Annie Oakley: Difference between revisions
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{{otherpeople3|the sharpshooter}} |
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{{Infobox Person |
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| name = Annie Oakley |
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| image = OakleyA.jpg |
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| image_size = 165px |
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| caption = A late 19th century photo of Annie Oakley |
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| birth_name = Phoebe Ann Mosey |
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| birth_date = August 13, 1860 |
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| birth_place = near [[Willowdell, Ohio|Willowdell]] (formerly Woodland <ref name="WoodUnion"/>), [[Ohio]], [[United States]] |
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| death_date = {{death date and age|1926|11|03|1860|08|13}} |
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| death_place = United States |
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}} |
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'''Annie Oakley''' (born '''Phoebe Ann Mosey'''<ref name="enddebate"/><ref name="saysEdwards">{{cite web |url=http://www.annieoakleyfoundation.org/bio.html |title=Annie Oakley's Life and Career |author=Bess Edwards (grandniece of Oakley) |publisher=annieoakleyfoundation.org}} "Born ... Phoebe Ann Mosey..." </ref><ref name="Mosesmyth"/> August 13, 1860 – November 3, 1926) was an [[United States|American]] [[Marksman|sharpshooter]] and [[exhibition shooting|exhibition shooter]]. Oakley's amazing talent and timely rise to fame<ref>Buffalo Bill Wild West Show's champion marksman [[Adam Bogardus|Captain Bogardus]] only toured for a year[http://www.traphof.org/roadtoyesterday/december2000.htm], which created a lucky opening for Annie Oakley to replace Bogardus and become a superstar.</ref> led to a starring role in ''[[Buffalo Bill|Buffalo Bill's Wild West]]'' show, which propelled her to become the first American female superstar. |
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Using a [[.22 Long Rifle|.22 caliber]] [[rifle]] at 90 feet (27 m), Oakley reputedly could split a playing card edge-on and put five or six more holes in it before it touched the ground.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.girlswithguns.org/short/short0104.htm |title=Annie Oakley of the Wild West (book review) |publisher=girlswithguns.org}}</ref> |
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== Early life == |
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According to the Annie Oakley Foundation, she was born in "a cabin less than two miles northwest of Woodland,<ref name="WoodUnion">The present day town of Woodland, Ohio, about 75 miles east in Union County, is unrelated to Annie Oakley.</ref> now Willowdell, in [[Darke County, Ohio|Darke County]]", a rural western border county of [[Ohio]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://web.archive.org/web/20021015053658/http://www.ormiston.com/annieoakley/tales.html#YOUNG |title=Tall Tales and the Truth: Was Annie really born in 1866? {answer is NO; born in 1860 — in a cabin northwest of Woodland/Willowdell} |publisher=Annie Oakley Foundation at web.archive.org}}</ref> The village of [[North Star, Ohio|North Star]] has a road sign stating it is near her place of birth.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://web.archive.org/web/20021015053658/http://www.ormiston.com/annieoakley/nstar.gif |title=Tall Tales and the Truth: |publisher=Annie Oakley Foundation at web.archive.org}} Image of road sign reads: "NORTH STAR <small>NEAR BIRTHPLACE AND EARLY HOME OF ANNIE OAKLEY "LITTLE SURE SHOT" BORN 1860"</small> </ref> Her birthplace log cabin site is about five miles eastward of North Star.<ref>[http://maps.yahoo.com/dd_result.php?.intl=us&trf=0&tbt=0&country1=us&q1=North+Star%2C+OH%2C+United+States+&country2=us&q2=Yorkshire%2C+OH%2C+United+States+&q3=Willowdell%2C+OH Road map showing North Star, Yorkshire, and Willowdell, Ohio] Annie Oakley's birthplace log cabin site is some five miles east-south-east of North Star, and about equidistant from Yorkshire and Willowdell.</ref> There is a stone-mounted plaque in the vicinity of the cabin site, which was placed by the Annie Oakley Committee in 1981, 121 years after her birth.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://web.archive.org/web/20021015053658/http://www.ormiston.com/annieoakley/birthstone.gif |title=Tall Tales and the Truth: |publisher=Annie Oakley Foundation at web.archive.org}} Image of stone-mounted plaque reads (decipherable parts): "ANNIE OAKLEY'S BIRTHPLACE <small>WORLD FAMOUS SHARPSHOOTER ANNIE OAKLEY WAS BORN PHOEBE ANN_ _____ AUGUST 13, 1860 IN A LOG CABIN 1028 FEET DUE EAST OF HERE ON LAND THAT HAD BEEN IN THE SWALLOW FAMILY LINE FOR 127 YEARS AT THE TIME THIS MEMORIAL WAS DEDICATED IN JULY 1981 BY THE ANNIE OAKLEY COMMITTEE, INC." </small></ref> The committee incorrectly spelled her birth name in two different ways on the cast bronze plaque.{{fact|date=July 2008}} |
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Her parents, Susan Wise<ref name="Susan"/> and Jacob Mosey,<ref name="enddebate">{{cite web |url=http://www.annieoakleyfoundation.org/aim.html |title=We Hope "Mosey" Ends the Debate |publisher=annieoakleyfoundation.org |date=Summer 2003}}</ref> were [[Society of Friends|Quaker]]s from [[Hollidaysburg]], Blair County, [[Pennsylvania]] who married in 1848.<ref>[http://www.familysearch.org/Eng/Search/frameset_search.asp Jacob Mosey - FamilySearch.org Pedigree Resource File]</ref> A fire burned down their tavern so they moved to a rented farm in [[Patterson Township, Darke County, Ohio|Patterson Township]] in Darke County, sometime between sister Sarah Ellen's Hollidaysburg birth in 1858 and Phoebe Ann's Woodland birth in 1860. Her father, who had fought in the [[War of 1812]], died in 1866 from [[pneumonia]] and overexposure in freezing weather. Her mother remarried to Daniel Brumbaugh,<ref name="Susan"/> had another child, and was widowed a second time. During this time, Oakley was put in the care of the superintendent of the county poor farm, where she learned to sew and decorate. She spent some time in near-slavery for a local family where she endured mental and physical abuse (Oakley referred to them as "the wolves").{{fact|date=July 2008}} When she reunited with her family, her mother had remarried, a third time, to Joseph Shaw<ref name="Susan">[http://www.familysearch.org/Eng/Search/frameset_search.asp Susan Wise - FamilySearch.org Pedigree Resource File]</ref> after 1868. |
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Because of poverty following the death of her father, Oakley did not regularly attend school. Later she received some additional education. Apparently, she could not spell her family's name, since she later rendered it ending in "ee". Her family's surname, "Mosey", ending in "y", appears on her father's gravestone<ref name="Jacobgrave">[http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GSln=Mosey&GSfn=Jacob&GSby=1799&GSbyrel=in&GSdy=1866&GSdyrel=in&GSst=37&GScntry=4&GSob=n&GRid=6587350& Jacob Mosey - FindAGrave.com]</ref> and in his military record; it is the official spelling by the Annie Oakley Foundation maintained by her living relatives.<ref name="Mosesmyth"> Being one of many Oakley myths, the name "Moses", ending in "s", appears incorrectly attributed in some encyclopedia entries and internet searches, as well as on a physical landmark. The authoritative source of the Annie Oakley Foundation reported that her "brother John and sister Hulda changed their names to Moses before their dual wedding ceremony in 1884."[http://web.archive.org/web/20021015053658/http://www.ormiston.com/annieoakley/tales.html#NAME]</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://web.archive.org/web/20021015053658/http://www.ormiston.com/annieoakley/tales.html#NAME | |
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title= Tall Tales and the Truth: Born Phoebe Anne Oakley Mozee? {answer is NO: "Her mother, Susan, named her Phoebe Ann..."; her father Jacob is surnamed "Mosey" in the [[National Archives]] War of 1812 military records; "In the 1870 Census, Annie is listed as Ann Mosey" — but, several other surname spellings appeared later. "The professional name Oakley was assumed in 1882, when Annie began to perform with Frank Butler; it was not a family name."}|publisher=web.archive.org}}</ref> |
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Oakley began hunting at age nine to support her siblings and her widowed mother. She sold the hunting game to locals for money, and her skill eventually paid off the mortgage on her mother's house. |
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== Debut and marriage == |
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[[Image:Miss-Annie-Oakley-peerless-wing-shot.jpg|thumb|right|upright||Wild West show poster]] |
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[[Image:Annie Oakley - Full length photograph circa 1899.jpg|thumb|right|upright|Oakley circa 1899]] |
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Oakley soon became known throughout the region as a shotgun sharpshooter. During the spring of 1881, the Baughman and Butler shooting act was being performed in [[Cincinnati, Ohio|Cincinnati]]. Traveling show marksman and former dog trainer '''Francis "Frank" E. Butler''', an Irish immigrant (1850-1926),<ref>[http://www.familysearch.org/Eng/Search/PRF/individual_record.asp?recid=90921227&lds=2®ion=-1®ionfriendly=&frompage=99 Francis E. Butler - FamilySearch.org Pedigree Resource File]</ref> placed a $100 bet per side (roughly equivalent to modern US$2,000) with Cincinnati hotel owner Jack Frost, that Butler, age 31, could beat any local fancy shooter. The hotelier arranged a shooting match with Oakley, age 21, to be held in ten days in a small town near [[Greenville, Ohio]]. Butler later said it was "18 miles from the nearest station"<ref name="match"/><!-- keeping unit because it is in quotes --> (about the distance from Greenville to North Star). After missing his 25th shot, Butler lost the match and the bet — a serendipitous irony that led him to become a well-known winner in backstage life. Butler began courting Oakley, and they married on June 20, 1882<ref name="match">{{cite web |url=http://web.archive.org/web/20021015053658/http://www.ormiston.com/annieoakley/tales.html#MATCH |title=Tall Tales and the Truth: Did Annie meet Frank in Cincinnati? {answer is NO}|publisher=Annie Oakley Foundation at web.archive.org}}</ref> in Windsor, Ontario, Canada. |
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== Career and touring == |
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Oakley and Butler lived in Cincinnati, Ohio for a time, and she is believed to have taken her stage name from the city's neighborhood of Oakley, where they resided. At first, Oakley was Butler's assistant in his travelling show. Later, Butler realized that Oakley was more talented, so he became her assistant and business manager. Their personal and business success in handling celebrity is considered a model show business relationship even after more than a century.{{Fact|date=November 2007}} |
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They joined Buffalo Bill's Wild West Show in 1885. At 5 feet (1.52 m) tall, Oakley was given the nickname of "Watanya Cicilla" by fellow performer [[Sitting Bull]], rendered "Little Sure Shot" in the public advertisements. |
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During her first Buffalo Bill's show engagement, Oakley experienced a tense professional rivalry with rifle sharpshooter [[Lillian Smith (entertainer)|Lillian Smith]]. Smith promoted herself as younger and therefore more billable than Oakley. Oakley temporarily left the Buffalo Bill's show but returned after Smith departed. |
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Oakley had initially responded to the show's age rivalry by removing six years from her promoted age. She could not remove any more years without making it seem that she was born out of wedlock after her father died. As it was, her promoted age led to perennial wrong calculations of her true age and the dates for some of her biographical events. For example, the 1881 spring shooting match with Butler occurred when she was a 21-year-old adult. However, that event is widely reported as occurring six years earlier in the fall, which also suggests a mythical teen romance with Butler. |
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In Europe, she performed for [[Victoria of the United Kingdom|Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom]] and other crowned heads of state. Oakley had such good aim that, at his request, she knocked the ashes off a cigarette held by the Prince of [[Kingdom of Prussia|Prussia]], the future [[Kaiser Wilhelm II]].<ref name="Kaiser">{{cite web |url=http://web.archive.org/web/20021015053658/http://www.ormiston.com/annieoakley/tales.html#KAISER |title=Tall Tales and the Truth: Did she shoot the Kaiser's cigarette? |publisher=Annie Oakley Foundation at web.archive.org}}</ref> The Annie Oakley Foundation suggests that she was not the source of a widely-repeated sarcasm related to the event, "Some uncharitable people later ventured that if Annie would have shot Wilhelm and not his cigarette, she could have prevented World War I."<ref name="Kaiser"/> |
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Oakley promoted the service of women in combat operations for the United States armed forces. She wrote a letter to President [[William McKinley]] on April 5, 1898 "offering the government the services of a company of 50 'lady sharpshooters' who would provide their own arms and ammunition should the U.S. go to war with Spain."<ref>The [[National Archives and Records Administration]] (NARA). [http://www.archives.gov/research/recover/example-02.html Letter to President William McKinley from Annie Oakley] Retrieved January 24, 2008.</ref> The Spanish-American War did occur, but Oakley's offer was not accepted. [[Theodore Roosevelt]], did, however, name his volunteer cavalry the "[[Rough Riders]]" after the "Buffalo Bill's Wild West and Congress of Rough Riders of the World" where Oakley was a major star. The same year that McKinley was fatally shot by an assassin, 1901, Oakley was also badly injured in a [[rail transport|railway]] crash, but she fully recovered after temporary paralysis and five spinal operations. She left the Buffalo Bill show and began a quieter acting career in a stage play written especially for her, ''The Western Girl''. Following her injury and change of career, it only added to her legend that her shooting expertise continued to increase into her 60s. |
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== Libel cases == |
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In 1903, sensational [[cocaine]] prohibition stories were selling well. The newspaper magnate [[William Randolph Hearst]] published a false story that Oakley had been arrested for stealing to support a cocaine habit. The woman actually arrested was a [[burlesque]] performer who told [[Chicago]] police that her name was "Annie Oakley". The original Annie Oakley spent much of the next six years winning 54 of 55 [[libel]] [[lawsuit]]s against newspapers. She collected less in [[Judgment (law)|judgments]] than were her legal expenses, but to her, a restored reputation justified the loss of time and money.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/oakley/peopleevents/p_oakley.html |title=Anie Oakley (1860-1926) |publisher=pbs.org |date=February 14, 2006}}</ref> |
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Most of the newspapers that printed the story had relied on [[News agency|wire services]], and upon learning of the libelous error they immediately retracted the false story with apologies. Hearst, however, tried to avoid paying the anticipated court judgments of $15,000 ($300,000, adjusted for inflation) by sending an investigator to Darke County with the intent of collecting reputation-smearing gossip from Oakley's past. The investigator found nothing. |
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== Later years == |
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Oakley continued to set records into her 60s, and she also engaged in extensive, albeit quiet, philanthropy for women's rights and other causes, including the support of specific young women that she knew. She embarked on a comeback and intended to star in a feature-length silent movie. In a 1922 shooting contest in [[Pinehurst, North Carolina]], sixty-two-year-old Oakley hit 100 clay targets from {{convert|16|yd}}.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://lkwdpl.org/wihohio/oakl-ann.htm |title=Annie Oakley |publisher=lkwdpl.org Women in History}}</ref> |
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In late 1922, Oakley and Butler suffered a debilitating automobile accident that forced her to wear a steel brace on her right leg. Yet after a year and a half of recovery, she again performed and set records in 1924.<ref name="dorchester">{{cite web |url=http://www.dorchesterlibrary.org/library/aoakley.html |title=Annie Oakley |publisher=dorchesterlibrary.org Dorchester County Public Library}}</ref> |
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Her health declined in 1925. Annie Oakley died of [[pernicious anemia]] at the age of sixty-six and was buried in Brock Cemetery<ref name="OhGraves">{{cite web |url=http://www.ohiotraveler.com/Venue%20Files/famous_ohio_gravesites.htm|title=Famous Ohio Gravesites |accessdate=December 20|accessyear=2006|author= |last= |first= |authorlink= |coauthors= |date= |year= |month= |format= |work= |publisher=Ohio Living and Travel Magazine|pages= |language= |archiveurl= |archivedate=}}</ref> in Greenville, Ohio. Frank Butler was so crushed by her death that he stopped eating. He died just 18 days later. |
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After her death it was discovered that her entire fortune had been spent on her family and her charities. |
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== The Little Sure Shot of the Wild West == |
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{{video | |
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filename = Annie Oakley shooting glass balls, 1894.ogg | |
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title = "Little Sure Shot" of the "Wild West" (1894) | |
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description = Annie Oakley's 1894 "exhibition of rifle shooting at glass balls, etc", in an Edison Kinetoscope movie | |
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filesize = 2.71 MB | |
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format = [[Ogg Theora]] | |
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duration = 24s |
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}} |
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In 1894, Oakley and Butler performed in Edison's [[Kinetoscope]] film, ''The "Little Sure Shot" of the "Wild West," exhibition of rifle shooting at glass balls, etc.''<ref>As titled/described by Raff & Gammon, Price list of films, ca. June 1895, p. 1 [MI].</ref> Filmed November 1, 1894, in Edison's [[Black Maria]] studio by William Heise (0:21 at 30 fps; 39 ft.),<ref>[http://rs6.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?ammem/papr:@filreq(@field(NUMBER+@band(edmp+4030))+@field(COLLID+edison)) DIGITAL ID edmp 4030 http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.mbrsmi/edmp.4030 Library of Congress Motion Picture, Broadcasting and Recorded Sound Division Washington, D. C. 20540 USA]</ref> it was about the 11th film made after commercial showings began on April 14, 1894.<ref>[http://rs6.loc.gov/ammem/edhtml/edmvchrn.html Chronological Title List of Edison Motion Pictures] - Library of Congress Motion Picture, Broadcasting and Recorded Sound Division Washington, D. C. 20540 USA</ref> |
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Oakley's early movie star opportunity followed from Buffalo Bill and [[Thomas Edison]]'s friendship, which developed after Edison personally built for the ''Wild West Show'', what in the 1890s was the world's largest electrical power plant.<ref name="dorchester"/> Buffalo Bill and fifteen of his show Indians appeared in two Kinetoscopes filmed September 24, 1894.<ref>[http://rs6.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?ammem/papr:@filreq(@field(NUMBER+@band(edmp+4025))+@field(COLLID+edison)) DIGITAL ID edmp 4025 http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.mbrsmi/edmp.4025 Library of Congress Motion Picture, Broadcasting and Recorded Sound Division Washington, D. C. 20540 USA]</ref><ref>Animated GIF files of Annie Oakley performing can be found [http://web.archive.org/web/20021015021213/www.ormiston.com/annieoakley/films.html here].</ref> |
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== Representations on stage and screen == |
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* In 1935, [[Barbara Stanwyck]] played Oakley in a highly fictionalized film called ''[[Annie Oakley (film)|Annie Oakley]]''. |
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* The 1946 [[Broadway theatre|Broadway]] musical ''[[Annie Get Your Gun (musical)|Annie Get Your Gun]]'' is very loosely based on her life. The original stage production starred [[Ethel Merman]], who also starred in the 1966 revival. A 1950 film version starred [[Betty Hutton]]. Some years after headlining the 1948 national tour, [[Mary Martin]] returned to the role for a 1957 [[NBC]] [[television]] special. |
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* From 1954 to 1956, [[Gail Davis]] played Oakley in the ''[[Annie Oakley (TV series)|Annie Oakley]]'' television series. |
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* A highly-fictionalised Oakley appears in the 1966 comedy film ''[[Carry On Cowboy]]''. This version of Oakley had a father who was sheriff of the fictitious Stodge City, and travelled out west to kill her father's murderer, and eventually fell in love with the inept Englishman, Marshal P. Knutt ([[Jim Dale]]). Oakley was played by [[Angela Douglas]]. |
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* In 1976, [[Geraldine Chaplin]] played Oakley in ''[[Buffalo Bill and the Indians]]'' with [[John Considine]] as Frank Butler. |
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* In 1982, [[Diane Civita]] played Oakley, opposite Richard Donner as Bill Cody, in an episode of ''[[Voyagers!]]'', where, during Cody's performances for Queen Victoria, Oakley engaged in a marksmanship contest with a Russian duke. |
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* In 1985, [[Jamie Lee Curtis]] portrayed her in the "Annie Oakley" episode of the children's video series ''Shelley Duvall's Tall Tales and Legends''. |
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* In 1996, [[Reba McEntire]] portrayed Annie in ''[[Buffalo Girls]]'' alongside [[Anjelica Huston]], [[Melanie Griffith]] and [[Tom Wopat]]. |
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* In 1999, ''Annie Get Your Gun'' was revived on Broadway with [[Bernadette Peters]] in the title role. [[Susan Lucci]] assumed the role when Peters took a vacation from the show, [[Cheryl Ladd]] assumed the role from Peters and was followed by [[Reba McEntire]] and [[Crystal Bernard]]. |
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* In the [[Kill Bill vol.2]] movie from 2004, Beatrix Kiddo tell Karen Kim that she is better then Annie Oakley |
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* In 2006, an episode of [[PBS]]'s ''[[American Experience]]'' documented Oakley's life. |
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* In 2008, [[Neil deGrasse Tyson]] focused on Oakley on an episode of his PBS show. |
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== See also == |
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*[[Calamity Jane]] |
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*[[Belle Starr]] |
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*[[History of women in the military]] |
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*[[Buffalo Bill]] |
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== References == |
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{{refs|2}} |
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*[[Team Rocket]] from the anime [[Pokémon]] has two characters name Annie and Oakley in the feature length movie [[Pokemon Heroes]]. |
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== External links == |
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*[http://www.dorchesterlibrary.org/library/aoakley.html Annie Oakley] - Biography by Dorchester County Public Library, Cambridge, MD, which has many additional details about Oakley's life but gives the wrong date for her marriage as provided by AOF[http://web.archive.org/web/20021015053658/www.ormiston.com/annieoakley/tales.html] |
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*[http://web.archive.org/web/20021015053658/www.ormiston.com/annieoakley/tales.html Annie Oakley Foundation's archived page "Tall Tales and the Truth"] |
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*[http://www.annieoakleyfoundation.org/aim.html Annie Oakley Foundation's current web site "Mosey" research page] |
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*[http://www.virtualology.com/virtualmuseumofhistory/hallofwomen/ANNIE-OAKLEY.COM Annie Oakley Research links] — Virtual Museum of History |
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*[http://www.lkwdpl.org/wihohio/oakl-ann.htm Annie Oakley biography (Women in History)] |
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*[http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/oakley/peopleevents/p_oakley.html American Experience | Annie Oakley | People & Events | PBS] <small>(includes several myth errors in both the video production and the accompanying PBS web page)</small> |
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*[http://www.neh.gov/news/humanities/2006-05/annieoakley.html "Little Miss Sure Shot" - The Saga of Annie Oakley] |
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*[http://www.botar.us/annieoakley.html Short bio, pictures and the 1894 edison motion picture of Annie Oakley.] |
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*[http://www.bbhc.org/bbm/biographyAO.cfm Annie Oakley at the Buffalo Bill Historical Center, Cody, Wyoming] |
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*[http://www.archives.gov/global-pages/larger-image.html?i=/research/recover/images/brochure/oakley-letter-l.jpg&c= Digitized 1898 letter from Anne Oakley to President McKinley advocating the use of women in military combat (from the National Archives and Records Administration)]. |
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{{Commons|Annie Oakley}} |
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{{Persondata |PLEASE SEE [[WP:PDATA]]! |
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| NAME = Annie Oakley |
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| ALTERNATIVE NAMES = Phoebe Ann Mosey |
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| SHORT DESCRIPTION = [[Marksman|sharpshooter]] and [[exhibition shooting|exhibition shooter]] |
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| DATE OF BIRTH = August 13, 1860 |
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| PLACE OF BIRTH = [[Ohio]], [[United States]] |
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| DATE OF DEATH = November 3, 1926 |
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| PLACE OF DEATH = United States |
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| death_cause = pernicious anemia |
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}} |
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Oakley, Annie}} |
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[[Category:1860 births]] |
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[[Category:1926 deaths]] |
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[[Category:American folklore]] |
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[[Category:Wild west shows]] |
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[[Category:American entertainers]] |
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[[Category:International Circus Hall of Fame inductees]] |
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[[Category:Eponyms]] |
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[[Category:People from Darke County, Ohio]] |
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[[de:Annie Oakley]] |
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[[ja:アニー・オークレイ]] |
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[[pl:Annie Oakley]] |
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[[pt:Annie Oakley]] |
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[[fi:Annie Oakley]] |
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[[sv:Annie Oakley]] |
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[[zh:安妮·歐克麗]] |
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