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====Christianity====
====Christianity====
Sodomy is generally thought to be in contradiction to the teachings of the Bible. The practice of sodomy has been referenced in both old and new testaments as an immoral act worthy of the wrath of God. In Genesis, the first book of the Bible, the town was of Sodom was destroyed as a judgment by God on the homosexual acts committed by those living there.[125] The term sodomy received its name from this story.[126]

In the modern church community the topic of sodomy is clumsily handled. Since there are many branches of Christian faith there are also many perspectives on what to do with sodomy. Needless to say, there is confusion on how to treat the ancient topic that has been a taboo for millennia.

Some churches have learned to accept those who have openly engaged in sodomy. This acceptance is done on the premise that Jesus has taught mankind to not judge one another but to love as God had loved them. Other churches have not accepted sodomy basing their beliefs mainly in scripture from the old testament. The topic is well debated on both sides on the pew, and will perhaps continue to be debated until the eschaton.

In Christian countries it has often been referred to euphemistically as the ''peccatum contra naturam'' (the sin against nature, after Thomas Aquinas) or ''Sodomitica luxuria'' (sodomitical lusts, in one of Charlemagne's ordinances), or ''peccatum illud horribile, inter christianos non nominandum'' (that horrible sin that among Christians is not to be named).{{Citation needed|date=September 2010}}
In Christian countries it has often been referred to euphemistically as the ''peccatum contra naturam'' (the sin against nature, after Thomas Aquinas) or ''Sodomitica luxuria'' (sodomitical lusts, in one of Charlemagne's ordinances), or ''peccatum illud horribile, inter christianos non nominandum'' (that horrible sin that among Christians is not to be named).{{Citation needed|date=September 2010}}


Revision as of 02:01, 31 March 2011

This article is about the human sexual act. For anal sex in non-human animals, see Animal sexuality.
Depiction of anal sex on 510 BC Attic red-figure kylix

Anal sex (or anal intercourse) commonly refers to the sex act involving insertion of the penis into the anus of a sex partner.[1][2] The term can also include other sexual acts involving the anus, including pegging, anal–oral sex, fingering, and object insertion.[1][2]

Common misconception describes anal sex as practiced almost exclusively by gay men. This misconception is dispelled by researchers, as not all gay males engage in anal sex, and anal sex is not uncommon among heterosexual relationships.[1][2] Types of anal sex can also be performed as part of lesbian lovemaking. Many people find anal sex pleasurable, and some may reach orgasm—through stimulation of the prostate in men, and clitoral and G-Spot leg stimulation in women.[3][4] However, many people find it painful as well; in some cases extremely so,[5][6] which may be due to psychological factors in some cases.[7]

As with most forms of sexual interaction, individuals are at risk for contracting sexually transmitted diseases,[8][9] and thus safe sex practices are advised.[8] Anal sex is considered a high-risk sexual practice, and unprotected anal sex is the riskiest of all forms of sexual intercourse,[1][10] due to the vulnerability of the rectum and sphincter tissues.[11] It is also controversial in many religious traditions, often due to prohibitions against homosexuality and/or to teachings about the procreative purpose of sex. However, as attitudes toward sexuality have changed in recent years, many religious groups, especially in Euroamerican Judaism and Christianity, have become more accepting of non-procreative sex, including male homosexuality.

Anatomy and stimulation

File:Male anatomy.png
Male genital anatomy, showing the location of the prostate with respect to the rectum.
See also: Prostate massage

The abundance of nerve endings in the anal region and rectum makes anal sex pleasurable for many men and women.[12] "The opening and closing of the anus is controlled by the internal and external sphincter muscles (the most important muscles when engaging in anal sex). The sphincter muscle is a sensitive membrane with many nerve endings and thus the source of pleasure or pain."[13]

In a male receiving partner, being penetrated can produce a pleasurable sensation due to the inserted penis rubbing or brushing against the prostate (also known as the "male G-Spot", "P-Spot" or "A-Spot") through the anal wall.[3][14] This can result in pleasurable sensations and can lead to an orgasm in some cases.[3] The prostate is located next to the rectum and is the larger, more developed[15] male homologue to the Skene's glands, which are believed to be connected to the female "G-Spot".[16] The Skene's glands are sometimes referred to as the "female prostate";[17] they are located around the urethra and can be felt through the wall of the vagina.

Most women can only achieve orgasm through clitoral stimulation.[18][19][20][21] The clitoris surrounds the vagina somewhat like a horseshoe, and is viewed as the key to women's sexual pleasure.[18][20] In addition to nerve endings present within the anus and rectum, a physiological explanation for why some women may find anal stimulation pleasurable is that the clitoris has "legs" which extend along the vaginal lips back to the anus.[22] The Gräfenberg spot, or G-Spot, a small area behind the female pubic bone surrounding the urethra and accessible through the anterior wall of the vagina, is considered to have legs in relation to the clitoris[18][23] which may also be accessible through anal penetration. Stimulation of the clitoris or G-Spot, or both, during anal sex may help some women to enjoy the experience.[24]

In porn imagery, "anal sex is portrayed as quite normal," but according to Go Ask Alice! and other researchers, it occurs "much less frequently" than other sexual behaviors.[1][25] "Often, it is presented as something that is both routine and [generally] painless for women. In real life, this is not the case," relayed doctors John Dean and David Delvin of NetDoctor, attributing the increase of anal activity among heterosexual couples to anal pornography.[1] "Some people like [anal] because it seems taboo or naughty," stated author and sex therapist Jack Morin. "Some people like the flavor of dominance and submission... some don’t."[26] For men, anal sex can yield more tactile pleasure for the penis, the anus usually being tighter than the vagina.[27]

As each person's sphincter muscles react to penetration differently,[13] the anal sphincter is delicate tissue that can tear, and the rectal mucous membrane provides insufficient natural lubrication, researchers agree on adequate personal lubrication, bodily relaxation and communication with the sex partner for avoidance of pain, as well as avoidance of damage to the anus.[1][26][24][28][29][30][31] Ensuring that the anal area is clean and the bowel is empty, for both aesthetics and practicality, is also advised.[1]

Heterosexual

Male to female

1892 lithograph by Paul Avril depicting male-to-female anal sex

Some men may enjoy being the insertive partner in anal sex due to the anus usually being tighter than the vagina.[27] The attitude of women towards being the receptive partner in this practice is diverse: while some consider it painful or uncomfortable, others say they find it pleasurable and some even prefer it to vaginal intercourse.[32][33]

In a study of hetero anal sex (8/2010 (n=214)), female participants stated that stimulation to multiple erogenous zones simultaneously (the clitoris, the G-Spot, the anus, and other erogenous zones) enabled the woman to enjoy anal intercourse with much less discomfort compared to anal penetration by itself. Women who had orgasms during anal sex reported that an orgasm during anal sex was more of a full-body experience than an orgasm from just clitoral stimulation.[24]

The risk to the woman is greater than the risk to the man during male-to-female anal intercourse.[34] At the same time, this act is held to carry a very low risk of unwanted pregnancy when not accompanied with vaginal intercourse, as anal intercourse cannot lead to pregnancy unless sperm is somehow transported to the vaginal opening in the process; in some populations, this activity is frequently used as a means of contraception, often in the absence of a condom.[35]

The risk of injury to the receptive partner due to anal intercourse is many times higher than that due to vaginal sex.[36] Also, the risk for transmission of the HIV virus is higher for anal sex than for vaginal sex.[37] Experts caution couples engaging in this practice to take steps to prevent damage to the rectal area, such as lubrication and also the use of protection, such as condoms, to stop the transmission of STDs.[1] Additionally, the man should never move from anal sex immediately to vaginal sex while barebacking or without changing the condom, due to infections that can arise in the vagina by bacteria present within the anus; this also applies to the use of sex toys.[38][39]

Female virginity

Male-to-female anal sex is sometimes seen as preserving female virginity because, in addition to its non-procreative nature, it leaves the hymen intact. Among sexually active heterosexuals, the concept of "technical virginity", which includes oral sex and mutual masturbation, is conceived as resting solely on penile-vaginal penetration.[40][41][42][43][44][45][46] Since the early 1990s, "technical virginity" has been popular among teenagers.[42][43]

Prevalence

In 1992, a study conducted by the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention found that only 26% of men 18 to 59 and 20% of women 18 to 59 had engaged in heterosexual anal sex; a similar 2005 survey (also conducted by the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention) found a rising incidence of anal sex relations in the American heterosexual population. The survey showed that 40% of men and 35% of women between 25 and 44 had engaged in heterosexual anal sex.[47] In terms of overall numbers of survey respondents, seven times as many women as gay men said that they engaged in anal intercourse, with this figure reflecting the larger heterosexual population size.[48] According to the National Survey of Sexual Health and Behavior (NSSHB), although anal intercourse is reported by fewer women than other partnered sex behaviors, partnered women in the age groups between 18-49 are significantly more likely to report having anal sex in the past 90 days.[49]

In a 2007 report entitled Prevalence and Correlates of Heterosexual Anal and Oral Sex in Adolescents and Adults in the United States, published in the Journal of Infectious Disease, a national survey of Family Growth found that 34% men and 30% women reported ever participating in heterosexual anal sex. The percentage of participants reporting heterosexual anal sex was significantly higher among 20- to 24-year-olds and peaked among 30- to 34-year-olds.[50][51] Another survey in, 2008, focused on a much younger demographic of teenagers and young adults, aged 15–21. It found that 16% of 1350 surveyed had had this type of sex in the previous 3 months, with condoms being used 29% of the time.[52] However, given the subject matter, the survey hypothesized the prevalence was probably underestimated.

In 2009, Kimberly R. McBride published a clinical report in The Journal of Sex Research which stated that changing norms may affect the frequency of heterosexual anal sex behaviors and suggests that there is a role for the exotic in the sexual repertoires of some heterosexuals" "[F]or a certain number of heterosexuals, anal intercourse is pleasurable, exciting, and perhaps considered more intimate than vaginal sex...". McBride and her colleagues investigated the prevalence of non-intercourse anal sex behaviors among a sample of men (n=1,299) and women (n=1,919) compared to anal intercourse experience and found that 51% of men and 43% of women had participated in at least one act of oral–anal sex, manual–anal sex, or anal sex toy use.[53][50] McBride and Janssen found that the majority of men (n=631)and women (n=856) who reported heterosexual anal intercourse in the past 12 months were in exclusive, monogamous relationships: 69% and 73%, respectively.[53][50]

Figures for prevalence can vary amongst different demographics, regions, and nationalities. A 2001 French survey of five hundred female respondents concluded that a total of 29% had engaged in this practice, with one third of these confirming to have enjoyed the experience.[54] In contrast, in a 1999 South Korean survey of 586 women, 3.5% of respondents reported having had this type of sex.[55]

Figures for the prevalence of sexual behavior can also fluctuate over time. Edward O. Laumann's 1992 survey, reported in The Social Organization of Sexuality: Sexual Practices in the United States, found that about 20% of heterosexuals had engaged in male-to-female anal sex. Sex researcher Alfred Kinsey, working in the 1940s, had found that number to be closer to 40% at the time. More recently, a researcher from the University of British Columbia in 2005 put the number of heterosexuals who have engaged in this practice at between 30% and 50%.[56] According to Columbia University's health website Go Ask Alice!: "Studies indicate that about 25 percent of heterosexual couples have had anal sex at least once, and 10 percent regularly have anal penetration."[57]

Female to male (pegging)

A woman wearing a strap-on dildo about to engage in anal sex with a man.
See also: Pegging (sexual practice)

Pegging is a sexual practice in which a woman penetrates a man's anus with a strap-on dildo.[58] Advice columnist Dan Savage wrote that he believes all men should try pegging at least once, as it may introduce them to a new enjoyable sexual activity and illuminate them to the receiver's perspective in sex.[59] A few instructional movies and books have emerged in recent years, including Bend Over Boyfriend, produced by Fatale Media, Inc., and directed by Shar Rednour, SIR Video co-founder. As an accomplished author of numerous sex guides and informational books on various sexual taboos, Violet Blue wrote and released The Adventurous Couple's Guide to Strap-On Sex in 2007.[60]

The National Institutes of Health (NIH), with information published in the British Medical Journal (BMJ), states that, "There are little published data on how many heterosexual men would like their anus to be sexually stimulated in a heterosexual relationship," but that, "Anecdotally, it is a substantial number. What data we do have almost all relate to penetrative sexual acts, and the superficial contact of the anal ring with fingers or the tongue is even less well documented but may be assumed to be a common sexual activity for men of all sexual orientations.[61]

Homosexual

Male to male

19th-century erotic interpretation of Hadrian and Antinous, by Paul Avril

Historically, anal sex has been commonly associated with male homosexuality. However, many gay men, or men who have sex with men in general, do not engage in anal sex.[1][25][62][63] Among men who have anal sex with other men, the insertive partner is called the top and the one being penetrated is called the bottom. Those who enjoy either role are referred to as versatile.[63][64][65] Gay men who prefer anal sex may view it as "[their] version of intercourse"[26] and as "the natural apex of sex, a wonderful expression of intimacy, and a great source of pleasure..."[62] Psychologist Walt Odets said, "I think that anal sex has for gay men the same emotional significance that vaginal sex has for heterosexuals."[66]

Some men who have sex with men prefer to engage in frot or other forms of mutual masturbation because they find it more pleasurable and/or more affectionate, to preserve technical virginity, or as safe sex alternatives to anal sex,[62][63][66][67][68][69] while other frot advocates denounce anal sex as degrading to the receptive partner and unnecessarily risky.[66][67][70][71]

Prevalence

The prevalence of anal sex among homosexual couples in the West has varied over time. Magnus Hirschfeld, in his 1914 work, The Homosexuality of Men and Women, reported the rate of anal sex among homosexual men surveyed to be 8%, the least favored of all the practices documented.[72] Likewise, some scholars state that oral sex and mutual masturbation are more common than anal stimulation among gay men in long-term relationships,[25][62] and that, in general, anal intercourse is more popular among homosexual male couples than among heterosexual couples, but that "it ranks behind oral sex and mutual masturbation" among both sexual orientations in prevalence.[73]

By the 1950s in the United Kingdom, it was thought that about fifteen percent of male homosexuals had anal sex.[74] More recent studies, The Gay Urban Men's Study (P.I. Stall, UCSF) and the Young Men's Study (YMS, PI Osmond/Catania, UCSF), indicate that 50% of the surveyed men who have sex with men engage in anal sex.[75][76] The 1994 Laumann study suggests that 80% of gay men practice it and 20% never engage in it at all.[77]

The National Institutes of Health (NIH), with information published in the British Medical Journal (BMJ), states that two thirds of gay men have anal sex.[61] Other sources suggest that roughly three-fourths of gay men have anal sex at one time or another in their lives, with an equal percentage participating as tops and bottoms.[63] A survey in The Advocate in 1994 indicated that 46% of gay men preferred to penetrate their partners, while 43% preferred to be the receptive partner.[63] A survey conducted from 1994 to 1997 in San Francisco by the Stop AIDS Project indicated that over the course of the study, among men who have sex with men, the proportion engaging in anal sex increased from 57.6% to 61.2%.[78]

Pain

Pain during receptive anal sex is formally known as anodyspareunia.[79] One study found that about 12% of gay men find it too painful to pursue, and concluded that the perception of anal sex as painful is just as likely to be psychologically or emotionally based as it is to be physically based.[80] Another study that examined pain during insertive and receptive anal sex in gay men found that 3% of tops (insertive partners) and 16% of bottoms (receptive partners) reported significant pain.[81] Factors predictive of pain during anal sex include inadequate lubrication, feeling tense or anxious, lack of stimulation, as well as lack of social ease with being gay and being closeted. Research has found that psychological factors can in fact be the primary contributors to the experience of pain during anal intercourse and that adequate communication between sexual partners can prevent it, countering the notion that pain is always inevitable during anal sex.[79][80][81][82]

Female to female

A woman performing anal–oral sex on another woman.

There is less research on anal sexuality in the lesbian community, and among women who have sex with women in general, as compared to couples of other sexual orientations, but stimulating the anus for sexual pleasure is stated to be a part of many lesbians' sex lives; the anus can be rimmed — the tongue moved around its edge — stroked or penetrated with the fingers or a dildo.[83] There are lesbians who like anal sex and others "who cannot bear the thought of it."[84] In 1987, a non-scientific study (Munson) was conducted of more than 100 members of a lesbian social organization in Colorado. When asked what techniques they used in their last 10 lovemaking sessions, 100% were for kissing, sucking on breasts, and manual stimulation of the clitoris; more than 90% reported French kissing, oral sex, and fingers inserted into the vagina; and 80% reported tribadism. Lesbians in their 30s were twice as likely as other age groups to engage in anal stimulation (with a finger or dildo).[29]

Author Tom Boellstorff, when particularly examining anal sex among gay and lesbian individuals in Indonesia, stated, "I have not heard of oral-anal contact or anal penetration as recognized forms of lesbi[an] sexuality but assume they take place."[85]

Daniel Villarreal of Queerty.com suggests that lesbians are better equipped to "teach heterosexual women" about anal sex than gay men are. "Firstly, they're women and anal sex feels different for women. Women lack that Giggity-spot called the prostate, so anal-loving [lesbians] know much more how anal sex feels as a woman than gay men ever could," he stated. "Most importantly though, women respond better to women. Ladies can approach the issue by discussing trust, communication, sobriety, HPV-prevention, and knowing your own body."[86]

Health risks

General

Anal sex exposes participants to two principal dangers: infections, due to the high number of infectious microorganisms not found elsewhere on the body, and physical damage to the anus and the rectum due to their vulnerability. It is generally understood that penetration can be painful.[87] Frequent anal sex is associated with hemorrhoids, anal prolapse, leakage, ano-rectal pain and ulcers and fissures.[88]

Experts say that as social mores ease, more young heterosexuals are engaging in anal sex, a behavior once rarely mentioned in polite circles. And the experimentation, they worry, may be linked to the current increase in sexually transmitted diseases.[89]

Anal sex carries with it a much greater risk of passing on sexually transmitted diseases than vaginal sex, as the anal sphincter is delicate tissue and the chances of a small tear occurring are much higher, which also provides more opportunity for diseases.[26][28][29][30] Condoms offer protection, but condoms are more likely to break or come off during anal sex, so this form of sex is riskier unless both parties are absolutely disease free.[90][91] Judy Kuriansky, a Columbia University professor and author, stated, "It really is shocking how many myths young people have about anal sex. They don't think you can get a disease from it because you're not having [vaginal] intercourse."[92] Anal sex without the use of a condom is often referred to as barebacking.[93]

HIV/AIDS and other infectious diseases

Mucous membranes of the rectum.

Among the diseases with which anal sex is associated are HIV,[94] human papilloma virus (HPV) (which can increase risk for anal cancer),[95] typhoid fever,[96] or sexual intercourse in general. Among these are: amoebiasis; chlamydia; cryptosporidiosis; E. coli infections; giardiasis; gonorrhea; hepatitis A; hepatitis B; hepatitis C; herpes simplex; human papillomavirus; Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (HHV-8);[97] lymphogranuloma venereum; Mycoplasma hominis; Mycoplasma genitalium; pubic lice; salmonellosis; shigella; syphilis; tuberculosis; and Ureaplasma urealyticum.[12][98][99][100]

The high concentration of white blood cells around the rectum, together with the risk of cuts to the rectum and that one of the functions of the rectum is to absorb fluid, increases the risk of HIV transmission because the HIV retrovirus reproduces within the immune system's T-cells/CD4 cells. Use of condoms and other precautions are a medically recommended way to lessen risk of infections. Unprotected receptive anal sex is the most risky sexual behavior in terms of HIV transmission.[101][102][103]

Increased risk of anal cancer

Anal cancer is relatively rare, accounting for about 1 percent of gastrointestinal malignancies, but as many as 4,000 new cases can be diagnosed within a year in the United States, according to the American Cancer Society.[104][105] Most cases of anal cancer are related to infection with the human papilloma virus (HPV).[104][105] Anal sex alone does not cause anal cancer; the risk of anal cancer through anal sex is attributed to HPV infection, which is often contracted through unprotected anal sex. The incidence of the disease has jumped 160% in men and 78% in women in the last thirty years, according to a 2004 American study. The increase is attributed to changing trends in sexual behavior (such as a history of multiple sex partners, fifteen or more, or receptive anal sex) and smoking. If a current smoker, there is a fourfold increase in risk, though independent of other behavioral risk factors, such as sexual activity. Receptive anal sex increases the incidence sevenfold.[105] Among the female control group studied, 21.5 percent had reported practicing anal sex, a significant increase from a previous case-control study by epidemiologist Janet Daling (Ph.D., member of Fred Hutchinson's Public Health Sciences Division) and her colleagues, published in 1987, in which 11 percent of female controls had reported ever having anal sex. This and other studies also indicate that gay or bisexual sex among men is on the rise, which may account for the increase in anal cancer.[105] "The sharpest increase was among African American men, whose incidence of anal cancer has more than doubled in the past three decades. Black men also had a lower survival rate from the disease." The study reported that the five-year survival rate for black men with early stage disease was 62 percent as compared to 79 percent for white men with localized cancer. However, the survey also reported that black men were more likely than white men to report having had intercourse with another male in the last year. Regarding all the increases, whether or not sexual practices have changed, Daling, concluded, "[I]t also could be that people are just more likely to discuss their sexual behavior these days."[105]

Physical damage

Physical damage to the rectum and anus can manifest as generalized ano-rectal trauma, anal fissures,[12] rectal prolapse, and exacerbating (but not causing) hemorrhoids.[106] An insufficient amount of lubricant can make it especially painful or injurious.[107] Damage is more likely to occur if intercourse is forcible or aggressive or if alcohol or other drugs have dulled sensitivity.

Loss of control over the bowels, though rare according to some, is thought to be a valid concern[108] and is reported to be caused by repeated injury, or by the insertion of large objects,[109] or simply by regular anal sex, which "leads to internal sphincter dilation and soiling."[110]

A 1993 study published in the Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine found that fourteen out of a sample of forty men receiving anal intercourse experienced episodes of frequent anal incontinence.[111] However, a 1997 study published in the American Journal of Gastroenterology found no difference in levels of incontinence between homosexual men who engaged in anal sex and heterosexual men who did not, and criticized the earlier study for its inclusion of flatulence in its definition of incontinence.[112]

Dr. Jack Morin recommended kegel exercises to prevent loss of muscle tone from anal fisting or insertion of large objects in a presentation of clinical aspects of anal sexuality, delivered at the 1998 joint conference of the Society for the Scientific Study of Sexuality and the American Association of Sex Educators. He added, however, that he had never personally observed "loosening" in any of his patients.[113]

Cultural issues

A shunga print depicting an older and a younger man

Historically, a number of cultures have recorded the practice of anal intercourse between men.

Ancient and non-Western cultures

The term "Greek love" has long been used to refer to the practice, and in modern times, "doing it the Greek way" is sometimes used as slang for anal sex. However, homosexual anal sex was far from a universally accepted practice in Ancient Greece. It was the target of jokes in surviving comedies; Aristophanes mockingly alludes to the practice, claiming that "Most citizens are europroktoi (wide-arsed) now."[114] While pedagogic pederasty was an essential element in the education of male youths, these relationships, at least in Athens and Sparta, were expected to steer clear of penetrative sex of any kind. There are very few works of pottery or other art that display anal sex between older men and boys, let alone with adult men. Most such works depict fondling or intercrural sex, which was not condemned for violating and feminizing the boys. Other sources make it clear that the practice was criticized as shameful,[115] and seen as a form of hubris.[116]

Two Roman males on the Warren Cup, British Museum

In later Roman-era Greek poetry, anal sex became a common topos, represented as taking place with "eligible" youths: those who had attained the proper age but had not yet become adults. Seducing children into the practice was considered very shameful for the adult, and having such relations with a male who was no longer adolescent was considered more shameful for the young male than for the one mounting him. Greek courtesans, or hetaerae, are said to have frequently practiced heterosexual anal intercourse as a means of preventing pregnancy.[117] The acceptability of anal sex thus varied with the time-period and the location, as Ancient Greece spanned a long time and stretched over three continents and two major seas.

For a male citizen to take the passive (or receptive) role in anal intercourse was condemned in Rome as an act of impudicitia (immodesty or unchastity). Free men, however, frequently took the active role with a young slave, known as a catamite or puer delicatus. In fact the Romans thought of anal sex as something specifically "Greek," although Roman men often availed themselves of their own slaves or others in this way.[118]

In Japan, records (including detailed shunga) show that at least some men in relationships with other men did engage in penetrative anal intercourse.

Man and woman having anal sex. Ceramic, Moche Culture. 300 C.E. Larco Museum Collection

Evidence suggestive of widespread heterosexual anal intercourse in a pre-modern culture can be found in the erotic vases, or stirrup-spout pots, made by the Moche people of Peru; in a survey[119] of a collection of these pots, it was found that 31 percent of them depicted heterosexual anal intercourse, more by far than any other sex act. Moche pottery of this type belonged to the world of the dead, which was believed to be a reversal of life. Thus the reverse of common practices was often portrayed. The Larco Museum houses an Erotic Gallery in which this pottery is showcased.

The 19th century anthropologist Richard Francis Burton has theorized that there is a geographical Sotadic zone wherein penetrative intercourse between men is particularly prevalent and accepted; moreover he was one of the first writers to advance the premise that such an orientation is biologically determined.[120]

Western cultures

In many Western countries, anal sex has generally been taboo since the Middle Ages when heretical movements were sometimes attacked by accusations that their members practised anal sex among themselves.[citation needed] At that time the mainstream Christian clergy was not celibate, but the highest orders of some heretical sects were, leading to rumours that their celibacy was a sign of their attraction to members of the same sex.[citation needed] The term buggery originated in medieval Europe as an insult used to describe the rumoured same-sex sexual practices of the heretics from a sect originating in Bulgaria, where its followers were called bogomils[citation needed]; when they spread out of the country they were called buggres (from the ethnonym Bulgars).[citation needed] Another term for the practice, more archaic, is "pedicate" from the Latin pedicare, with the same meaning.[121]

The Renaissance poet Pietro Aretino advocated the practice in his Sonetti Lussuriosi (Lust Sonnets).[122]

While men who engaged in homosexual relationships were generally suspected of engaging in anal sex, many such individuals did not. Among these, in recent times, have been André Gide, who found it repulsive;[123] and Noel Coward, who had a horror of disease, and asserted when young that "I'd never do anything – well the disgusting thing they do – because I know I could get something wrong with me."[124]

In religion

François-Rolland Elluin, Sodomites provoking divine wrath, from Le pot-pourri (1781)
Further information: Sodomy

Within the Abrahamic religions anal sex is often promulgated under the rubric of "sodomy", which could include various other transgressions of a sexual nature, whether with men, women or animals. This idea is vividly brought to life in the popular interpretation of the story of Sodom and Gomorrah, where the people were prone to sexual immorality, and as a result were destroyed. There are conflicting views as to why Sodom was destroyed.

Judaism

Orthodox Judaism teaches that sodomy is a sin and an abomination.

Christianity

Sodomy is generally thought to be in contradiction to the teachings of the Bible. The practice of sodomy has been referenced in both old and new testaments as an immoral act worthy of the wrath of God. In Genesis, the first book of the Bible, the town was of Sodom was destroyed as a judgment by God on the homosexual acts committed by those living there.[125] The term sodomy received its name from this story.[126]

In the modern church community the topic of sodomy is clumsily handled. Since there are many branches of Christian faith there are also many perspectives on what to do with sodomy. Needless to say, there is confusion on how to treat the ancient topic that has been a taboo for millennia.

Some churches have learned to accept those who have openly engaged in sodomy. This acceptance is done on the premise that Jesus has taught mankind to not judge one another but to love as God had loved them. Other churches have not accepted sodomy basing their beliefs mainly in scripture from the old testament. The topic is well debated on both sides on the pew, and will perhaps continue to be debated until the eschaton.

In Christian countries it has often been referred to euphemistically as the peccatum contra naturam (the sin against nature, after Thomas Aquinas) or Sodomitica luxuria (sodomitical lusts, in one of Charlemagne's ordinances), or peccatum illud horribile, inter christianos non nominandum (that horrible sin that among Christians is not to be named).[citation needed]

Islam

Main article: Islamic view of anal sex

Liwat, or the sin of Lot's people, is officially prohibited by most Islamic sects. There are parts of the Qur'an which talk about smiting on Sodom and Gomorrah, and this is thought to be a reference to unnatural sex, and so there are hadith and Islamic laws which prohibit it. Practitioners of anal relations are called luti and are seen as criminals in the same way that a thief is a criminal, meaning that they are giving in to a universal temptation. Liwat with a woman is known as lesser liwat and with a man as greater liwat. "

Buddhism

Further information: Sexuality and Buddhism and LGBT topics and Buddhism

The most common formulation of Buddhist ethics is the Five Precepts. These precepts take the form of voluntary, personal undertakings, not divine mandate or instruction. The third of the Precepts is "To refrain from committing sexual misconduct."[125] However, "sexual misconduct" (Sanskrit: Kāmesu micchācāra literally "sense gratifications arising from the 5 senses"") is subject to interpretation relative to the social norms of the followers.[126] In fact, Buddhism, in its fundamental form, does not define what is right and what is wrong in absolute terms for lay followers. Therefore the interpretation of what kinds of sexual activity are acceptable for a layman is not a religious matter as far as Buddhism is concerned.[127]

Buddhism teaches that sensual enjoyment and desire in general, and sexual pleasure in particular, are hindrances to enlightenment.[128] Buddhist monks and nuns of most traditions are expected to refrain from all sexual activity and take vows of celibacy; lay people, however, are not expected to refrain from any specific form of sexual activity, and there is no concept of sinfulness attaching to sex.

Hinduism

See also: History of sex in India and LGBT topics and Hinduism

See also

References

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Further reading

  • Bentley, Toni The Surrender: An Erotic Memoir, Regan Books, 2004.
  • Brent, Bill Ultimate Guide to Anal Sex for Men, Cleis Press, 2002.
  • Hite, Shere The Hite Report on Male Sexuality
  • Houser, Ward Anal Sex. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality. Dynes, Wayne R. (ed.), Garland Publishing, 1990. pp. 48–50.
  • Manning, Lee The Illustrated Book Of Anal Sex, Erotic Print Society, 2003. ISBN 978-1-898998-59-4
  • Morin, Jack Anal Pleasure & Health: A Guide for Men and Women, Down There Press, 1998. ISBN 978-0-940208-20-9
  • Sanderson, Terry The Gay Man's Kama Sutra, Thomas Dunne Books, 2004.
  • Strong, Bill with Lori E. Gammon Anal Sex for Couples: A Guaranteed Guide for Painless Pleasure Triad Press, Inc.; First edition, 2006. ISBN 978-0-9650716-2-8
  • Tristan Taormino The Ultimate Guide to Anal Sex for Women, Cleis Press, 1997, 2006. ISBN 978-1-57344-028-8
  • Underwood, Steven G. Gay Men and Anal Eroticism: Tops, Bottoms, and Versatiles, Harrington Park Press, 2003
  • Webb, Charlotte Masterclass: Anal Sex, Erotic Print Society, 2007.
  • DeCitore, David Arouse Her Anal Ecstasy (2007) ISBN 978-0-615-39914-0
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