The Twenty Classes
The incident of the Twenty Classes (Turkish: Yirmi Kur'a Nafıa Askerleri,[1] literally: "Soldiers for Public works by drawing of twenty lots", or Yirmi Kur'a İhtiyatlar Olayı,[2][3] literally: "Incident of the Reserve soldiers by drawing of twenty lots") was a conscription used by the Turkish government during World War II to conscript the male non-Muslim minority population mainly consisting of Armenians, Greeks, Assyrians and Jews.
The conscription began in May 1941.[4] All of the twenty classes were drawn from male minority populations and included the elderly and mentally ill.[5] They were given no weapons but were gathered in Aşkale Labor Camp for manufacture of military equipment, building construction, construction and care of roads.[4] They were forced to work under very poor conditions. The prevailing and widespread point of view on the matter was that, anticipating entry to World War II, Turkey gathered, in advance, all unreliable male citizens of non-Muslim ethnic groups regarded as a potential "fifth column" if Germany attacked Turkey, after it had also invaded its neighbors Greece and Bulgaria.[4] In July 1942, the men were released from their duty.[4]
One of the main intentions of the Turkish government was to seize the assets of the minority population. The conscripted minorities were bankrupted since they could not manage their businesses during the incident of the Twenty Classes and as a result they had to sell their companies and assets for nearly nothing. After this, there followed two major events with almost the same intentions: Varlık Vergisi and Istanbul Pogrom.[6]
See also
[edit]Sources
[edit]- ^ Rıfat N. Bali, Yirmi Kur'a Nafıa Askerleri: II. Dünya Savaşında Gayrimüslimlerin Askerlik Serüveni, Kitabevi Yayınları, İstanbul, 2008, ISBN 978-975-9173-86-9. (in Turkish)
- ^ Elçin Macar, İstanbul Rum Patrikhanesi, İletişim Yayınları, İstanbul, 2003, ISBN 978-975-05-0118-0, p. 174. (in Turkish)
- ^ Ayşe Hür, "'Türk Schindleri' efsaneleri" Archived 2011-02-17 at the Wayback Machine, Taraf, December 16, 2007. (in Turkish) ["Turkish Schindler"]
- ^ a b c d Bali, Rifat (2012-04-13). Model Citizens of the State: The Jews of Turkey during the Multi-Party Period. Lexington Books. p. 12. ISBN 978-1-61147-537-1.
- ^ Melkonyan, Ruben. "ON SOME PROBLEMS OF THE ARMENIAN NATIONAL MINORITY IN TURKEY" (PDF). p. 2.
- ^ Baskın Oran, "Azınlıklardan alınıp sermaye biriktirildi", Radikal, February 9, 2008. (in Turkish)
- 1941 establishments in Turkey
- 1942 disestablishments in Turkey
- 1941 in military history
- 1942 in military history
- Conscription in Turkey
- Military history of Turkey
- History of the Republic of Turkey
- Discrimination in Turkey
- Greeks in Turkey
- Persecution of Greeks in Turkey
- Greece–Turkey relations
- Violence against men in Asia