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Alan Menken

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Alan Menken
Menken in 2013
Menken in 2013
Background information
Birth nameAlan Irwin Menken[1]
Born (1949-07-22) July 22, 1949 (age 75)
Manhattan, New York City, U.S.
Genres
Occupations
  • Composer
  • conductor
  • arranger
  • music director
  • music producer
Years active1972–present
Labels
Spouse
Janis Roswick
​
(m. 1972)​
Websitealanmenken-live.herokuapp.com

Alan Irwin Menken[1] (born July 22, 1949) is an American composer and conductor, best known for his scores and songs for films produced by Walt Disney Animation Studios and Skydance Animation. Menken's contributions to The Little Mermaid (1989), Beauty and the Beast (1991), Aladdin (1992), and Pocahontas (1995) won him two Academy Awards for each film. He also composed the scores and songs for Little Shop of Horrors (1986), Newsies (1992), The Hunchback of Notre Dame (1996), Hercules (1997), Home on the Range (2004), Enchanted (2007), Tangled (2010), Disenchanted (2022), and Spellbound (2024), among others. His accolades include winning eight Academy Awards — becoming the second most prolific Oscar winner in the music categories after Alfred Newman (who has 9 Oscars), a Tony Award, eleven Grammy Awards, seven Golden Globe Awards, and a Daytime Emmy Award. Menken is one of twenty-one people to have won an Emmy, a Grammy, an Oscar and a Tony ("an EGOT").[2]

He is also known for his work in musical theater for Broadway and elsewhere. Some of these works are based on his Disney films, but other stage hits include Little Shop of Horrors (1982), A Christmas Carol (1994), and Sister Act (2009).

Menken has collaborated with lyricists such as Muriel Robinson, David Zippel, Howard Ashman, Stephen Schwartz, David Crane, Seth Friedman, Marta Kauffman, Steve Brown, Tom Eyen, David Rogers, Dennis Green, David Spencer, Jack Feldman, Tim Rice, Lynn Ahrens, Glenn Slater, Chad Beguelin, Seth Rogen, Evan Goldberg, Ariel Shaffir, Kyle Hunter, Phil Johnston, Tom MacDougall, Benj Pasek, Justin Paul, and Lin-Manuel Miranda.

Early life

[edit]

Alan Irwin Menken was born on July 22, 1949, at French Hospital in Manhattan, to Judith and Norman Menken. His father was a boogie-woogie piano-playing dentist, and his mother was an actress, dancer and playwright.[3] His family was Jewish.[4] Menken developed an interest in music at an early age, taking piano and violin lessons. He began to compose at an early age.[5] At age nine, at the New York Federation of Music Clubs Junior Composers Contest, his original composition "Bouree" was rated Superior and Excellent by the judges.

Menken noted that "Before college, I was writing songs to further my dream of being the next Bob Dylan. A lot of guitar songs – I was composing on piano before that."[6]

He attended New Rochelle High School in New Rochelle, New York, and graduated in 1967. Menken remembers: "I'd make up my own Bach fugues and Beethoven sonatas because I was bored with the piano and I didn't want to practice; so I'd go off on tangents".[7] He then enrolled at New York University.[8] Menken graduated in 1972 from University College of Arts and Science at the Heights campus, which is now the College of Arts and Science.[9] After college, he attended the BMI Lehman Engel Musical Theatre Workshop.[10]

Menken recalled: "First, I was pre-med. I thought I'd be a dentist like my dad. Finally, I got a degree in music, but I didn't care about musicology. It wasn't until I joined BMI Workshop ... under Lehman Engel, and walked into a room with other composers that I knew this was it."[7]

Career

[edit]

Early career

[edit]

After graduating, Menken's plan was to become either a rock star or a recording artist. His interest in writing musicals increased when he joined the Broadcast Music, Inc. (BMI) Musical Theatre Workshop and was mentored by Lehman Engel.[10] From 1974 to 1978, he showcased various BMI workshop works, such as Midnight, Apartment House (lyric by Muriel Robinson), Conversations with Pierre,[10] Harry the Rat and Messiah on Mott Street (lyrics by David Spencer).[citation needed]

According to Menken, during this period, he "worked as a ballet and modern dance accompanist, a musical director for club acts, a jingle writer, arranger, a songwriter for Sesame Street and a vocal coach". He performed his material at clubs like The Ballroom, Reno Sweeny and Tramps.[11]

In 1976, John Wilson reported for The New York Times that members of Engel's BMI Workshop began performing as part of the "Broadway at the Ballroom" series: "The opening workshop program ... featured Maury Yeston and Alan Menken, both playing their piano accompaniment and singing songs they have written for potential musicals."[12] Wilson reviewed a performance at the Ballroom in 1977 where Menken accompanied a singer: "In the current cabaret world, a piano accompanist is no longer expected to merely play piano for a singer. More and more, pianists can be heard joining in vocally, harmonizing with the singer, creating a background of shouts and exclamations or even doing brief passages of solo singing."[13]

Menken contributed material to revues like New York's Back in Town, Big Apple Country, The Present Tense (1977),[14] Real Life Funnies (Off-Broadway, 1981),[15] Diamonds (Off-Broadway, 1984), and Personals (Off-Off-Broadway, 1985).[16] His revue Patch, Patch, Patch ran at the West Bank Cafe in New York City in 1979 and featured Chip Zien. The New York Times reviewer Mel Gussow wrote: "The title song ... refers to a life's passage. According to Alan Menken ... after age 30 it is a downhill plunge."[17]

Menken wrote several shows that were not produced, including Atina, Evil Queen of the Galaxy (1980), with lyrics by Steve Brown. He also wrote The Thorn with lyrics by Brown, which was commissioned by Divine in 1980. This was a parody of the film The Rose, but they could not raise the money to have it produced.[18] He collaborated with Howard Ashman in an uncompleted musical called Babe (c. 1981),[19][20] with Tom Eyen in Kicks: The Showgirl Musical (1984),[21] and with David Rogers in The Dream in Royal Street (c. 1981), which was an adaptation of A Midsummer Night's Dream.[20] Menken contributed music for the film The Line (1980), directed by Robert J. Siegel.[22]

Breakthrough years

[edit]

Menken finally achieved success as a composer when playwright Howard Ashman chose him and Engel to write the music for his musical adaptation of Kurt Vonnegut's novel God Bless You, Mr. Rosewater. The musical opened in 1979 at the WPA Theater[23] to excellent reviews[23] and modest box office. It transferred after several months to the Off-Broadway Entermedia Theater, where it ran for an additional six weeks.[24][25][26][27]

Menken and Ashman wrote their next musical, Little Shop of Horrors, for a cast of only 9 performers, including a puppeteer. This musical is based on the 1960 black comedy film The Little Shop of Horrors. It opened at WPA Theater in 1982 to warm reviews. It moved to the Off Broadway Orpheum Theatre in the East Village, Manhattan, where it ran for five years. The musical set the box-office record for highest grossing Off-Broadway show of all time. It toured around the world, won theater awards and was adapted as a 1986 musical film starring Rick Moranis that earned Menken and Ashman their first Oscar nomination for the song "Mean Green Mother from Outer Space".[28] For his body of work in musical theatre, he was awarded the BMI Career Achievement Award in 1983.[3]

In 1987, Menken and lyricist David Spencer's adaptation The Apprenticeship of Duddy Kravitz, based on the 1959 novel of the same name, was produced in Philadelphia. After substantial re-writes, it was produced in 2015 in Montreal.[29][30] In 1992, the WPA Theatre produced Menken's Weird Romance, also with lyrics by Spencer.[31] Menken's musical based on the Charles Dickens novella A Christmas Carol, with lyrics by Lynn Ahrens and book by Mike Ockrent, debuted at Madison Square Garden's Paramount Theater in 1994.[32] The show proved successful and was an annual New York holiday event.[33]

Disney Renaissance and later films

[edit]

On the strength of the success of Little Shop of Horrors, Menken and Ashman were hired by Walt Disney Studios to write the music for The Little Mermaid (1989). The challenge was to create an animated musical film of this Hans Christian Andersen fairy tale that could sit alongside the Disney films Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs and Cinderella. The Little Mermaid opened to critical and commercial success and signaled a new Disney era called the Disney Renaissance.[34] The film gave them their first Academy Award win: Best Song for the song "Under the Sea". Menken also won the 1989 Academy Award for Best Score.[8][35]

Menken and Ashman's Beauty and the Beast garnered them three 1991 Academy Award nominations for Best Song, winning for its title song.[35] Menken won another Academy Award for Best Score. The two were working on Aladdin at the time of Ashman's death in 1991. Ashman wrote only three songs in the film and Menken collaborated with Tim Rice, who was then working on The Lion King, to write the rest of the songs for the film. The film won an Academy Award in 1992 for Best Song, "A Whole New World".[35] Menken also won the Oscar for Best Score. Menken's live-action musical film Newsies, with lyrics by Jack Feldman, was released in 1992.

Three more animated musical films followed. Menken collaborated with Stephen Schwartz for Pocahontas, for which the two won two Academy Awards: Best Song and Best Musical or Comedy Score. In 1996, the same musical team created the songs, and Menken, the score, for The Hunchback of Notre Dame. In 1997, Menken reunited with his early collaborator, David Zippel, for his last film in the era, Hercules.[36]

Menken also wrote the music for the Michael J. Fox vehicle Life with Mikey (1993),[37] the holiday film Noel (2004)[38] and Mirror Mirror (2012).[39] His other film scores for Disney have included Home on the Range (2004), the Tim Allen remake of The Shaggy Dog (2006), Enchanted (2007), and Tangled (2010).

In March 2017, Disney released a live-action adaptation of Beauty and the Beast, directed by Bill Condon and starring Emma Watson and Dan Stevens, with the songs from the 1991 film and new material by Menken and Rice.[40] Menken collaborated with Benj Pasek and Justin Paul on writing new songs for the 2019 live-action version of Aladdin, directed by Guy Ritchie.[41]

Menken again worked with Stephen Schwartz to write new songs for Disenchanted, the sequel to Enchanted,[42] Menken also worked on new music for a live-action film adaptation of The Little Mermaid, directed by Rob Marshall, with longtime The Little Mermaid fan Lin-Manuel Miranda,[43] whom Menken knew since the former's childhood, as Miranda went to the same school as Menken's niece.[44] Menken is also working alongside former Disney chief creative officer John Lasseter on a project at Skydance Animation.[45] On May 20, 2020, the project was revealed to be Vicky Jenson's Spellbound.[46] Menken will co-write songs for Spellbound alongside collaborated with lyricist Glenn Slater, with whom he worked on Home on the Range and Tangled.[46] Menken is also reportedly attached to a sequel to Aladdin.[47] Menken was set to work with Schwartz to write new songs for a remake of The Hunchback of Notre Dame, which Menken would score.[48] However, in May 2023, Menken suggested that the development had been stalled due to the original movie's content and themes.[49]

With eight Academy Awards, only composer Alfred Newman (nine wins), art director Cedric Gibbons (11 wins) and Walt Disney (22 wins) have received more Academy Awards than Menken. He is tied for fourth place with late costume designer Edith Head, and currently holds the record for the most wins for a living person.[citation needed][50]

Return to musical theater

[edit]

Menken debuted on Broadway with a musical theater adaptation of Beauty and the Beast that opened in 1994 and ran for 13 years before closing in 2007. In 1997, he collaborated with lyricist Tim Rice on a musical, King David, based on the biblical character, which was performed in a concert version on Broadway at the New Amsterdam Theatre. Little Shop of Horrors played on Broadway from 2003 to 2004.[51]

He next created the stage version of The Little Mermaid, which played on Broadway from 2008 to 2009 and for which he received a nomination for a Tony Award for Best Score.[51] Menken's stage adaptation of Sister Act debuted in London in 2009, and opened on Broadway in 2011. He was nominated for another Tony Award for Best Score.[52] Menken received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame in 2010.[53] In December 2010, he was a guest on the NPR quiz show Wait Wait... Don't Tell Me!.[54]

In 2012, Menken won a Tony Award for Best Score for his musical adaptation of Newsies, which ran until 2014. He also wrote the music for Leap of Faith, which had a brief run on Broadway in 2012. His stage adaptation of Aladdin opened on Broadway in 2014, earning him another Tony nomination for Best Score.[51] In 2013, he was a guest at the annual Junior Theatre Festival in Atlanta, Georgia, and was honored with the Junior Theater Festival Award.[55] He gave a concert there, including music that was cut from various productions, while talking about his creative process.[citation needed]

Menken's stage adaptation of The Hunchback of Notre Dame played at La Jolla Playhouse, California, in 2014.[56][57] The Apprenticeship of Duddy Kravitz was revived in Montreal in 2015,[29][30] and A Bronx Tale: The Musical played at the Paper Mill Playhouse in 2016.[58] Menken is currently working on stage musical adaptations of Night at the Museum[45] and Animal Farm.[59]

As of 2019, Menken reunites with his Newsies creators Jack Feldman and Harvey Fierstein to develop a new musical called Greetings from Niagara Falls. A reading was held in January 2019; however, there is no word on future plans for the project at this time.[60]

Television work

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From 1989 to 1990, Menken and Howard Ashman wrote songs for the popular puppet TV show Sesame Street.[61] In 2008, Menken said that his work on Sesame Street was "pathetic money, but it still had some prestige to it. It was on the air and [he] was getting some royalties".[61] The duo also wrote a song titled "Wonderful Ways to Say No" for the 1990 animated anti-drug special Cartoon All-Stars to the Rescue.

In 2015, Menken co-composed the score for the musical television series Galavant alongside Christopher Lennertz, reuniting him with Tangled screenwriter Dan Fogelman.[62] Menken also co-wrote songs for the series alongside Glenn Slater.[63] The series lasted two seasons, first airing on January 4, 2015, and last airing on January 31, 2016.[64] In 2017, Menken and Slater returned to write songs for the animated series Rapunzel's Tangled Adventure, which is set after the events of Tangled.[65] The series ended in 2020, after three seasons. On July 26, 2020, Menken and Slater won the Daytime Emmy Award for Original Song in a Children's, Young Adult or Animated Program for the song titled "Waiting in the Wings".[2][66]

Menken wrote songs for a prospective prequel/spin-off series to 2017's Beauty and the Beast titled Little Town, which would be centered on Gaston and LeFou.[45] The series would be released on Disney's streaming service, Disney+,[45][67] and Menken would also be an executive-producer on the series.[68] In February 2022, it was reported that the series would not go forward for now.[69]

Personal life

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Menken was introduced to ballet dancer Janis Roswick while working with the Downtown Ballet Company. They have been married since November 1972 and live in North Salem, New York with their two daughters, Anna and Nora.[70][failed verification]

Artistry and reception

[edit]

Menken has said he prefers for his compositions to be "hummable", writing, "Songs should have an infectious melody and rhythm ... They should elicit an emotion, of happiness, or of celebration, or of sadness, or of sorrow, or of love, or of laughter — whatever".[71] When writing songs for a Disney film, he is usually trying to progress the story, while being appropriate for each character and dramatic situation.[71] He gathers as much information as possible about a film project before composing at a piano, namely "What's the story? Who's the protagonist? Where would a song fit? What's the reason for singing?".[71] Menken has worked with numerous lyricists throughout his career. His most famous collaboration remains his songwriting partnership with Ashman, despite having worked together for a relatively short period of time.[72]

Steve Hochman of Grammy.com said Menken "ranks among the top composers in film and theater", writing, "his music is part of the DNA of several generations of children and parents alike".[73] According to Jeff Bond of The Hollywood Reporter, Menken is largely responsible for redefining the musical genre for a contemporary audience both in film and on stage, calling him "one of film music’s most versatile craftspeople".[74] His work has influenced a generation of songwriters across film and stage.[72] Menken has noted his influence on songwriters and musicians such as Benj Pasek, Justin Paul, Robert Lopez, Kristen Anderson-Lopez, Lin-Manuel Miranda, Elton John, and Sara Bareilles, although he maintains he does not have a specific protege.[72]

Menken is an EGOT winner, having won at least one Emmy, Grammy, Oscar and Tony for his work.[75]

Filmography

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Film

[edit]
Year Title Director(s) Credited as Notes
Composer Songwriter Score producer Actor
1972 A Dancer's Life William Richert No No No Yes Documentary film
1986 Little Shop of Horrors Frank Oz No Yes No No Composed original and new songs with lyrics by Howard Ashman; score by Miles Goodman
1989 The Little Mermaid John Musker
Ron Clements 		Yes Yes Yes No First score for an animated film
Composed songs with lyrics by Howard Ashman
1990 Rocky V John G. Avildsen No Yes No No Composed song "Measure of a Man"; score by Bill Conti
1991 Beauty and the Beast Gary Trousdale
Kirk Wise 		Yes Yes Yes No Composed songs with lyrics by Howard Ashman
1992 Newsies Kenny Ortega No Yes No No Composed songs with lyrics by Jack Feldman; score by J.A.C. Redford
Home Alone 2: Lost in New York Chris Columbus No Yes No No Composed song "My Christmas Tree" with lyrics by Jack Feldman; score by John Williams
Aladdin John Musker
Ron Clements 		Yes Yes Yes No Composed songs with lyrics by Howard Ashman & Tim Rice
1993 Life with Mikey James Lapine Yes Yes No No Composed songs "Cold Enough to Snow" and "Life with Mikey Theme" with lyrics by Stephen Schwartz & Jack Feldman
1995 Pocahontas Mike Gabriel
Eric Goldberg 		Yes Yes Yes No Composed songs with lyrics by Stephen Schwartz
1996 The Hunchback of Notre Dame Gary Trousdale
Kirk Wise 		Yes Yes Yes No
1997 Hercules John Musker
Ron Clements 		Yes Yes Yes No Composed songs with lyrics by David Zippel
2004 Home on the Range Will Finn
John Sanford 		Yes Yes No No Composed songs with lyrics by Glenn Slater
Noel Chazz Palminteri Yes Yes Yes No Composed song "Winter Light" with lyrics by Stephen Schwartz
2006 The Shaggy Dog Brian Robbins Yes No No No
2007 Enchanted Kevin Lima Yes Yes No No Composed songs with lyrics by Stephen Schwartz
2010 Tangled Byron Howard
Nathan Greno 		Yes Yes Yes No Composed songs with lyrics by Glenn Slater
2011 Captain America: The First Avenger Joe Johnston No Yes No No Composed "Star Spangled Man" with lyrics by David Zippel; score by Alan Silvestri
Jock the Hero Dog Duncan MacNeillie No Yes No No Composed song "Howling at the moon" with lyrics by Tim Rice; score by Klaus Badelt and Ian Honeyman
2012 Mirror Mirror Tarsem Singh Yes No No No
2016 Sausage Party Conrad Vernon
Greg Tiernan 		Yes Yes No No Co-composer with Christopher Lennertz;
Composed song "The Great Beyond" with lyrics by Glenn Slater, Seth Rogen, Evan Goldberg, Ariel Shaffir and Kyle Hunter
Aria for a Cow Dan Lund Yes Yes No No Short film;
Composed song "Aria" with lyrics by Howard Ashman[76]
2017 Beauty and the Beast Bill Condon Yes Yes No No Returned from the 1991 animated film
Composed original songs with lyrics by Howard Ashman;
Composed new songs with Tim Rice
2018 Ralph Breaks the Internet Rich Moore
Phil Johnston 		No Yes No No Composed songs "In This Place" and "A Place Called Slaughter Race" with lyrics by Phil Johnston & Tom MacDougall; score by Henry Jackman
Holmes & Watson Etan Cohen No Yes No No Composed song "Strange Sensation" with lyrics by Glenn Slater; score by Mark Mothersbaugh
Howard Don Hahn Yes No No Yes Documentary film
Disney+ original film
Limited theatrical run in 2018; official release in 2020
2019 Aladdin Guy Ritchie Yes Yes No No Returned to score from the 1992 animated film
Composed original songs with lyrics by Howard Ashman & Tim Rice; Composed new songs with lyrics by Benj Pasek & Justin Paul
2022 Disenchanted Adam Shankman Yes Yes No No Disney+ original film
Returned from the 2007 film
Composed songs with lyrics by Stephen Schwartz[77]
2023 The Little Mermaid Rob Marshall Yes Yes No No Returned to score from the 1989 animated film
Composed original songs with lyrics by Howard Ashman; Composed new songs with lyrics by Lin-Manuel Miranda
2024 Spellbound[46] Vicky Jenson Yes Yes No No Netflix original film
Composed songs with lyrics by Glenn Slater

Television

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Year Title Credited as Notes
Composer Songwriter Score producer Executive producer Actor
1989–1990 Sesame Street No Yes No No No Composed "Grouchelot", "What is Friend?", "It's Gonna Get Dirty Again," "Snuffle Friends," "Martian Family (Yip Yip Song)," "Monster Up and Down", "Pond Full of Fish" and "Todos un Pueblo"
1989 Polly No Yes No No No Television film
Composed song "By Your Side" with lyrics by Jack Feldman; score by Joel McNeely
1990 Cartoon All-Stars to the Rescue No Yes No No No TV special
Composed "Wonderful Ways to Say No" with lyrics by Howard Ashman; score by Richard Kosinski, Sam Winans, Paul Buckmaster, Bill Reichenbach, Bob Mann and Guy Moon
1992 Lincoln Yes No No No No Television film
2004 A Christmas Carol No Yes No No No Television film
Composed songs with lyrics by Lynn Ahrens; score by Michael Kosarin
2013 The Neighbors No Yes No No No Episode: "Sing Like a Larry Bird"
Composed "More or Less The Kind of Thing You May or May Not Possibly See on Broadway", "Giselle", "More or Less The Kind of Thing You May or May Not Possibly See on Broadway" (Reprise)
2015–2016 Galavant Yes Yes Yes Yes No Composed complete soundtrack, score co-composed with Christopher Lennertz
2017 Tangled: Before Ever After No Yes No No No Television film
Disney Channel original film
Composed songs with lyrics by Glenn Slater; score by Kevin Kliesch
2017–2020 Rapunzel's Tangled Adventure[78] Yes Yes No No No Composed complete soundtrack, score composed by Kevin Kliesch
2019 The Little Mermaid Live! Yes Yes No No No TV special
Composed original songs with lyrics by Howard Ashman; Composed new songs with lyrics by Glenn Slater
2020 Central Park No Yes No No No Episode: "Dog Spray Afternoon"
Composed song "Spoiler Alert" with lyrics by Glenn Slater
2021 The Falcon and the Winter Soldier No Yes No No No Episode: "The Star-Spangled Man"
Composed "Star Spangled Man" with lyrics by David Zippel for Captain America: The First Avenger; score by Henry Jackman
2022 Beauty and the Beast: A 30th Celebration Yes Yes No No Yes TV special
Composed original songs with lyrics by Howard Ashman; Composed new songs with lyrics by Tim Rice

Musicals

[edit]

Other

[edit]

Awards

[edit]
Main article: List of awards and nominations received by Alan Menken

Alan Menken has received eight Academy Awards (and nineteen nominations), eleven Grammy Awards (and twenty-four nominations), one Tony Award (and four nominations), and one Daytime Emmy Award. He has also received seven Golden Globe Awards (and sixteen nominations), one Drama Desk Award (and five nominations), and three Outer Critics Awards.

He was made a Disney Legend in 2002 and was the recipient of a Richard Kirk Career Achievement Award in 1998, a Freddie G. Award for Musical Excellence in 2013, and The Oscar Hammerstein Award in 2013, among others.

The American Film Institute included the title song from the film Beauty and the Beast, in the AFI's 100 Years...100 Songs. Five other songs from his Disney films were nominated:

In 2006, AFI listed its 25 greatest movie musicals, with Beauty and the Beast (1991) ranked 22nd. It is the only animated musical film on the list. Four of his other film musicals were also nominated:[81]

In 2019, Menken finally accepted the Razzie Award for "Worst Original Song" he won at the 13th Golden Raspberry Awards (1993) for "High Times, Hard Times" from Newsies (1992), becoming the first person to win a Razzie and Oscar in the same year.[82][83] Menken wrote the music for the song, and shared the award with lyricist Jack Feldman.

In 2020, Menken reached EGOT status when he won the Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Original Song in a Children's, Young Adult or Animated Program for co-writing the song "Waiting in the Wings" for Rapunzel's Tangled Adventure.[2][84]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b "Alan Menken Discography at Discogs". Discogs. Archived from the original on April 15, 2012. Retrieved August 13, 2012.
  2. ^ a b c Nordyke, Kimberly (July 26, 2020). "Alan Menken Achieves EGOT Status With Daytime Emmy Win". The Hollywood Reporter. Archived from the original on October 16, 2020. Retrieved July 27, 2020.
  3. ^ a b "Timeline. Official Site" Archived December 27, 2019, at the Wayback Machine, Alanmenken.com, accessed February 19, 2016
  4. ^ "He's a Guest: Composer Alan Menken Shares Thoughts at BMI Master Class". Playbill. December 18, 1998. Archived from the original on January 13, 2021. Retrieved March 17, 2017.
  5. ^ "Alan Menken: Year Inducted 2001" Archived January 26, 2021, at the Wayback Machine, Disney Legends, D23.com, accessed February 19, 2016
  6. ^ "10 Questions With Alan and Anna Rose Menken". BMI.com. May 22, 2013. Archived from the original on February 6, 2021. Retrieved February 19, 2016.
  7. ^ a b Klein, Alvin (July 27, 1986). "Theater: Composer Finds His Niche in Life". The New York Times. Archived from the original on May 16, 2021. Retrieved February 19, 2016.
  8. ^ a b Sandra Brennan (2015). "Alan Menken biography". Movies & TV Dept. The New York Times. Archived from the original on November 1, 2015. Retrieved February 19, 2016.
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  10. ^ a b c Jones, Kenneth (December 18, 1998). "He's a Guest: Composer Alan Menken Shares Thoughts at BMI Master Class". Playbill.
  11. ^ "Biography, 1972-1980" Archived December 27, 2019, at the Wayback Machine, Alanmenken.com, accessed February 19, 2016
  12. ^ Wilson, John S. (October 13, 1976). "Someday, Maybe on Broadway, But for Now They Are in SoHo". The New York Times. p. 33.
  13. ^ Wilson, John S. (November 3, 1977). "Menken and Ellen March Play". The New York Times. p. 71.
  14. ^ Dietz, Dan (2010). "Present Tense". Off Broadway Musicals, 1910–2007: Casts, Credits, Songs, Critical Reception. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland. p. 362. ISBN 978-0-7864-5731-1. Archived from the original on June 29, 2023. Retrieved December 6, 2020.
  15. ^ Rich, Frank (February 12, 1981). "Revue. Real Life Funnies". The New York Times. Archived from the original on August 24, 2020. Retrieved February 19, 2016.
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  17. ^ Gussow, Mel (August 16, 1979). "Cabaret: Patch, a Revue With Cheer for Over 30's: Life Passes". The New York Times. p. C14.
  18. ^ Jay, Bernard (1994). "Briefly Not the Bitch". Not Simply Divine. New York City: Simon and Schuster. p. 87. ISBN 0-671-88467-0.
  19. ^ Jones, Kenneth (October 10, 2008). ""Howard Sings Ashman" CDs Will Feature Demos From Smile, Babe, Mermaid and Mor". Playbill. Retrieved February 20, 2016.
  20. ^ a b Suskin, Steven (2010). "Alan Menken". Show Tunes: The Songs, Shows, and Careers of Broadways Major Composers. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. pp. 356–359. ISBN 978-0-19-974209-7. Archived from the original on June 29, 2023. Retrieved February 20, 2016.
  21. ^ Tepper, Jennifer (May 2, 2015). "Only Ran a Minute! 10 Forgotten Musicals Due For a Revival". Playbill. Archived from the original on September 4, 2015. Retrieved February 19, 2016.
  22. ^ "The Line Details". The New York Times. October 23, 1986. Archived from the original on December 9, 2020. Retrieved November 29, 2020.
  23. ^ a b Gussow, Mel. "Stage: God Bless You, Mr. Rosewater: In Vonnegut Land", The New York Times, May 21, 1979, p. C14
  24. ^ Corry, John. "Broadway: The Phoenix's place in the city's theatrical life", The New York Times, August 17, 1979, p. C2
  25. ^ Jones, Kenneth. "Menken & Ashman's God Bless You, Mr. Rosewater Gets NYC Concert March 7" Archived September 24, 2020, at the Wayback Machine, Playbill, March 6, 2003, accessed February 18, 2016
  26. ^ "God Bless You, Mr. Rosewater Listing" Archived December 16, 2018, at the Wayback Machine, Lortel.org, accessed February 18, 2016
  27. ^ Vonnegut, Kurt. "Script" Kurt Vonnegut's God Bless You, Mr. Rosewater, Samuel French, Inc., 1980, ISBN 0573681252, pp. 3-4
  28. ^ "Menken Biography" Archived January 29, 2017, at the Wayback Machine, Songwritershalloffame.org, accessed February 22, 2016
  29. ^ a b Viagas, Robert. "Alan Menken-David Spencer Musical Duddy Kravitz Will Get Another Chance in Montreal" Archived December 4, 2020, at the Wayback Machine, Playbill, March 28, 2014
  30. ^ a b "Cast Set for World Premiere of Alan Menken Musical Duddy Kravitz in Montreal" Archived April 2, 2019, at the Wayback Machine, BroadwayWorld.com, March 10, 2015
  31. ^ a b Gussow, Mel. "Review/Theater; Nearby Science Fiction In a Musical of 2 Parts" Archived July 2, 2017, at the Wayback Machine, The New York Times, June 23, 1992
  32. ^ Richards, David. "Theater Review. A Christmas Carol; A Famous Miser, Tiny Tim and a Tap-Dancing Chorus" Archived February 3, 2021, at the Wayback Machine, The New York Times, December 2, 1994, accessed February 18, 2016
  33. ^ "Show History" Archived September 27, 2020, at the Wayback Machine, MTIshows.com, accessed February 18, 2016
  34. ^ "1989 Yearly Box Office for G-Rated Movies". Box Office Mojo. Internet Movie Database. Archived from the original on November 2, 2012. Retrieved July 29, 2010.
  35. ^ a b c "Menken Academy Awards" Archived July 23, 2008, at the Wayback Machine, Awardsdatabase.oscars.org, accessed February 19, 2016
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Further reading

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