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Allen v. Milligan
Supreme Court of the United States
Argued October 4, 2022
Decided June 8, 2023
Full case nameWes Allen, Alabama Secretary of State, et al. v. Evan Milligan, et al.
Wes Allen, Alabama Secretary of State, et al. v. Marcus Caster, et al.
Docket nos.21-1086
21-1087
Citations599 U.S. 1 (more)
ArgumentOral argument
Opinion announcementOpinion announcement
DecisionOpinion
Questions presented
Whether the State of Alabama's 2021 redistricting plan for its seven seats in the United States House of Representatives violated Section 2 of the Voting Rights Act, 52 U.S.C. § 10301.
Holding
Plaintiffs demonstrated a reasonable likelihood of success on their claim that Alabama's redistricting plan violates Section 2 of the Voting Rights Act of 1965. District Court for the Northern District of Alabama affirmed.
Court membership
Chief Justice
John Roberts
Associate Justices
Clarence Thomas · Samuel Alito
Sonia Sotomayor · Elena Kagan
Neil Gorsuch · Brett Kavanaugh
Amy Coney Barrett · Ketanji Brown Jackson
Case opinions
MajorityRoberts (except as to Part III–B–1), joined by Sotomayor, Kagan, Kavanaugh, Jackson
PluralityRoberts (Part III–B–1), joined by Sotomayor, Kagan, Jackson
ConcurrenceKavanaugh (all but Part III–B–1)
DissentThomas, joined by Gorsuch; Alito (Parts II–A and II–B); Barrett (Parts II and III)
DissentAlito, joined by Gorsuch
Laws applied
Voting Rights Act of 1965

Allen v. Milligan, 599 U. S. 1 (2023),[note 1] is a United States Supreme Court case related to redistricting under the Voting Rights Act of 1965 (VRA). The appellees and respondents argued that Alabama's congressional districts discriminated against African-American voters. The Court ruled 5–4 that Alabama's districts likely violated the VRA, maintained an injunction that required Alabama to create an additional majority-minority district.

Background

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Main article: Redistricting in Alabama

Alabama's congressional districts have had roughly the same configuration since 1993, with one majority-minority district out of its seven total districts. Data from the 2020 United States Census showed that while the state did not gain or lose any representation at the federal level, the racial diversity in the state had increased, with the portion of white residents having fallen from 68% to 64% over the prior ten years, while Alabama's Black population grew by 3.8 percent over the same period.[1][2]

In November 2021, the Alabama Legislature modified the existing districts to account for shifts in population. Soon after, multiple groups of plaintiffs sued, asserting the districts violated Section 2 of the Voting Rights Act of 1965 and the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution. The plaintiffs sought the creation of an additional majority-minority district. Two suits (Singleton and Milligan) were assigned to a three-judge district court consisting of Judges Stanley Marcus, Terry F. Moorer, and Anna M. Manasco, and the third suit (Caster) was assigned to just Manasco. On January 24, 2022, the district courts in each of the cases enjoined the districts, holding they violated the VRA. The judges issued an order that Alabama must redraw its maps, such that "any remedial plan will need to include two districts in which Black voters either comprise a voting-age majority or something quite close to it."[3] The courts did not decide the constitutional issue, applying the doctrine of constitutional avoidance.[4] Alabama appealed the following day to the Supreme Court in Milligan and the United States Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit in Caster.[5]

Supreme Court

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Initial injunction

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The Supreme Court stayed the district court's injunctions in an order issued on February 7, 2022. The order stated that there was probable jurisdiction from the district court's order in Milligan, and granted certiorari before judgment in Caster. Justice Elena Kagan, joined by Justices Stephen Breyer and Sonia Sotomayor dissented, stating "Today's decision is one more in a disconcertingly long line of cases in which this Court uses its shadow docket to signal or make changes in the law, without anything approaching full briefing and argument."[6] Chief Justice John Roberts also wrote a dissent to the order to grant a stay, but agreed the Court should review the case.[6]

In response to Kagan's dissent, Justice Brett Kavanaugh wrote a concurrence, joined by Justice Samuel Alito, stating that under Purcell v. Gonzalez, courts should not enjoin enforcement of election-related laws or regulations so close to the election.[5] Again in response, Kagan noted that Alabama "enacted the current map in less than a week and can move quickly again if it wants to", and that their "primary is still four months away, while the general election is nearly nine months away." By contrast, Purcell was decided only 15 days before the 2006 election.[5]

Oral argument

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Oral arguments were held on October 4, 2022, with Edmund LaCour defending Alabama, Deuel Ross of the NAACP Legal Defense Fund for the Milligan appellees, Abha Khanna of Elias Law Group for the Caster respondents, and the United States solicitor general Elizabeth Prelogar as amicus curiae for the United States.[7]

Opinion of the Court

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On June 8, 2023, the Supreme Court affirmed the district court and held Alabama's map likely violated the Voting Rights Act. Chief Justice John Roberts delivered the opinion of the court, except for Part III-B-1. His opinion was joined in whole by Justices Sonia Sotomayor, Elena Kagan, and Ketanji Brown Jackson, and in part by Justice Brett Kavanaugh.[8][9]

Dissents

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Justice Clarence Thomas wrote a dissent, joined fully by Justice Gorsuch and partially by Justice Alito and Justice Barrett. Thomas wrote that the decision would force "Alabama to intentionally redraw its longstanding congressional districts so that black voters can control a number of seats roughly proportional to the black share of the State's population. Section 2 demands no such thing, and, if it did, the Constitution would not permit it."[10] Justice Alito wrote a separate dissent joined fully by Justice Gorsuch.

Aftermath

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Main article: 2024 United States House of Representatives elections in Alabama § District 2
The new congressional districts map chosen by the district court

On June 12, 2023, the Supreme Court formally lifted their stay on the district court's decision.[11] On June 15, the Alabama Attorney General's office informed the District Court for the Northern District of Alabama that the Legislature would draft and pass a new congressional district map by July 21 in a special session.[12][13] The defendants had previously asserted that any map must be in place by October 1, a month prior to Alabama's candidate filing deadline on November 10 for the 2024 general elections.[14]

By July 2023, the Alabama legislature created a new redistricting map that had only one black-majority district, while raising the proportion of blacks of voting age in a second district. This map was approved by Alabama Governor Kay Ivey on July 21, 2023. Democratic lawmakers in the state criticized the map for failing to meet the two black-majority district requirement set by the prior litigation. Ivey stated "The Legislature knows our state, our people, and our districts better than the federal courts or activist groups, and I am pleased that they answered the call, remained focused, and produced new districts ahead of the court deadline."[3] The new map had to be approved by the district court.[3] The district court rejected the new maps on September 5, 2023, ruling that they were "deeply troubled" by the legislature's failure to follow the court order, and assigned a special master to redraw new districts.[15] The special master submitted three options for redistricting that included the required two black-majority districts by September 25, 2023, to be reviewed by the three-judge panel.[16] The judges' panel selected one of these for their approval on October 5, 2023.[17]

State attorney general Steve Marshall had filed for an emergency stay of the rejection of the legislature's revised maps to the U.S. Supreme Court, but the Court denied the request on September 26, 2023.[18] Marshall then dismissed the state's remaining appeal to the Supreme Court against the district court's order on September 29, while the state's lawyers argued to the district court that the special master's proposed maps were racial gerrymanders.[1][2]

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Alabama

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A court case, Thomas v. Allen, challenging the Alabama Senate district maps under Section 2 of the VRA and challenging both legislative chambers' district maps under the Fourteenth Amendment, was filed on November 16, 2021. Litigation was paused pending the outcome of Milligan.

Louisiana

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Congressional district case

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On June 28, 2022, the Supreme Court of the United States granted certiorari and a stay in the case Ardoin v. Robinson. This case involved Louisiana's congressional redistricting, where the legislature drew one majority-minority district out of six congressional districts despite Louisiana having a black population of 30%. The Supreme Court granted certiorari before judgment in this case but stated that it would hold the case in abeyance pending the decision in Milligan. the state, which petitioned the Supreme Court for emergency relief in order to stay the Robinson case, argued that the Robinson case depended on the same grounds as Milligan.[19] On June 9, the day after the Milligan decision, the Robinson Respondents represented by LDF and the ACLU filed a motion to lift the stay. On June 14, Louisiana Attorney General Jeff Landry and Louisiana Secretary of State Kyle Ardoin petitioned the Supreme Court to hear in full their appeal of the Robinson case, arguing that "facts alone also suitably distinguish the Court's [Milligan] decision" from Robinson.[20]

On June 26, 2023, The Supreme Court dismissed Louisiana's appeal and declined to hear the case themselves, thus paving the way for the matter to be resolved in the lower courts 'in advance of the 2024 elections.' It raised the likelihood that Louisiana will have to draw a second majority-black congressional district, pending any decision by the 5th Circuit.[21] On June 28, the 5th Circuit issued a request for both plaintiffs and defendants to submit letter briefs on whether or not to remand the case back to the Middle District of Louisiana. On the same day, the plaintiffs asked the Middle District for a status conference to determine a process for redrawing the congressional map.

On September 28, the Fifth Circuit ordered the district court to cancel proceedings for redrawing the congressional map in a 2-1 decision, siding with the Defendant Louisiana Secretary of State that the district court did not allow them enough time to draw a VRA-compliant map, and rejected a request by the plaintiffs to delay their order. The plaintiffs subsequently filed an appeal to the Supreme Court against the Fifth Circuit's order.[22][23] The Supreme Court declined to reverse the Fifth Circuit's order, though as written by Justice Ketanji Brown Jackson, the Court expects that the state legislature to promptly review options for a compliant map from the state to be used for the 2024 elections.[24] After review, the Fifth Circuit lifted all prior orders, and ruled that the Louisiana state legislature must complete new maps by January 15, 2024, which would still be reviewed by the district court for compliance with the VRA.[25]

On January 19, 2024, the Louisiana House of Representatives and the Louisiana Senate agreed on a new congressional map that added a second district with a black majority, stretching from Baton Rouge to Shreveport.[26] The map as drawn would designate the 6th district as strongly Democrat-tilted and likely would push the incumbent, Republican Garret Graves, out of Congress. Though Graves is more senior than neighboring Representative Letlow, he was a major McCarthy ally during the latter's speakership, worked to undermine the speakership candidacy of Steve Scalise during the October 2023 Speaker of the United States House of Representatives election, and endorsed a primary opponent of Landry's during the 2023 Louisiana gubernatorial election; hence, he was not listed amongst the "protected" list that State Senator Glen D. Womack developed as the map's sponsor.[27]

Governor Landry signed the map into law on January 22.[28]

Other cases

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In addition, other active cases filed against Louisiana targeted the state legislative and Louisiana Supreme Court maps under Section 2 of the VRA. The case challenging the district map of the State Supreme Court, Chisom v. Louisiana, has been active since 1986, and resulted in a 1992 consent decree in which the district map would not violate Section 2. The state filed a petition to dissolve the consent decree in 2021 but was rejected by a district court, after which the state appealed to the 5th Circuit, which held oral arguments in March 2023.

Georgia

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Several lawsuits were filed against Georgia to challenge congressional and state legislative maps under Section 2. The congressional map cases largely argue for another minority-opportunity district in the Metro Atlanta region. The Northern District ruled in October 2023 that the Georgia legislature must redraw the congressional and legislative maps to support the minority-opportunity district in Metro Atlanta by December 9, 2023, or else the court will draw such maps.[29] [30] The same day, a special session was called by Governor Brian Kemp for November 28, 2023 to redraw the maps.[31]

In addition, a lawsuit, Rose v. Raffensperger, was filed against the at-large election method used for electing members of the Georgia Public Service Commission under Section 2. The Northern District ruled in favor of the plaintiffs, ordering that the elections for two seats on the GAPSC be postponed until the election method is changed.[32] An appeal was filed by the state to the 11th Circuit, where litigation continues; an emergency stay of the Northern District's order was granted by the 11th Circuit[33] but was then vacated by the U.S. Supreme Court in August 2022.[34]

Other states

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See also: Alexander v. South Carolina State Conference of the NAACP

At the time of the decision, several other federal court cases across 10 states, including South Carolina and Texas, argued against congressional, legislative, and other district maps as violating Section 2. Stays were issued in several of these cases prior to the Milligan decision.[35]

References

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  1. ^ a b "Census: Alabama More Diverse, a Few Counties Driving Growth". Associated Press. August 12, 2021. Retrieved February 8, 2022 – via U.S. News & World Report.
  2. ^ a b Liptak, Adam (June 28, 2022). "Supreme Court Revives Republican-Drawn Voting Map in Louisiana". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved October 11, 2022.
  3. ^ a b c Galliger, Dianne (July 21, 2023). "Alabama GOP governor approves congressional map with just one majority-Black district despite court order". CNN. Retrieved July 22, 2023.
  4. ^ "Alabama's new congressional districts map blocked by federal judges". NBC News. Associated Press. January 24, 2022. Retrieved February 8, 2022.
  5. ^ a b c Howe, Amy (February 7, 2022). "In 5–4 vote, justices reinstate Alabama voting map despite lower court's ruling that it dilutes Black votes". SCOTUSblog. Retrieved February 7, 2022.
  6. ^ a b Benen, Steve (February 8, 2022). "Conservative justices rescue Alabama's racially discriminatory map". MSNBC. Retrieved February 8, 2022.
  7. ^ Howe, Amy (October 4, 2023). "Conservative justices seem poised to uphold Alabama's redistricting plan in Voting Rights Act challenge". SCOTUSblog. Retrieved June 8, 2023.
  8. ^ Liptak, Adam (June 8, 2023). "Supreme Court Rejects Voting Map That Diluted Black Voters' Power". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on June 29, 2023. Retrieved June 8, 2023.
  9. ^ Millhiser, Ian (June 8, 2023). "Surprise! The Supreme Court just handed down a significant victory for voting rights". Vox.com. Vox.com. Archived from the original on June 29, 2023. Retrieved July 2, 2023.
  10. ^ "Supreme Court rules in favor of Black Alabama voters in unexpected defense of Voting Rights Act". Associated Press. June 8, 2023.
  11. ^ "Order List: 599 U.S., Monday, June 12, 2023," (PDF). Supreme Court of the United States. June 12, 2023.
  12. ^ "DEFENDANTS' NOTICE REGARDING LEGISLATURE'S INTENT TO ENACT NEW REDISTRICTING PLAN" (PDF). June 15, 2023.
  13. ^ Josh, Moon (June 21, 2023). "Sources: Ivey to call reapportionment special session for mid-July". Alabama Political Reporter. Retrieved June 27, 2023.
  14. ^ "MILLIGAN/CASTER PLAINTIFFS' JOINT MOTION FOR ENTRY OF REMEDIAL SCHEDULING ORDER" (PDF). June 15, 2023.
  15. ^ Vazquez, Maegan (September 5, 2023). "Alabama congressional map struck down again for diluting Black voting power". Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved September 17, 2023.
  16. ^ Cason, Mike (September 25, 2023). "Court-ordered Alabama congressional maps add 2nd opportunity district for Black voters". al.com. Retrieved September 25, 2023.
  17. ^ Cochrane, Emily (October 5, 2023). "Alabama Is Ordered to Use Map With Two Districts That Empower Black Voters". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved October 6, 2023.
  18. ^ Hurley, Lawrence (September 26, 2023). "Supreme Court rejects Alabama's bid to use congressional map with just one majority-Black district". www.nbcnews.com. Retrieved October 4, 2023.
  19. ^ "Robinson v. Ardoin". The American Redistricting Project. June 28, 2022. Retrieved June 29, 2022.
  20. ^ Office of the Louisiana Attorney General. "Re: No. 21A814, Ardoin, et al. v. Robinson, et al" (PDF).
  21. ^ "Supreme Court paves the way for Louisiana congressional districts to be redrawn". NBC News. June 26, 2023. Retrieved July 6, 2023.
  22. ^ "Alabama's new congressional districts map blocked by federal judges". NBC News. January 25, 2022. Retrieved June 12, 2024.
  23. ^ "Louisiana Voters Ask U.S. Supreme Court To Pause 5th Circuit Order Delaying Fair Maps". Democracy Docket. September 29, 2023. Retrieved June 12, 2024.
  24. ^ Nanos, Eluna (October 20, 2023). "Ketanji Brown Jackson sides with Alito, SCOTUS majority in gerrymandering case, but demands Louisiana come up with new map quickly". Law & Crime. Retrieved October 20, 2023.
  25. ^ Irwin, Lauren (November 11, 2023). "Appeals court rules Louisiana must enact new congressional map by mid-January". The Hill. Retrieved November 11, 2023.
  26. ^ "Louisiana lawmakers approve congressional map, adding new majority-Black district". The Times-Picayune/The New Orleans Advocate. January 19, 2024. Retrieved January 19, 2024.
  27. ^ Hutchinson, Piper (January 19, 2024). "Graves to lose U.S. House seat under Louisiana redistricting plan that adds minority seat". Louisiana Illuminator. Retrieved January 19, 2024.
  28. ^ Birle, Jack (January 23, 2024). "Louisiana governor signs new congressional map into law, likely costing GOP a seat". Washington Examiner. Retrieved January 23, 2024.
  29. ^ Levine, Sam (October 26, 2023). "Georgia must redraw maps to give Black voters fair shot, federal judge rules". The Guardian. Retrieved October 26, 2023.
  30. ^ "Federal judge rules Georgia's district lines violated Voting Rights Act and must be redrawn - CBS News". www.cbsnews.com. October 26, 2023. Retrieved October 27, 2023.
  31. ^ "Kemp schedules special session after judge orders redistricting". FOX 5 Atlanta. October 26, 2023. Retrieved October 27, 2023.
  32. ^ Hurt, Emma (August 5, 2022). "Judge postpones Public Service Commission election previously set for November". Axios. Retrieved August 25, 2022.
  33. ^ Hurt, Emma (August 12, 2022). "Georgia public service commission elections will proceed in November after all". Axios. Retrieved August 25, 2022.
  34. ^ Hurt, Emma (August 23, 2022). "Georgia's Public Service Commission elections officially postponed". Axios. Retrieved August 25, 2022.
  35. ^ "How the U.S. Supreme Court's Decision in Allen v. Milligan Will Impact Ongoing Redistricting Litigation". Democracy Docket. June 8, 2023. Retrieved June 11, 2023.

Notes

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  1. ^ The case was titled Merrill v. Milligan until Wes Allen replaced John Merrill as Alabama Secretary of State. However, the case was argued as Merrill v. Milligan, No. 21- 1086 at oral argument before the court.
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