Anti-Chilean sentiment: Difference between revisions
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[[Image:BoliviaChile.jpg|thumb|350px|right|Example of recent expressions of Bolivian [[irredentism]] over territorial losses in the [[War of the Pacific]] (1879-1884). In the mural it is written; "What once was ours, will be ours once again", and "Hold fast [[roto]]s (Chileans), for here come the Colorados of Bolivia"]] |
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'''Anti-Chilean sentiment''' refers to a diverse spectrum of prejudices, dislikes or fears of [[Chile]], [[Chilean people|Chileans]], or [[Culture of Chile|Chilean culture]]. Anti-Chilean sentiment is most prevalent in the neighbors of Chile; [[Argentina]], [[Bolivia]] and [[Peru]] particularly in the later two that lost the [[War of the Pacific]] in the 19th century to Chile.<ref>[http://www.usatoday.com/news/topstories/2008-01-16-3095036279_x.htm USA Today: Peru disputes boundary with Chile; '''There is strong anti-Chilean sentiment in Peru because the country lost a large chunk of its southern territory to Chile in a war in 1879.''']</ref> |
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Hostile rethoric toward Chile and Chileans have historically emanated from the political elite of neighboring countries. In the case of Argentina anti-Chilean sentment rose high around 1900 due to border disputes with Chile, and Chile's rise to a regional power after the War of the Pacific. During the [[Beagle conflict]] in the 1970s anti-Chilean discourses were common as Argentina prepared for a [[war of aggression]] towards Chile. Anti-Chilean speeches in Argentina are common. |
Hostile rethoric toward Chile and Chileans have historically emanated from the political elite of neighboring countries. In the case of Argentina anti-Chilean sentment rose high around 1900 due to border disputes with Chile, and Chile's rise to a regional power after the War of the Pacific. During the [[Beagle conflict]] in the 1970s anti-Chilean discourses were common as Argentina prepared for a [[war of aggression]] towards Chile. Anti-Chilean speeches in Argentina are common. |
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Revision as of 09:09, 27 May 2011
Hostile rethoric toward Chile and Chileans have historically emanated from the political elite of neighboring countries. In the case of Argentina anti-Chilean sentment rose high around 1900 due to border disputes with Chile, and Chile's rise to a regional power after the War of the Pacific. During the Beagle conflict in the 1970s anti-Chilean discourses were common as Argentina prepared for a war of aggression towards Chile. Anti-Chilean speeches in Argentina are common.
In Bolivia anti-Chilean sentment is fueled by envy. A common political discourse attributes, at least partly, Bolivia's underdevelopment to its loss of seaports in the War of the Pacific becoming thus a landlocked country.
In Peru and Bolivia the word roto (literally "tattered") is used to refer disdainfully to Chileans.[citation needed] In Argentina the word Chilote is the degrading term for Chileans,[1] instead of Chileno which is the correct word for Chilean. Normally a Chilote is an inhabitant of the Archipelago of Chiloé (part of Chile) but in Argentina the word has been picked up to describe any Chilean.
Outside of South America, and during the California Gold Rush Chileans experienced a high degree of Anti-Chilean sentiment by American miners. Chilean businesses and mine workers would usually be harassed and at times violently attacked.[2] [3]
Anti-Chilean discourses
Beagle Conflict
Argentine General Luciano Benjamin Menendez was a leading advocate for war during the 1978 Beagle conflict, and was known for of his aggressive and vulgar discourse against Chileans: «Si nos dejan atacar a los chilotes, los corremos hasta la isla de Pascua, el brindis de fin de año lo hacemos en el Palacio La Moneda y después iremos a mear el champagne en el Pacífico»[4](Translation: «If they let us attack the Chileans, we'll chase them to Easter Island, we'll drink the New Year's Eve toast in the Palacio de La Moneda, and then we'll piss the champagne into the Pacific»).
Anti-Chilean terminology
Chilote
In Argentina the word Chilote is the degrading term for Chileans,[5] instead of Chileno which is the correct word for Chilean. Normally a Chilote is an inhabitant of the Archipelago of Chiloé but in Argentina the word has been picked up to describe any Chilean. It is used to label his "coastal condition", which include stereotypes of laziness and poverty that are associated with Chiloé.
Roto
The term was first applied to Spanish conquerors in Chile, who were badly dressed and preffered military strength over intellect.[6] Roto later applied to "broken and impoverished" lower classes (generally peasants). The term was first applied to Chileans during the War of the Confederation; specifically, Chilean soldiers received the name from Peruvian soldiers.[7] The term later became used by Chileans themselves in praise, to indicate determination despite adversity.[7][8][9] In Chile, roto also became a term of nationalist rethoric, sexism, and racial superiority.[10]
References
- ^ Hispanic American Historical Review, August 2003. Paul W. Drake. Citizenship, Labour Markets, and Democratization: Chile and the Modern Sequence. E-ISSN: 1527-1900 Print ISSN: 0018-2168. "lingering racial stereotypes and derogatory terms (chilote) hindered full assimilation"
- ^ PBS: American experience; The Gold rush
- ^ Gold rush: a literary exploration By Michael Kowalewski, California Council for the Humanities
- ^ See Diario El Centro, Chile, also in Diario Página12
- ^ Hispanic American Historical Review, August 2003. Paul W. Drake. Citizenship, Labour Markets, and Democratization: Chile and the Modern Sequence. E-ISSN: 1527-1900 Print ISSN: 0018-2168. "lingering racial stereotypes and derogatory terms (chilote) hindered full assimilation"
- ^ http://books.google.com/books?id=OUJ-BnpVjO0C&pg=PA148&dq=origen+termino+roto&hl=en&ei=7zWXTbtqh5nRAaH_7IcM&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=7&ved=0CEkQ6AEwBg#v=onepage&q&f=false Page 148
- ^ a b Salt in the sand: memory, violence, and the nation-state in Chile, 1890 to the present, Lessie Jo Frazier, page 109 "Roto had long been a derogatory term [...]"
- ^ Epopeya del “roto” chileno, by Oreste Plath.
- ^ Exaltación del mestizo: la invención del roto chileno, by Horacio Gutiérrez.
- ^ http://books.google.com/books?id=OUJ-BnpVjO0C&pg=PA148&dq=origen+termino+roto&hl=en&ei=7zWXTbtqh5nRAaH_7IcM&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=7&ved=0CEkQ6AEwBg#v=onepage&q&f=false Page 148-149