different countries.[9] The majority of assembling is done by Taiwanese original design manufacturer firms Foxconn, Pegatron, Wistron and Compal Electronics in factories primarily located inside China,[10] and to a lesser extent, Foxconn plants in Brazil,[11] and India.[12]

Australia

[edit]

Apple Australia employs 4,000 employees.[13] On October 18, 2022, 150 retail workers from one of Apple's three unions in Australia, represented by Retail and Fast Food Workers Union, went on strike over pay and benefits in Brisbane, Chermside, and Charlestown.[14][15] Other unionized workers in Australia are represented by the Shop, Distributive and Allied Employees Association and Australian Services Union.[14][16][17]

Brazil

[edit]

In 2012, Foxconn opened a second Foxconn factory in Jundiaí, Brazil, the first plant to focus exclusively on assembling Apple products. The Brazilian Metalworkers Union (Confederação Nacional dos Trabalhadores Metalúrgicos; CNTM) affiliated to IndustriALL had previous experience organizing Foxconn workers at the first non-Apple plant that was established in 2007.[18] After a 5-day strike in 2014 involving 3,700 workers, Foxconn made a collective agreement with the Metalworkers Union to match the salaries of the newer Apple contract workers with the better paid Foxconn workers of the non-Apple focused plant. A prior strike happened in February 2013 over similar demands.[19]

China

[edit]
See also: Foxconn and unions § China

In China, Apple directly employs 10,000 workers across its retail and corporate divisions. In addition, one further million workers are contracted by Apple's suppliers to assemble Apple products, including Foxconn and Pegatron.[20] The Foxconn Zhengzhou Technology Park alone employs 350,000 Chinese workers in Zhengzhou to exclusively work on the iPhone.[21]

Pegatron workers are not represented by any trade union, according to a 2015 China Labor Watch report.[22]

Despite Foxconn being the largest 'unionized' company in the world, with 90% of the 1.4 million workforce registered; the Foxconn Federation of Labour Unions (Chinese: 富士康科技集团工会联合会), more commonly known as the Foxconn Trade Union (Chinese: 富士康工会) is by and large a company union dominated by management rather than workers.[23][24]

Foxconn made global headlines in 2010, when over a dozen workers committed suicide in iPhone factories, due to strenuous working conditions. Apple responded by bringing in the Fair Labor Association (FLA), a US based NGO as an external auditor from 2012 to 2016.[25] One of FLA's findings was that the Foxconn Trade Union failed to adequately represent workers.[24] The Economic Policy Institute criticized the FLA report for giving Apple and Foxconn 'undue' credit, despite ongoing issues including forced overtime and the continued use of underage labor.[26] Foxconn promised in 2013 with the help of FLA to prepare genuine representative elections through an anonymous voting process to elect up to 18,000 new union committees.[24]

A 2017 Students and Scholars Against Corporate Misbehaviour report criticized the limited worker participation inside the Foxconn Trade Union and the lack of awareness or involvement of workers in the first democratic union elections Foxconn held in early 2015.[25]

France

[edit]

Apple has 20 retail stores in France, 9 in Paris, as of 2023. Apple employees are represented by four trade-unions, CGT, Unsa, CFDT and Cidre-CFTC.[27]

Ahead of the iPhone 5 debut in 2012, employees in French Apple retail stores voted to go on strike after collective bargaining negotiations stalled. Solidaires, the main trade union involved represents 25% of the 1,000 French employees.[28][29]

Germany

[edit]

In 2011, Apple directly employed 50,000 workers worldwide; 30,000 of them in retail Apple stores.[30] In February 2012, the first works council in the country was established in the Munich Apple retail store. In an interview with Manager Magazin, a ver.di union representative cited excessive overtime, high noise level and insufficient health measures as motivating factors for workers to form a works council,[31] as well as the lack of any collective agreements.[30] In December, retail workers at the Frankfurt Apple store elected a works council, the second one in Germany, making the establishment of a Germany wide General Works Council mandatory.[30] A third works council was elected in the Jungfernstieg Apple store in Hamburg in early March 2013.[32] In September 2013, a works council was formed in Augsburg.[33][34]

India

[edit]
See also: Foxconn and unions § India

Apple expanded in India by manufacturing iPhones through its Wistron contract manufacturer, located near Bangalore.

Foxconn, which was present in India since 2006, explored setting up iPhone production in India as early as 2010, but scrapped plans in favor of opening a new plant in Brazil.[35] Apple expanded production in 2019 in Chennai through contract manufacturers Pegatron and Foxconn in the special economic zone located in Sriperumbudur.[36]

On December 17, 2021, 250 women workers at the iPhone Foxconn plant were medically treated for food poisoning, with productions halted on December 18.[37] Nearly 3,000 workers blocked the highway to the factory, leading to 167 workers being detained for 24 hours, including trade union officials from Centre of Indian Trade Unions.[38][39]

Italy

[edit]

Ahead of the iPhone 4S launch in 2011, workers in the Rome Apple retail store went on strike, featuring the slogan "Strike Different", a play on "Think Different". Strike demands included higher monthly bonus schemes of US$200, limiting employee surveillance and increasing staffing.[40][28]

In 2013, three Italian trade unions FILCAMS-CGIL, FISASCAT and UILTuCS signed the first collective agreement with Apple in Italy representing 1,300 workers across 14 Apple stores and improved working conditions compared to the existing national retail collective agreement.[41]

Japan

[edit]

On December 18, 2014, retail workers of Apple Japan announced a union affiliated with Tozen using the slogan "Work Different".[42] Three of Japan's ten Apple stores are unionized with Tozen.[43]

Spain

[edit]

Workers in six Apple stores in Spain are members of syndicalist unions. Five of the stores are affiliated with General Confederation of Labor (CGT), while the Passeig de Gràcia store in Barcelona is affiliated with Confederación Nacional del Trabajo (CNT).[43]

United Kingdom

[edit]

In June 2022, after joining GMB Scotland, retail workers at the Buchanan Street Apple store,[44] one of two Apple's Glasgow stores filed paperwork to unionize, the first in the United Kingdom to do so.[45] In November, Apple voluntarily recognized the Glasgow Apple union.[46] On February 8, 2023, Apple signed a collective agreement with the store, the first Apple store to do so in the United Kingdom.[44]

In July 2022, United Tech and Allied Workers Union (UTAW), affiliated with the Communications Workers Union organized a day of action in two London Apple stores on Regent Street and Covent Garden. UTAW claims to have members working in Apple stores in Exeter, Manchester, Brighton, and Norwich.[47] On December 12, 2022, White City, London Apple store workers unionized with UTAW.[48][49]

United States

[edit]
Map of union election efforts at 10 different Apple stores in the United States.
Map of union election efforts at 10 different Apple Stores in the United States

As of 2019, Apple directly employs 90,000 employees in the United States,[50] including 25,000 corporate employees in Apple Park and across the west coast.[6][7] In 1990 Employees for One Apple was the first organized worker initiative, in protest of changes to employee profit sharing. In 2011 an unsuccessful unionization effort was launched by Cory Moll in the San Francisco retail store. In 2021 the #AppleToo initiative launched, publishing over 500 stories of worker experiences with harassment. One year later, #AppleToo evolved into Apple Together, a network of different Apple Unions.

The vast majority of the 270 Apple retail stores are not unionized. Apple hired Littler Mendelson law firm, known for their "anti-union" stance, to represent Apple in 2022.

For the first time ever, in 2022, two stores unionized in Maryland and Oklahoma with the support of International Association of Machinists and Aerospace Workers (IAM) and Communications Workers of America (CWA) respectively.[51] Workers at the Towson Mall store in Maryland approved the first collective agreement on August 6, 2024. Additional unionization efforts are underway in New York (Grand Central and World Trade Center), Kentucky and Ohio. There were unsuccessful and or cancelled efforts in California, New Jersey, Georgia and Missouri.

Employees for One Apple

[edit]

In January 1990, following an announcement to cut employee profit sharing, workers on an internal network bulletin board system who had previously organized around affirmative action, recycling, and smoking on campus, "literally swamped" the system in protest of the changes, resulting in management walking back the changes. One employee compiled a list of participants in the profit sharing revolt and wrote to each of them forming a small group that soon merged with another recently formed group: the "concerned employees' league."

The initial group of 50 workers using the name "Employees for One Apple" met in May 1990 and sought a restoration of the company's former "corporate culture," more direct communications with executives, a flattened hierarchy including distinctions and perks between management and employees, more influence over company decisions, and an "institutionalized voice" for employees. Management agreed to the formation of an "Employee-Executive Forum" consisting of 15 randomly selected employees, allowed to meet quarterly with management to discuss their concerns.[52][53]

In June 1991, the group, which had grown to 500 members, organized a rally outside of one of the Cupertino, California offices in protest of forthcoming mass layoff as part of the company's cost-cutting plan. Workers demanded executives take pay-cuts as part of the cutbacks.[54][55] In the days following the rally, CEO John Sculley announced a 15 percent pay cut, along with other top executive pay cuts.[55][56] The group said they were considering unionization, a stance in contrast with their original opposition to unions.[52][55][56] In 1997, CEO Gil Amelio fired 4,100 workers with severance to cut costs. One fired worker said the company's biggest problem was mismanagement.[57]

Unionization efforts

[edit]

In early 2022, employees reported that recent compensation adjustments from the company had backfired, with many reporting their raises were not enough to cover inflation. One worker told The Post, "I have a lot of co-workers and friends who I genuinely love and they do not make enough to get by." Others have criticized that while the company used to pay competitively, it has not been reflective of the record profits reported throughout the COVID-19 pandemic,[58] as described in a Medium post by an Ohio worker, Matt Herbst.[59]

Organizers alleged that since they started union activity, managers had begun surveilling workers and giving anti-union speeches.[59] Rebecca Kolins Givan, an associate professor at Rutgers University warned that union busting activity by Apple against organizers could "tarnish" their brand.[60]

In May 2022, Vice shared a leaked memo, allegedly proving that Apple is training Apple Store managers to persuade employees against unionization.[61][62] Apple hired Littler Mendelson law firm, known for their "anti-union" stance, to represent Apple.[63]

Apple Retail Workers Union

[edit]

In May 2011, exactly one decade after the first Apple store opened,[64] Cory Moll launched the Apple Retail Workers Union in San Francisco, California, citing compensation, pay, benefits and hiring processes as motivations.[65][66] In November, Apple launched a private training for managers on how to "manage worker unions". A source contacted CNET News to clarify that the training was not related to retail employees.[67] In April 2013, according to a tweet Moll posted, Moll left the company on his own accord.[68]

Apple Together

[edit]
Apple Together logo

Apple Together is a solidarity union, or a "global network of solidarity between [Apple] unions,"[43] made up of corporate and retail workers, founded by Cher Scarlett, Janneke Parrish, and other anonymous Apple workers.[69] The website states that it is the evolution of the #AppleToo movement using the phrase "From #AppleToo to Apple Together",[70] and the group has used the tagline "Think Equitable".[71]

On December 24, 2021, Christmas Eve, the group staged a walkout in some retail stores and called for a consumer boycott, urging the public not to shop at the retailer on the busy holiday shopping day. The group set out a list of demands on Twitter, including hazard pay, living wages, benefits for part-time workers, and several specific requests due to the COVID-19 pandemic, such as N95 masks and sanitization stations, and more strict rules around customer interactions.[71][59][72] The walkout involved at least 50 retail employees across stores from three states,[73] and comes following news of retail conditions around mental health issues, subpar wages,[74] customer abuse,[75] and poor management of the COVID-19 pandemic.[76] The walkout started at the Jacksonville, Florida retail store, where recent aggression from customers had been ignored by the store's management.[71]

On April 29, 2022, the group wrote an open letter to corporate management speaking out against the company's return-to-office plans asking for more flexibility around working remotely, pointing to what the group alleged would have an adverse impact on the company's diversity.[77]

The corporate employees reportedly supported retail efforts to unionize, including by donating funds via The Solidarity Fund for organizing efforts.[59] Several union representatives "hang out" in the union's Discord server to assist in unionizing efforts. As of May 2022, Scarlett and Parrish were members of the union as advisors.[69]

Apple Retail Union

[edit]

In 2022, Communications Workers of America (CWA) launched an effort to help Apple retail stores unionize.[69][78] The campaign is a part of Campaign to Organize Digital Employees, CWA's effort to unionize tech and gaming.[79]

On April 20, 2022, the first Apple store in the United States filed a petition for union recognition with the NLRB. The store is located in Atlanta, Georgia and of the 30% of authorization cards required for the 107-employee location in Cumberland Mall, the workers gathered 70%. The union, led by Derrick Bowles and Sydney Rhodes,[80] refers to themselves as "Apple Workers Union".[81][79] The vote was scheduled to take place on June 2, 2022,[82] but was later withdrawn after what workers alleged to be "intimidation".[83] In December, the NLRB corroborated that Apple violated federal labor law.[84]

In May 2022, CWA filed an unfair labor practice report against Apple, claiming the company held captive audience meetings to counter unionization efforts.[85] The same month, CWA filed another complaint, alleging Apple interrogated workers about labor activity, prohibited the posting of pro-union flyers and held mandatory anti-union presentations at the World Trade Center store in Manhattan, New York.[86] In September, the NLRB issued a complaint against Apple alleging discrimination against union supporters and interrogating staff, which Apple denied.[84]

On May 25, 2022, workers at Oxmoor Center in Louisville, Kentucky announced their union drive with CWA.[87]

On February 21, 2022, retail workers at the Apple store in Grand Central Terminal, in New York City, voted to affiliate themselves with Workers United under the name "Fruit Stand Workers United".[88] An organizer had reached out to Cher Scarlett "distraught" after the union's prior partnership had unexpectedly dissolved. Scarlett, who had previously worked for Starbucks, was helping unionize the coffee chain and connected the organizers to her Workers United contact, reviving the effort.[69] In April 2022, the workers began gathering signatures to file a petition for union representation with the NLRB.[88] In June 2022, a press release by Workers United announced that CWA's Apple Retail Union will take over supporting Fruit Stand Workers United.[89]

In September 2022, workers at Apple's Penn Square store in Oklahoma, filed a petition with the NLRB to hold a union election.[90] The following month, they became the second unionized Apple store in the country with workers voting 56–32 in favor of unionizing.[91]

In Columbus, Ohio in the Easton Town Center store, Apple circulated fliers promoting "a dedicated working group that can be used as a formal means for employees and leaders to provide feedback on both local and retail organization-wide initiatives, policies and practices." In response, CWA filed a complaint with the NLRB on December 16, 2022, alleging that Apple interfered with unionization efforts by setting up its own pseudo-union controlled by the employer.[84]

In Short Hills, New Jersey, Apple workers voted 57–41 against forming a union with CWA, on 11 May 2024. It the third union election, followed by the two successful elections in Maryland and Oklahoma.[92]

AppleCore

[edit]

On May 3, 2022, Apple employees working at the Genius Bar at Towson Mall in Baltimore, Maryland sent a letter to CEO Tim Cook notifying the company of their intention to file for union recognition with the NLRB called the Coalition of Organized Retail Employees, or AppleCore. The union is affiliated with International Association of Machinists and Aerospace Workers (IAM).[93] The workers filed a petition with the NLRB on May 4, 2022,[94] and voted 65–33 to join the union on June 18, 2022, becoming the first unionized Apple store in the nation.[95] A majority of the 85-employee bargaining unit approved the first collective agreement at any Apple store on August 6, 2024. The agreement would include a 10% salary increase over 3-years and new rules related to scheduling, sub-contracting, and severance.[96]

On November 16, 2022, IAM petitioned the NLRB to represent 83 Apple employees at the Galleria Apple store in St. Louis, Missouri. On November 23, 2022, the IAM withdrew its unionization petition from the NLRB, citing a hostile environment,[97] while a published statement and union-withdrawal petition by Apple workers contradicted IAM stating they did not wish to work with IAM.[98][99]

See also

[edit]

Further reading

[edit]
  • Chan, Jenny; Selden, Mark; Pun, Ngai (2020). Dying for an iPhone : Apple, Foxconn, and the lives of China's workers. Haymarket Books. ISBN 978-1-64259-204-7. OCLC 1157440504.

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Siu, Phila (February 27, 2013). "Activists push Apple over work conditions". South China Morning Post. Retrieved 2022-12-25.
  2. ^ Gallagher, William (April 1, 2022). "Apple was founded 46 years ago, on April 1, 1976". AppleInsider. Archived from the original on January 6, 2023. Retrieved 2023-01-06.
  3. ^ Klebnikov, Sergei (August 19, 2020). "Apple Becomes First U.S. Company Worth More Than $2 Trillion". Forbes. Archived from the original on March 13, 2023. Retrieved March 13, 2023.
  4. ^ Yusuf, Shahid (2015). "From Silicon Valley to Shenzhen: Global Production and Work in the IT Industry by Boy Lüthje, Stefanie Hürtgen, Peter Pawlicki and Martina Sproll Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield, 2013". Economic Geography. 91 (3): 389–391. doi:10.1111/ecge.12091. ISSN 1944-8287. S2CID 152674254. Archived from the original on 2021-08-29. Retrieved 2021-08-29.
  5. ^ Chan, Jenny; Selden, Mark; Pun, Ngai (2020). Dying for an iPhone Apple, Foxconn and the Lives of Chinas Workers. London: Pluto Press. ISBN 978-1-78680-625-3. OCLC 1158219826. Archived from the original on 2021-10-05. Retrieved 2021-08-29.
  6. ^ a b Downey, Rosellen "Rosie" (July 9, 2021). "Two Big Tech rivals compete for top spot on largest employers list". BizJournals. Archived from the original on 2021-07-09. Retrieved 2021-12-07.
  7. ^ a b Leswing, Kif (April 26, 2021). "Apple will spend $1 billion to open 3,000-employee campus in North Carolina". NBC News. Archived from the original on 2021-12-07. Retrieved 2021-12-07.
  8. ^ "Apple Retail Store - Store List". Apple Inc. Archived from the original on 2011-02-15. Retrieved 2021-09-09.
  9. ^ Petrova, Magdalena (December 14, 2018). "We traced what it takes to make an iPhone, from its initial design to the components and raw materials needed to make it a reality". CNBC. Archived from the original on 2021-07-15. Retrieved 2021-07-15.
  10. ^ Moorhead, Patrick (April 13, 2019). "Who Are Apple's iPhone Contract Manufacturers?". Forbes. Archived from the original on 2021-07-15. Retrieved 2021-07-15.
  11. ^ "Apple's India and Brazil iPhone plants haven't reduced its dependence on China: Report". Tech2 Firstpost. August 29, 2019. Archived from the original on 2021-07-15. Retrieved 2021-07-15.
  12. ^ Phartiyal, Sankalp; Ahmed, Aftab; Blanchard, Ben (February 9, 2021). "Apple supplier Wistron to restart India factory, still on probation". Reuters. Archived from the original on 2021-07-15. Retrieved 2021-07-15.
  13. ^ Gallagher, William (2022-10-18). "Australia Apple Store workers go on strike". Apple Insider. Retrieved 2023-09-21.
  14. ^ a b Zhuang, Yan (October 18, 2022). "New Crack in Apple's Armor as Dozens Strike at Its Stores in Australia". New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 2023-05-27. Retrieved 2022-11-15.
  15. ^ Kaye, Ron (October 11, 2022). "Some Apple workers in Australia vote to strike over pay, benefits". Reuters. Archived from the original on 2023-05-27. Retrieved 2022-11-15.
  16. ^ Buckley, John (September 8, 2022). "Australian Workers Are the Latest International Apple Staff to Unionise". Vice News. Archived from the original on 2023-05-13. Retrieved 2022-11-15.
  17. ^ Taylor, Josh (September 21, 2022). "'Bully in a cheap suit': Apple agrees to negotiate with Australian staff after union showdown". Guardian News. Archived from the original on 2022-11-15. Retrieved 2022-11-15.
  18. ^ Chen, Michelle (April 17, 2012). "Apple's Two Faces: Power Gaps Between Brazil and China Foxconn Workers". In These Times. Archived from the original on 2021-08-29. Retrieved 2021-08-29.
  19. ^ "Victory for Foxconn workers in Brazil". IndustriALL. 2014-09-29. Archived from the original on 2021-08-29. Retrieved 2021-08-29.
  20. ^ Wu, Debby (February 4, 2020). "Apple suppliers aim to resume full China production Monday". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2022-10-30.
  21. ^ Jacobs, Harrison (May 7, 2018). "Inside 'iPhone City,' the massive Chinese factory town where half of the world's iPhones are produced". Business Insider. Archived from the original on 2021-08-29. Retrieved 2021-08-28.
  22. ^ Something's Not Right Here: Poor Working Conditions Persist at Apple Supplier Pegatron (Report). Martin P. Catherwood Library: China Labor Watch. October 22, 2015. p. 29.
  23. ^ Chan, Jenny (2013). "A Suicide Survivor: The Life of a Chinese Worker". New Technology, Work and Employment. 28 (2): 84–99. doi:10.1111/NTWE.12007. S2CID 154463838. Archived from the original on 2024-07-14. Retrieved 2024-08-14.
  24. ^ a b c Hille, Kathrin; Jacob, Rahul (February 3, 2013). "Foxconn plans Chinese union vote". Financial Times. Archived from the original on 2021-09-08. Retrieved 2021-09-08.
  25. ^ a b Chan, Jenny (September 2017). "Betrayed: NO Democratic, Representative Trade Union for Foxconn Workers in China" (PDF). Students and Scholars Against Corporate Misbehaviour. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2021-09-08. Retrieved 2021-09-08.
  26. ^ Nova, Scott; Shapiro, Isaac (November 8, 2012). "Polishing Apple: Fair Labor Association gives Foxconn and Apple undue credit for labor rights progress". Economic Policy Institute. Archived from the original on 2021-08-29. Retrieved 2021-08-28.
  27. ^ De Clercq, Geert (2023-09-20). "Apple France workers call strike ahead of iPhone 15 launch". Reuters. Archived from the original on 2023-09-21. Retrieved 2023-09-21.
  28. ^ a b Barzic, Gwenaelle (September 20, 2012). "Some Apple Store France employees to strike on Friday". Reuters. Archived from the original on 2021-08-29. Retrieved 2021-08-28.
  29. ^ "Apple Employees Strike on day of iPhone 5 Debut - video Dailymotion". Dailymotion. 2012-09-21. Archived from the original on 2023-09-21. Retrieved 2023-09-21.
  30. ^ a b c Loehne, Niedrige (November 11, 2012). "Alle deutschen Apple Stores bekommen Betriebsrat" [All German Apple stores have a works council]. Golem.de. Archived from the original on 2021-08-29. Retrieved 2021-08-28.
  31. ^ "Neuer Betriebsrat: Apple-Beschäftigte kritisieren miese Arbeitsbedingungen" [Apple employees criticize lousy working conditions]. Der Spiegel (in German). February 16, 2012. Archived from the original on 2021-08-29. Retrieved 2021-08-28.
  32. ^ "Apple-Mitarbeiter in Hamburg wählen Betriebsrat" [Apple employees in Hamburg elect a works council]. Hamburger Abendblatt (in German). 2013-03-05. Archived from the original on 2024-06-17. Retrieved 2024-06-17.
  33. ^ "Apple Store Augsburg: Betriebsrat steht fest" [Apple Store Augsburg: Works Council is established]. B4B Schwaben (in German). Retrieved 2024-06-17.
  34. ^ "Apple Beschäftigte haben Betriebsrat gewählt" [Apple employees have elected a works council]. Ver.di (in German). 27 September 2013. Retrieved 2024-06-17.
  35. ^ Chandramouli, Rajesh (October 17, 2014). "How trade unions drove away Apple from Chennai". The Economic Times. Archived from the original on 2022-12-20. Retrieved 2022-12-20.
  36. ^ Sivapriyan, ETB (November 4, 2022). "Pegatron to assemble iPhone 14 at Chennai plant". Deccan Herald. Archived from the original on 2022-12-20. Retrieved 2022-12-20.
  37. ^ Khan, Danish (December 29, 2021). "Apple places Foxconn's Sriperumbudur facility on probation; says plant doesn't meet required standards". The Economic Times. Archived from the original on 2023-01-19. Retrieved 2022-12-20.
  38. ^ "TN: Underpaid and Exploited Foxconn Workers Burst in Protest After Workers Fell ill". NewsClick.in. December 23, 2021. Archived from the original on 2023-09-30. Retrieved 2022-12-20.
  39. ^ "India: arrests made after Foxconn food poisoning protest in Chennai". South China Morning Post. December 20, 2021. Archived from the original on 2023-09-30. Retrieved 2022-12-20.
  40. ^ Martinelli, Nicole (October 28, 2011). "Italian Apple Employees Strike Before iPhone 4S Launch". Cult of Mac. Archived from the original on 2021-08-29. Retrieved 2021-08-28.
  41. ^ "Italy: first company agreement for Apple Stores | EWCDB". European Works Council Database. 2013-11-06. Archived from the original on 2023-09-30. Retrieved 2023-01-07.
  42. ^ "Apple Retail Workers Unionize in Japan". Tokyo General Union. 2014-12-18. Archived from the original on 2021-09-29. Retrieved 2021-10-01.
  43. ^ a b c Corrales, Roberto; Aguiar, Alberto R. (November 3, 2022). "Los sindicatos de Apple crean una red de solidaridad mundial, de Maryland a Tokio pasando por Barcelona: qué demandan en España". Business Insider España (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 2022-11-15. Retrieved 2022-11-15.
  44. ^ a b Stewart, Catriona (February 8, 2023). "Glasgow Apple store staff make history as the first in the UK to unionise". Herald Scotland. Retrieved 2023-02-08.
  45. ^ Stewart, Catriona (June 10, 2022). "Glasgow Apple store staff first branch in the UK to join a union". The Glasgow Times. Retrieved 2022-06-10.
  46. ^ Stewart, Catriona (November 2, 2022). "Scottish Apple store staff make history after becoming first in the UK to unionise". Herald Scotland. Archived from the original on 2023-01-07. Retrieved 2023-01-06.
  47. ^ Gall, Richard (October 4, 2022). "How the Apple Store union movement came to the UK". Huck Magazine. Archived from the original on 2023-01-07. Retrieved 2023-01-07.
  48. ^ Hilliard, Wesley (15 December 2022). "London Apple Store at White City unionizing with UTAW". Apple Insider. Archived from the original on 2023-01-07. Retrieved 2023-01-06.
  49. ^ Stokel–Walker, Chris (December 20, 2022). "Inside the London Apple Store workers' unionization efforts". Fast Company. Archived from the original on January 7, 2023. Retrieved January 7, 2023.
  50. ^ "Apple's US job footprint grows to 2.4 million". Apple Inc. 2019-08-15. Retrieved 2023-01-06.
  51. ^ Kullgren, Ian (October 17, 2022). "Apple Union Win Shows Labor Gains in Organizing-Resistant South". Bloomberg Law. Retrieved 2023-01-06.
  52. ^ a b Hyde, Alan (2002). "Employee Organization in Silicon Valley: Networks, Ethnic Organization, and New Unions". University of Pennsylvania Journal of Labor and Employment Law. 4 (3): 493. Archived from the original on 2023-03-13. Retrieved 2023-03-13.
  53. ^ Conger, Kate; Scheiber, Noam (February 19, 2020). "The Great Google Revolt". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 2020-05-03. Retrieved 2022-11-15.
  54. ^ "Union Talk At Apple". The New York Times. June 20, 1991. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 2022-11-15. Retrieved 2022-11-15.
  55. ^ a b c Myers, Laura (June 20, 1991). "Apple Lays Off 900, Sculley, Top Executives Take Pay Cuts". AP News. Archived from the original on November 15, 2022. Retrieved 2022-11-15.
  56. ^ a b Honarvar, Roohollah (2015). An institutional analysis of the formation of jobs in software work in the United States, 1945-2001 (PhD thesis). London School of Economics and Political Science.
  57. ^ Williams, Aaron (March 19, 1997). "Apple fires 4,100". Spartan Daily. pp. 1, 8.
  58. ^ "Apple Reports First Quarter Results". Apple Inc. January 27, 2022. Archived from the original on 2022-04-27. Retrieved 2022-04-27.
  59. ^ a b c d Albergotti, Reed (February 18, 2022). "Some U.S. Apple Store employees are working to unionize, part of a growing worker backlash". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 18 February 2022. Retrieved 18 February 2022.
  60. ^ Howley, Daniel (February 18, 2022). "Apple store unions could jeopardize its 'caring' reputation". Yahoo news. Archived from the original on 2022-02-20. Retrieved 2022-02-20.
  61. ^ Gurley, Lauren Kaori (May 12, 2022). "Leaked Memo Reveals Apple's Anti-Union Talking Points for Store Managers". Vice. Retrieved 2022-05-13.
  62. ^ Clark, Mitchell (May 13, 2022). "Apple reportedly gives retail managers anti-union scripts". The Verge. Archived from the original on 12 May 2022. Retrieved 13 May 2022.
  63. ^ Schiffer, Zoe (April 25, 2022). "Apple hires anti-union lawyers in escalating union fight". The Verge. Archived from the original on 2022-04-25. Retrieved 2022-04-26.
  64. ^ Brownlee, John (May 19, 2011). "Apple Store Employees Talk Of Unionizing On 10th Retail Anniversary". Cult of Mac. Archived from the original on 2021-10-02. Retrieved 2021-10-02.
  65. ^ Poornima, Gupta (June 13, 2011). "Apple Store Employee Calls For Retail Workers Union". Huffington Post. Archived from the original on 2021-08-29. Retrieved 2021-08-28.
  66. ^ Eidelson, Josh (June 24, 2011). "Apple Store Workers Share Why They Want to 'Work Different'". In These Times. Archived from the original on 2021-10-02. Retrieved 2021-10-02.
  67. ^ Lowensohn, Josh (November 7, 2011). "Apple to train managers on 'union awareness' (exclusive)". CNET. Archived from the original on 2021-08-29. Retrieved 2021-08-28.
  68. ^ Lowensohn, Josh (April 8, 2013). "Head of unofficial Apple retail labor union departs". CNET. Archived from the original on 2021-08-29. Retrieved 2021-08-28.
  69. ^ a b c d Harrington, Caitlin (May 13, 2022). "Apple Together Brings Corporate Workers Into the Union Effort". Wired. ISSN 1059-1028. Archived from the original on 2024-06-24. Retrieved 2022-05-13.
  70. ^ "Apple Together". Archived from the original on 2022-02-18. Retrieved 2022-02-25.
  71. ^ a b c Tan, Huileng; Kaplan, Juliana; Sundar, Sindhu (December 24, 2021). "Apple employees plan to walk off their jobs on Christmas Eve, urge customers to not buy anything amid the last-minute shopping rush". Business Insider. Archived from the original on 2022-01-25. Retrieved 2021-12-24.
  72. ^ Rainey, Clint (February 18, 2022). "Apple retail workers are reportedly trying to form a union". Fast Company. Archived from the original on 2022-02-25. Retrieved 2022-02-25.
  73. ^ Ruiz-Grossman, Sarah (December 24, 2021). "Apple Workers Walk Out On Christmas Eve, Demanding Better Working Conditions". HuffPost. Archived from the original on 2022-01-14. Retrieved 2021-12-24.
  74. ^ Schiffer, Zoe (November 1, 2021). "Apple's frontline employees are struggling to survive". The Verge. Archived from the original on 2022-02-24. Retrieved 2021-12-24.
  75. ^ Perez, Thalia (October 12, 2021). "Caught On Video: Apple Store Melee Ends In Stabbing After Customer Refuses To Wear A Mask". CBS. Archived from the original on 2021-12-24. Retrieved 2021-12-24.
  76. ^ Schiffer, Zoe (December 9, 2021). "'I was symptomatic': Apple employees say store's Covid outbreak goes beyond managers". NBC News. Archived from the original on 2021-12-24. Retrieved 2021-12-24.
  77. ^ O'Brien, Sara Ashley (April 29, 2022). "Apple employees demand more flexibility from company as three-day office return looms". CNN. Retrieved 2022-05-13.
  78. ^ Archie, Ayana (April 21, 2022). "Apple workers in Atlanta become company's 1st retail workers to file to unionize". NPR. Archived from the original on 2022-05-12. Retrieved 2022-05-13.
  79. ^ a b Gurley, Lauren Kaori (April 20, 2022). "The First Apple Store in the United States Files for Union Election". Vice News. Archived from the original on 2022-04-22. Retrieved 2022-04-20.
  80. ^ Mickle, Tripp (May 29, 2022). "Apple Store Showdown: Inside the Battle for Union Representation". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 2022-05-29. Retrieved 2022-05-29.
  81. ^ Kullgren, Ian (April 20, 2022). "Apple Store Workers in Atlanta File for First Union Election". Bloomberg Law. Archived from the original on 2022-04-22. Retrieved 2022-04-20.
  82. ^ Leswing, Kif (May 3, 2022). "First Apple store union vote set to start June 2 in Atlanta". CNBC. Archived from the original on 2022-05-03. Retrieved 2022-05-03.
  83. ^ Eidelson, Josh (May 27, 2022). "Apple Atlanta Workers Drop Bid for Union Vote Next Week, Claiming Intimidation". Bloomberg News. Archived from the original on 2022-10-25. Retrieved 2022-05-29.
  84. ^ a b c Eidelson, Josh (December 16, 2022). "Apple Created a Pseudo-Union to Defeat Organizers in Ohio, Complaint Claims". Bloomberg News. Archived from the original on 2022-12-29. Retrieved 2023-01-06.
  85. ^ Schiffer, Zoe (May 17, 2022). "Apple accused of union busting in new labor board filing". The Verge. Archived from the original on 17 May 2022. Retrieved 17 May 2022.
  86. ^ Vincent, James (May 19, 2022). "Apple accused of union busting in its stores for the second time this week". The Verge. Retrieved 19 May 2022.
  87. ^ Kullgren, Ian (May 25, 2022). "Apple Store Workers in Kentucky Announce Organizing Campaign". Bloomberg Law. Archived from the original on 2022-05-26. Retrieved 2022-05-29.
  88. ^ a b Albergotti, Reed (April 16, 2022). "Workers at Apple's Grand Central store move toward unionizing". Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Archived from the original on 2022-04-24. Retrieved 2022-04-18.
  89. ^ Boxberger, Darryl (June 9, 2022). "Communications Workers of America jumping in on Apple Grand Central unionization efforts". Apple Insider. Retrieved 2023-01-06.
  90. ^ Clark, Mitchell (1 September 2022). "Another Apple Store union election is brewing". The Verge. Archived from the original on 2 September 2022. Retrieved 2 September 2022.
  91. ^ Silberling, Amanda (October 15, 2022). "An Apple Store in Oklahoma City votes to unionize". Tech Crunch. Archived from the original on 2023-01-06. Retrieved 2023-01-06.
  92. ^ Wiessner, Daniel (May 13, 2024). "Apple defeats union campaign at New Jersey retail store". Reuters News.
  93. ^ Gregg, Aaron; Albergotti, Reed (May 3, 2022). "Apple store in Maryland becomes third to launch union drive". The Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Archived from the original on 2022-05-23. Retrieved 2022-05-03.
  94. ^ Clark, Mitchell (May 4, 2022). "Second Apple Store officially files petition to hold union election". The Verge. Retrieved 2022-05-05.
  95. ^ Leswing, Kif (June 18, 2022). "Apple workers in Maryland vote for company's first unionized store in U.S." CNBC. Archived from the original on June 19, 2022. Retrieved June 18, 2022.
  96. ^ Scheiber, Noam (2024-08-07). "Apple Store Workers Get First U.S. Contract". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2024-08-08.
  97. ^ Gurman, Mark (November 23, 2022). "Apple Retail Store in St. Louis Drops Bid to Unionize". Bloomberg News. Archived from the original on 2022-12-04. Retrieved 2022-12-20.
  98. ^ Wituschek, Joe (December 6, 2022). "St. Louis Apple Store employees blame union for organizing withdrawal". iMore. Archived from the original on 2022-12-20. Retrieved 2022-12-20.
  99. ^ Gurman, Mark (December 5, 2022). "Apple Store Employees Chide Union in Rare Display of Pushback". Bloomberg News. Archived from the original on 2022-12-07. Retrieved 2022-12-20.
[edit]
Retrieved from "https://wiki.riteme.site/w/index.php?title=Apple_Inc._and_unions&oldid=1263264143"