Jump to content

Foreign relations of Algeria

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Algeria–Romania relations)

Politics of Algeria

African Union Member State of the African Union Arab League Member State of the Arab League

Constitution
Executive
Legislature
Subdivisions
Elections
Foreign relations
flag Algeria portal

Since its independence from France in 1962, Algeria has pursued an activist foreign policy. In the 1960s and 1970s, Algeria was noted for its support of Third World policies and independence movements. Since its independence, Algeria has been a member of the Arab League, the African Union and of the United Nations.

History of foreign relations since independence

[edit]

During Ben Bella's presidency (1962–1965)

[edit]

Following its independence in 1962, Algeria developed deep ties with many foreign countries with a heavy presence in the global scene. The Algerian government, pursuing the dynamics that had started during the Algerian War for Independence and into the Cold War used the country's strategic geopolitical position – at the crossroads of Europe, Sub-Saharan Africa and the Arabian world – to assert its own interests. Algeria came to see itself as a full actor in the Cold War and not simply a bystander caught in a crossfire between the Western and Eastern blocks. Moreover, Algeria played a central role in the creation of the Third World as a global political project, using its position at the intersection of international agendas – notably between non-alignment and Afro-Asianism positions, and between anticolonial and socialist movements.

Algeria at the center of the competition between the Western and Eastern superpowers

[edit]

Being a newly independent country from colonial rule of a Western power – France – and having waged a liberation war with a socialist orientation, Algeria was naturally inclined to turn towards the Soviet Union and its allies. However, the country's strategic advantages increased its importance to the eyes of the Western block. Primarily, France wanted to preserve its interests in the oil and gas exploitations in Algeria. As Charles de Gaulle stated to the Algerian finance minister in 1963, "If the Algerian government respects its commitments and takes into account our interests, it can count on our cooperation". Hence, French economic aid continued to flow in Algeria, to insure control on the petroleum and gas industry as well as maintain continued use of Algerian soil to run atomic tests in the Saharan desert. Under Ben Bella, diplomatic relations with France were normalized, the negotiations concerning oil and gas leading to an agreement in 1964. As to the United States, they wanted to prevent Algeria from becoming yet another socialist country joining the ranks of the Soviet block. Hence, along with minor military equipment, the United States provided Algeria with a food program (PL-480) which delivered free food to the population. However, the Algerian commitment to supporting anti-colonial movements in Africa went against American interests in the continent, which led to an indirect conflict with the United States and an increasingly hostile relationship between the two countries.

During the war for independence, the ALN had already benefitted from equipment, training and advice from communist countries: the USSR (though its help was quite timid until the final months of the war), China, Yugoslavia and Czechoslovakia. Moreover, ALN delegations had visited China and North Vietnam to learn from their guerrilla strategies. Help and support from the communist bloc therefore increased after independence:

  • Even though Algeria was not a communist regime, the Soviet Union invested massive amounts of money and material help in the country. For instance, in 1963, the USSR granted $200 million in import credits for Soviet machinery to help build the Algerian industry, and committed to building a petrochemical research institute. The Soviet Union also agreed to buy agricultural products and minerals that Algeria was struggling to export. It was finally the country's main military supplier, providing planes, tanks, armored vehicles, ships, light weapons and ammunition for a total of 11 billion dollars from 1962 to 1989.
  • The other great communist power, China, demonstrated its interest in Algeria as a fellow antiimperialist country. Hence, when Zhou Enlai visited Algeria in December 1963, he granted Algeria a low-interest loan of $100 million. Moreover, the Chinese were more aggressive in their support for armed groups fighting imperialist and neo-imperialist regimes in Africa. Algeria and China therefore cooperated on this matter, with China contributing to ANP training camps, and shipping weapons and revolutionary militants to Algeria.

The Sino-Soviet split strengthened the two communist countries' competition for Algeria. However, China was inferior economically and militarily to the USSR, and could not match the USSR's industrial equipment and sophisticated armaments. Moreover, as the autogestion model proved to be widely inefficient, Algeria started to move towards a more centralized and Soviet-style economy by the end of 1964.

Algeria and the Third World project

[edit]

Ben Bella's foreign policy was marked by globalism, as it was not restrained to a specific culture nor geographical region. Rather, the project of the Third World and its diverse manifestations – the Non-Aligned Movement, the Afro-Asian People's Solidarity Organization, etc. – were meant to include all the developing and anti-imperialist countries, and Algeria intended to play a major role in its development.

This role is perfectly summarized by Amilcar Cabral's – leader of the African Party for the Independence of Guinea and Cape Verde – famous declaration that Algeria was the "Mecca of revolution". Indeed, the Algerian foreign policy had been influenced by Frantz Fanon's and other radical Third World thinkers' urgings to "export revolution" to other countries suffering from the yoke of imperial oppression. Therefore, the support of armed nationalists and revolutionaries was one of the foundations of Algerian relations with African countries. Ever since 1960, the FLN camps in Algeria's neighboring countries (Morocco, Tunisia and Mali) had been used to provide training and material help to revolutionary movements. By 1963, Algeria was offering refuge, funds, weapons and training to rebels from a dozen African countries: the left-wing opposition in Morocco, the secessionist Sanwi government in Ivory Coast, the Sawaba party in Niger, the CNL (or "Simbas") in Congo-Leopoldville, the UPC in Cameroon, the MPLA and FNLA in Angola (250 recruits were trained in Algeria and 70 tons of armaments were sent to this country), and several armed groups in Zanzibar, Portuguese Guinea, South Africa and Namibia.

However, the Third World project also materialized through the various conferences and international organizations that united developing countries. Firstly, the Non-Aligned Movement, which was founded in Belgrade in 1961, and which Algeria joined shortly after its independence, defined the concept of non-alignment in the Cold War as a way for poor countries to exploit the conflicts and tensions and hence to promote their own interests. According to Jeffrey J. Byrne, the Algerian conception of the Non-Aligned Movement was that of a "political, goal-oriented and geographically unbounded anti-imperial solidarity". The Third World coalition could therefore encompass Latin America countries, and even Europe ones like Yugoslavia. Algeria was particularly important in this sense, as it acted as a bridge between blocs and regions. For instance, its position at the crossroads of the Arab and the sub-Saharan worlds enabled Algeria to create links and unity between these two regions: at Algeria's request, Arab countries supported Angolan and other African revolutions, while African countries endorsed the Palestinian cause. However, these global Third World solidarity links went further than Africa: for example, the National Liberation Front of South Vietnam opened a permanent office in Algiers (one of only two that were located in non-communist countries). One of the most successful Third World projects was the Organization of African Unity, founded in Addis Ababa in 1963 to formalize and institutionalize the main Third World principles. Moreover, Algeria advocated for the creation within the organization of a "liberation committee", the "Committee of Nine", to support national liberation movements (even by military means). This embodies the Algerian view of Third Worldism: the institutionalization of collective defiance towards the imperial system.

Therefore, if the multipolarity of international relations – the traditional East versus West bipolarism, but also the intra-communist poles and the development of Third World alternatives – had benefitted the non-aligned states such as Algeria, the latter's increasing reliance on the Soviet Union – especially since the Sand War against Morocco in 1963 – risked jeopardizing the country's independence and its relations with other powers, such as the United States or China.

During Boumediene's presidency (1965–1978)

[edit]

Algerian foreign relations during the presidency of Houari Boumediene marked a shift towards more stable and Algero-centered policies, in opposition to Ben Bella's cosmopolitism. However, this greater focus on the country's economic needs and traditional Islamic culture did not end the period of international ambitions.

Algeria's centrality in the Third World

[edit]

Pan-Africanism and Pan-Arabism were strengthened during the Boumediene era. Algeria had joined the Arab League in 1962, and hosted its 1973 summit in Algiers. This strong relation with other Arab countries, notably with Egypt, was reinforced after Boumediene's seizure of power. For instance, in 1966, Egyptian president Gamal Abdel Nasser sent thousands of teachers to support Algeria in the Arabization of its educational system. After Nasser's death in 1970, Boumediene increasingly represented the political project of Pan-Arabism; and in 1973, Algeria played a major role in the organization of the war against Israel, as well as calling for oil to be used as a weapon in the OPEC. Moreover, in 1969, Algiers hosted the Pan-African Cultural Festival: this grandiose display of an African identity, forged from the continent's common experience of Western imperialism, reunited anticolonial militants from numerous countries of the Third World. Far from being opposed, Pan-Arabism and Pan-Africanism were, under Algerian influence, united: Boumediène summoned an extraordinary session of the Organization for African Unity following the Kippur War in 1973, which resulted in the creation of a special committee to coordinate the Organization and the Arab League, and in the break of diplomatic relations of 42 African states with Israel. Finally, Boumediène presided over a larger and more powerful Non-Aligned Movement in 1973.

Algeria's approach to international politics was motivated by the need for a "liberation" from the Western neocolonial economic superiority. Hence, in October 1967, Algiers hosted the meeting of the "Group of 77", which united 77 developing countries on major revendications: a global reform of the terms of trade and a greater collaboration between Third World countries to set the prices for their raw materials. Furthermore, the main points of Boumediene's address to the United Nations General Assembly in 1974 – reparations for colonization and a transfer of resources from North to South – were adopted by UN. The notion of a "new international economic order" emerged as a way to reshape the world economy to the benefit of developing countries, based on the principle of sovereign equality between states.

A careful equilibrium between Cold War powers

[edit]

Boumediene took pride in Algeria's non-aligned status, by claiming its distance from both Soviet-style socialism and Western capitalism, while the country enjoyed an increasing prosperity. However, support from the Communist bloc did not halt. Indeed, because of their dependence on raw materials and their lack of hard currencies, commerce between Third World countries was negligible. The USSR, on the contrary, was able to deliver military equipment, industrial expertise, and trade outputs: the Soviets replaced France as the first destination for Algerian wine, and provided 200,000 tons of wheat when a drought hit the country in 1966.

Once again, the support Algeria received from the Soviet bloc was not exclusive to that of the Western bloc. Even though Boumediene took strong public stands, as when he claimed in 1969 after a summer of violence against Algerians living in France that if the French government could not insure the security of Algerian immigrants, he would repatriate them regardless of the cost, Algerian-French relations were progressively normalized during the 1970 decade. This posturing, like the nationalization of oil in 1971, served to increase his popularity in internal politics. However, France remained a model of prosperity, Algeria was still heavily dependent on France economically, and in 1975, French President Valéry Giscard d'Estaing made the first presidential visit since independence. More generally, Algeria continued to do business with the West, and avoided to be overly dependent on Soviet support. Indeed, despite the break of relations with the United States after the Six-Day War in 1967, the Americans had almost replaced France as Algeria's primary trade partner by the early 1970s. Therefore, the competition between the West and the USSR gave Algeria opportunities to diversify its economic partnerships.

During Bouteflika's presidency (1999 - 2019)

[edit]

Since his inauguration in 1999, President Abdelaziz Bouteflika sought to extend Algeria's international influence, traveling extensively throughout the world. In July 2001, he became the first Algerian President to visit the US White House in 16 years.[1]

He made official visits, among others, to France, South Africa, Italy, Spain, Germany, China, Japan, South Korea and Russia.

After Bouteflika (2019-)

[edit]

On 24 August 2021, Algeria cut diplomatic relations with neighbouring Morocco, accusing Morocco of supporting a separatist group and hostile actions against Algeria. Morocco called the decision unjustified.[2]

After the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, Algeria has tried to keep good relations with both Russia and the West by remaining neutral at the UN on other votes.[3]

Diplomatic relations

[edit]

List of countries which Algeria maintains diplomatic relations with:

# Country Date
1  North Korea 25 September 1958[4]
2  China 20 December 1958[5]
3  Mongolia 25 June 1961[6]
4  Russia 19 March 1962[7]
5  Czech Republic 23 March 1962[8]
6  Hungary 7 April 1962[9]
7  Romania 16 April 1962[10]
8  Poland 2 May 1962[11]
9  Serbia 2 July 1962[12]
10  Germany 3 July 1962[13]
11  France 5 July 1962[14]
12  India July 1962[15]
13  Syria 27 August 1962[16]
14  United States 29 September 1962[17]
15  Italy 1 October 1962[18]
—  Morocco (suspended) 1 October 1962[19]
16  Cuba 7 October 1962[20]
17  Bulgaria 10 October 1962[21]
18  Norway 27 October 1962[22]
19  Vietnam 28 October 1962[23]
20  Netherlands October 1962[24]
21  Egypt 8 November 1962[25]
22   Switzerland 13 November 1962[26]
23  Tunisia 13 November 1962[27]
24  United Kingdom 21 November 1962[28]
25  Brazil 28 November 1962[29]
26  Japan 28 November 1962[30]
27  Belgium 11 December 1962[31]
28  Lebanon 18 December 1962[32]
29  Spain 18 December 1962[33]
30  Jordan December 1962[32]
31  Sri Lanka 1962[34]
32  Finland 18 January 1963[35]
33  Austria 25 January 1963[36]
34  Albania 12 February 1963[27]
35  Ghana 2 May 1963[27]
36  Chile 4 June 1963[37]
37  Turkey 30 June 1963[38]
38  Sweden 19 July 1963[27]
39  Mali 22 July 1963[27]
40  Pakistan 16 August 1963[39]
41  Libya 24 August 1963[27]
42  Democratic Republic of the Congo August 1963[27]
43  Saudi Arabia August 1963[27]
44  Denmark 3 September 1963[40]
45  Indonesia 20 December 1963[41]
46  Cameroon 1 January 1964[42]
47  Republic of the Congo 4 January 1964[42]
48  Luxembourg 21 January 1964[43]
49  Guinea 24 January 1964[44]
50  Tanzania 21 February 1964[45]
51  Mauritania 9 April 1964[46]
52  Senegal 9 April 1964[27]
53  Madagascar 15 June 1964[42]
54  Argentina 18 June 1964[47]
55  Kenya 23 June 1964[48]
56  Uruguay 21 August 1964[49]
57  Mexico 21 October 1964[50]
58  Benin 7 November 1964[51]
59  Kuwait 23 November 1964[52]
60  Malaysia 26 November 1964[53]
61  Yemen 22 December 1964[54]
62  Niger 12 March 1965[55]
63  Ivory Coast 21 July 1965[56]
64  Canada 12 November 1965[57]
65  Sudan 22 December 1965[58]
66  Uganda 1965[59]
67  Trinidad and Tobago 1965[60]
68  Greece 15 April 1966[61]
69  Cambodia 2 December 1966[62]
70  Burkina Faso 10 January 1967[42]
71    Nepal 29 April 1968[63]
72  Nigeria 2 September 1968[42]
73  Myanmar 15 November 1968[64]
74  Afghanistan December 1969[65]
75  Central African Republic 9 October 1970[66]
76  Venezuela 23 March 1971[67]
77  Iraq 15 July 1971[68]
78  Liberia 31 December 1971[69]
—  Holy See 6 March 1972[70]
79  Peru 10 March 1972[71]
80  Sierra Leone 7 April 1972[72]
81  Burundi April 1972[73]
82  Gambia 22 May 1972[74]
83  Zambia 15 January 1973[75]
84  Panama 9 February 1973[76]
85  Laos 15 May 1973[77]
86  Ecuador 2 July 1973[78]
87  United Arab Emirates 6 July 1973[79]
88  Qatar 18 July 1973[80]
89  Bangladesh 30 July 1973[81]
90  Gabon 8 September 1973[42]
91  Guinea-Bissau 13 May 1974[82]
92  Australia 8 July 1974[83]
93  Iran 1 November 1974[84]
94  Malta 22 January 1975[85]
95  Jamaica 30 January 1975[86]
96  Ireland January 1975[87]
97  Portugal 7 March 1975[88]
98  Philippines 10 April 1975[89]
99  Chad 18 August 1975[90]
100  Rwanda 25 November 1975[42]
101  Thailand 6 December 1975[91]
102  Mauritius 12 February 1976[92]
—  Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic 6 March 1976[93]
103  Guyana 20 September 1976[94]
104  Angola 19 October 1977[95]
105  Cape Verde 19 October 1977[96]
106  Djibouti 10 October 1978[97]
107  Colombia 1 January 1979[98]
108  São Tomé and Príncipe 7 January 1979[97]
109  Comoros 27 February 1979[97]
110  Barbados 18 April 1979[99]
111  Grenada 18 September 1979[99]
112  Seychelles 26 January 1980[100]
113  Zimbabwe 31 August 1980[101]
114  Malawi 19 June 1981[102]
115  Nicaragua September 1981[103]
116  Suriname 30 March 1982[99]
117  Singapore 12 May 1983[104]
118  Iceland 17 May 1983[105]
119  Bahrain 19 November 1983[106]
120  Lesotho 1983[107]
121  Oman May 1984[108]
122  New Zealand 29 October 1985[109]
123  Vanuatu 15 July 1986[99]
124  Maldives 8 March 1988[99]
—  State of Palestine 16 December 1988[110]
125  Antigua and Barbuda 1 November 1989[99]
126  South Korea 15 January 1990[99]
127  Guatemala 31 January 1990[99]
128  Costa Rica 13 March 1990[99]
129  Namibia 21 March 1990[111]
130  Uzbekistan 30 June 1992[112]
131  Ukraine 10 August 1992[113]
132  Slovenia 12 October 1992[114]
133  Croatia 15 October 1992[115]
134  Armenia 30 December 1992[116]
135  Slovakia 1 January 1993[117]
136  Bosnia and Herzegovina 20 January 1993[118]
137  Georgia 27 May 1993[119]
138  Eritrea 25 March 1994[120]
139  Moldova 12 April 1994[121]
140  Lithuania 15 April 1994[122]
141  Azerbaijan 22 April 1994[123]
142  South Africa 10 May 1994[124]
143  Turkmenistan 21 September 1994[125]
144  Honduras 21 October 1994[99]
145  Brunei 24 January 1995[126]
146  Paraguay 3 February 1995[99]
147  Belarus 24 October 1995[127]
148  Kazakhstan 15 March 1996[128]
149  Kyrgyzstan 21 December 1996[129]
150  Estonia 19 March 1997[130]
151  Tajikistan 10 June 1997[131]
152  Latvia 29 April 1998[132]
153  Belize 28 November 2001[99]
154  North Macedonia 21 March 2002[133]
155  East Timor 20 May 2002[134]
156  San Marino 13 February 2003[135]
157  Andorra 29 March 2005[99]
158  Liechtenstein 21 October 2005[136]
159  Dominica 22 June 2006[99]
160  El Salvador 20 December 2006[99]
161  Monaco 31 January 2007[99]
162  Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 7 February 2007[99]
163  Montenegro 24 September 2007[99]
164  Dominican Republic 26 September 2007[99]
165  Saint Kitts and Nevis 1 October 2007[137]
166  Fiji 2 June 2010[99]
167  Tuvalu 6 June 2012[99]
168  Solomon Islands 7 June 2012[99]
169  South Sudan 9 September 2015[99]
170  Marshall Islands 26 September 2019[99]
171  Kiribati 21 October 2019[138]
172  Botswana 10 August 2022[139]
173  Saint Lucia 19 December 2022[99]
174  Bahamas 1 May 2024[99]
175  Bolivia Unknown
176  Cyprus Unknown
177  Equatorial Guinea Unknown
178  Eswatini Unknown
179  Ethiopia Unknown
180  Mozambique Unknown
181  Somalia Unknown
182  Togo Unknown

Africa

[edit]

Algeria has friendly relations with other countries in the Maghreb, Tunisia and Libya, and with Sub-Saharan countries Mali and Niger. Algeria has taken the lead in working on issues related to the African continent. Host of the Organisation of African Unity Conference in 2000, Algeria also was key in bringing Ethiopia and Eritrea to the peace table in 2000. It has worked closely with other African countries to establish the New Partnership for Africa's Development. Algeria has taken a lead in reviving the Arab Maghreb Union with other regional Arab countries.

Country Formal Relations Began Notes
 Egypt See Algeria–Egypt relations
  • Algeria has an embassy in Cairo.
  • Egypt has an embassy in Algiers.
 Ethiopia 1968
  • Algeria has an embassy in Addis Ababa.
  • Ethiopia closed its embassy in Algiers in 2021.
 Ghana 1962
  • Algeria has an embassy in Accra.
  • Ghana has an embassy in Algiers.
 Kenya 23 June 1964 See Algeria–Kenya relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 23 June 1964 when the Algerian ambassador to Kenya, Mr. Nouredien Djoudi, presented his credentials to the Governor-General.[48]

  • Algeria has an embassy in Nairobi.
  • Kenya has an embassy in Algiers.
 Libya 24 August 1963 See Algeria–Libya relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 24 August 1963.[27]

Algeria–Libya relations have generally been amicable.[140] Libyan support for the Polisario in the Western Sahara facilitated early post independence Algerian relations with Libya.[140] Libyan inclinations for full-scale political union, however, have obstructed formal political collaboration because Algeria has consistently backed away from such cooperation with its unpredictable neighbour.[140] (A vote by the CCN (Algeria) on June 30, 1987, actually supported union between Libya and Algeria, but the proposal was later retracted by the FLN Central Committee after the heads of state failed to agree.[140]) The Treaty of Oujda between Libya and Morocco, which represented a response to Algeria's Treaty of Fraternity and Concord with Tunisia, temporarily aggravated Algerian-Libyan relations by establishing a political divide in the region--Libya and Morocco on one side; Algeria, Tunisia, and Mauritania on the other.[140] Finally, in 1988 Libya was invited to participate in the Inter-Maghrib commission that was responsible for developing the North African Union.[140] The establishment of the UMA in February 1989 marked the first formal political or economic collaboration between the two neighbours.[140]

  • Algeria has an embassy in Tripoli and a consulate in Sabha.
  • Libya has an embassy in Algiers.
 Madagascar 15 June 1964 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 15 June 1964[141]
  • Algeria has an embassy in Antananarivo.
  • Madagascar has an embassy in Algiers.
 Mali 22 July 1963 See Algeria–Mali relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 22 July 1963.[44]

  • Algeria has an embassy in Bamako and a consulate in Gao.
  • Mali has an embassy in Algiers and a consulate in Tamanrasset.
 Mauritania 1964 See Algeria–Mauritania relations
  • Algeria has an embassy in Nouakchott.
  • Mauritania has an embassy in Algiers.
 Morocco 1 October 1962 See Algeria–Morocco relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 1 October 1962.[142]

Severed diplomatic relations 27 February 1976, restored 16 May 1988, cuts diplomatic relations 24 August 2021.[143]

Algeria–Morocco relations have been dominated by the issue of self-determination for the Western Sahara since their independence. The national integrity of this former colonial territory has caused a deep-seated antagonism and general mistrust between the two nations that has permeated all aspects of Moroccan-Algerian relations. Algeria's interest in the region dates back to the 1960s and 1970s when it joined Morocco, Mauritania & Libya in efforts to remove the Spanish from the territory. After Spain announced its intention to abandon the province, then known as Spanish Sahara, in 1975, the united front presented by the Maghreb nations quickly disintegrated, as a result of Morocco, and subsequently Mauritania, staking claims to the territory. Algeria, although not asserting any territorial ambitions of its own, was averse to the absorption of the territory by any of its neighbors and called for self-determination for the Saharawi people. Before the Spanish evacuation, Spain, Morocco, and Mauritania agreed to divide the territory and transfer the major part to Morocco and the remaining southern portion to Mauritania. This agreement violated a United Nations (UN) resolution that declared all historical claims on the part of Mauritania or Morocco to be insufficient to justify territorial absorption and drew heavy Algerian criticism.[140]

 Niger 12 March 1965 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 12 March 1965 when the government of Niger has agreed to the nomination of M. Ali Abdellaoui as Algeria's Ambassador in Niamey with residence in Abidjan[55]
  • Algeria has an embassy in Niamey and a consulate in Agadez.
  • Niger has an embassy in Algiers and a consulate in Tamanrasset.

In August 2023, Algeria proposed a six-month civilian-led transition to resolve Niger's political crisis, diverging from potential military intervention discussed by ECOWAS, emphasizing diplomacy and seeking UN involvement while hosting a conference on Sahel region development. Algeria also denied France's alleged request for military operations in Niger.[144]

 Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic 6 March 1976 See Algeria–Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic relations

Since 1976, Algeria has supported the Polisario Front, a group claiming to represent the population of Western Sahara, which is based among the 90,000 Sahrawi refugees who reside in refugee camps in Algeria. Contending that the Sahrawis have a right to self-determination under the UN Charter, Algeria has provided the Polisario with material, financial, and political support and sanctuary in southwestern Algeria's Tindouf Province. UN involvement in the Western Sahara includes MINURSO, a peacekeeping force, and UNHCR, for refugee assistance and resettlement. Active diplomatic efforts to resolve the dispute under the auspices of the Special Representative of the Secretary General are on-going. Although the land border between Morocco and Algeria was closed in the wake of a terrorist attack, the two have worked at improving relations.

  • Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic has an embassy in Algiers.[145]
 South Africa 10 May 1994 See Algeria–South Africa relations

Both countries established full diplomatic relations on 10 May 1994[146]

  • Algeria has an embassy in Pretoria.
  • South Africa has an embassy in Algiers.
 Sudan 22 December 1965 See Algeria–Sudan relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 22 December 1965.[58]

  • Algeria has an embassy in Khartoum.
  • Sudan has an embassy in Algiers.
 Tunisia 13 November 1962 See Algeria–Tunisia relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 13 November 1962.[147]

Smaller and in a more precarious position vis-à-vis Libya, Tunisia has consistently made efforts to align with Algeria.[140] In the 1970s, Tunisia reversed its position on the Western Sahara so as not to antagonize Algerian authorities.[140] Tunisia was the first nation to sign the Treaty of Fraternity and Concord with Algeria, in 1983.[140] Throughout Algeria's independent history, it has joined in a number of economic ventures with Tunisia, including the transnational pipeline running from Algeria through Tunisia to Italy.[140] In 1987 the departure from power in Tunisia of President Habib Bourguiba and his replacement by the more diplomatic Zine el Abidine Ben Ali brought the two nations closer again.[140]

  • Algeria has an embassy in Tunis and consulates in El Kef and Gafsa.
  • Tunisia has an embassy in Algiers, a consulate-general in Annaba and a consulate in Tébessa.

Americas

[edit]
Country Formal Relations Began Notes
 Argentina 18 June 1964 See Algeria–Argentina relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 18 June 1964[47]

On November 18, 2008, the President of Argentina Cristina Fernández de Kirchner made an official visit to Algiers and met her counterpart, the President of Algeria, Abdelaziz Bouteflika.

 Brazil December 1962 See Algeria–Brazil relations
  • Algeria has an embassy in Brasília.
  • Brazil has an embassy in Algiers.
 Canada 29 May 1964 See Algeria–Canada relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 29 May 1964.[148]

  • Algeria has an embassy in Ottawa and a consulate-general in Montreal.
  • Canada has an embassy in Algiers.[149]
 Cuba 17 October 1962

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 17 October 1962[150]

Cuba and Algeria formed strong diplomatic links due to their historical and ideological proximity. Indeed, despite their geographical distance, the two countries saw themselves as the models of a successful socialist revolution against imperialist forces. Moreover, they more pragmatically believed that to defend themselves from American hostility, they ought to encourage revolutions elsewhere in Latin America and in Africa as to distract the United States and create new allies. Hence, guerrilla hero Ernesto "Che" Guevara visited Algeria twice, from October 1963 to February 1964, and in February 1965, and Cuban President Fidel Castro made a grand official visit to Algeria in 1972. Cuba also sent large quantities of military equipment (two ships, a unity of tanks and 700 soldiers) to Algeria in 1963 during the Sand War with Morocco. Indeed, once again, Algeria was a point of contact between African rebels and potential supporting countries such as Cuba. This relationship was mutually beneficial: Algeria received Argentinian training guerrilleros, a delegation of the Venezuelan National Liberation Front, and even sent armaments to the latter (in an Algerian ship, as to avoid American control) at Cuba's request.[151][152]

  • Algeria has an embassy in Havana.
  • Cuba has an embassy in Algiers.
 Mexico 21 October 1964 See Algeria–Mexico relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 21 October 1964[153]

 Peru 10 March 1972 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 10 March 1972.[156]
Main article: Algeria–Peru relations
  • Algeria has an embassy in Lima.
  • Peru has an embassy in Algiers.
 United States 29 September 1962 See Algeria–United States relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 29 September 1962[157]

Military cooperation between the United States and Algeria were less sensible than that with the Soviet Union, and Algerian purchases in the early years of independence were mostly restrained to American planes. However, the intermediary role played by Algeria during the Iranian hostage crisis generated the purchase of general military equipment in 1985 through the Foreign Military Sales program.[158]

Even though the United States were initially positively inclined to develop strong diplomatic links with the newly independent Algerian state, their relations declined rapidly. Indeed, the Algerian official declarations against American interventionism in Africa and as far as North Vietnam, and their support to left-wing revolutionary groups against American-supported regimes (notably in Angola, but also in Latin America through their close connections with Cuba) increased the hostility against Algeria in American opinion. The United States feared that Algeria was more favorable to the communist bloc and risked threatening their interests. Moreover, the Algerians resented the American failure to deliver the kind of assistance they requested: although the PL-480 food program provided food to millions of Algerians, the government sought to develop its economy through wider and long-term industrial programs. As Foreign Affairs Minister Bouteflika stated in 1965, "The US gives us bread; what we need is work. We need factories that create things and give work to our people". However, despite the break of diplomatic relations with the United States in 1967 following the Six-Day War, their economic exchanges did not stop. Indeed, the United States had nearly replaced France as Algeria's first trade partner by the beginning of the 1970s.[151]

In July 2001, President Abdelaziz Bouteflika became the first Algerian President to visit the White House since 1985. This visit, followed by a second meeting in November 2001, a meeting in New York in September 2003, and President Bouteflika's participation at the June 2004 G8 Sea Island Summit, is indicative of the growing relationship between the United States and Algeria. Since the September 11, 2001 attacks in the United States, contacts in key areas of mutual concern, including law enforcement and counter-terrorism cooperation, have intensified. Algeria publicly condemned the terrorist attacks on the United States and has been strongly supportive of the international war against terrorism. The United States and Algeria consult closely on key international and regional issues. The pace and scope of senior-level visits has accelerated. In April 2006, then-Foreign Minister Bedjaoui met with Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice.

Asia

[edit]
Country Formal Relations Began Notes
 Bangladesh 30 July 1973 See Algeria–Bangladesh relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 30 July 1973[81]

  • Algeria has an embassy in Dhaka.
  • Bangladesh has an embassy in Algiers.
 China 20 December 1958[159] See Algeria–China relations
  • Algeria has an embassy in Beijing.
  • China has an embassy in Algiers.
 India 2 July 1962 See Algeria–India relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 2 July 1962[160]

  • Algeria has an embassy in New Delhi.
  • India has an embassy in Algiers.
 Indonesia 1963 See Algeria–Indonesia relations
  • Algeria has an embassy in Jakarta.
  • Indonesia has an embassy in Algiers.
 Iran 1964, severed diplomatic relations 27 March 1993, restored 8 September 2001 See Algeria–Iran relations
  • Algeria has an embassy in Tehran.
  • Iran has an embassy in Algiers.
 Iraq 1962, severed diplomatic relations 1979, restored September 2001
 Israel See Algeria–Israel relations

Algeria has never had official diplomatic relations with Israel. In the mid 90s, while Israel and north African states slowly started diplomatic relations, Algeria remained one of the last countries to consider such a move. It was only when Israeli's President Shimon Peres and Prime Minister Ehud Barak met Algerian President Abdalziz Bouteflika at the funeral of Moroccan King Hassan ll on July 25, 1999, that comments about rapprochement were made.[161]

 Japan 28 November 1962 See Algeria–Japan relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 28 November 1962.[162]

The Front de Liberation Nationale (FLN) opened a representative office in Tokyo in 1958. A Japanese embassy was opened in Algiers in 1964, and an Algerian embassy was opened in Tokyo the same year. Japan has extended extensive technological assistance to Algeria and cultural exchange programs are numerous[163]

  • Algeria has an embassy in Tokyo.
  • Japan has an embassy in Algiers.
 Malaysia 26 November 1964 See Algeria–Malaysia relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 26 November 1964[164]

Algeria has an embassy in Kuala Lumpur.

  • Malaysia has an embassy in Algiers.
 Maldives 8 March 1988 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 8 March 1988[165]
  • Algeria is represented in Maldives via its embassy in New Delhi
  • Maldives is represented in Algeria through a non-resident ambassador based, presumably, in London. [a]
 Pakistan 16 August 1963 See Algeria-Pakistan relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 16 August 1963.[39]

Algeria enjoys friendly relations with Pakistan, which offered support during Algeria's struggle for independence. Pakistan was the first country to recognize the "Provisional Government of the Republic of Algeria" in exile on 19 September 1958 and facilitating the opening of an official mission in Karachi (Pakistan), even before Algeria's independence was formally declared.

  • Algeria has an embassy in Islamabad.
  • Pakistan has an embassy in Algiers.
 Palestine 16 December 1988 See Algeria-Palestine relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 16 December 1988[110]

Algeria has been a strong proponent of the rights of the Palestinian people, calling publicly for an end to violence in the Occupied Palestinian Territories.

 Qatar 18 July 1973 See Algeria–Qatar relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 18 July 1973[80]

  • Algeria has an embassy in Doha.
  • Qatar has an embassy in Algiers.
 Saudi Arabia 1962 See Algeria–Saudi Arabia relations
  • Algeria has an embassy in Riyadh and a consulate-general in Jeddah.
  • Saudi Arabia has an embassy in Algiers.
 Singapore 12 May 1983 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 12 May 1983[166]
 Syria 27 August 1962 See Algeria–Syria relations
  • Both countries established diplomatic relations on 27 August 1962[16]
  • Algeria has an embassy in Damascus.[167]
  • Syria has an embassy in Algiers.
  • Both countries are members of Arab League.
 Turkey 1962[168] See also Algeria–Turkey relations
 United Arab Emirates 6 July 1973 See Algeria–United Arab Emirates relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 6 July 1973 when UAE officially opened an embassy in Algiers[79]

 Vietnam 28 October 1962 See Algeria–Vietnam relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 28 October 1962.[174]

  • Algeria has an embassy in Hanoi.
  • Vietnam has an embassy in Algiers.

Europe

[edit]
Country Formal Relations Began Notes
 Cyprus 3 April 1979 See Algeria–Cyprus relations

Cyprus and Algeria have concluded various agreements. For example, in November 1997, Algeria and Cyprus agreed on a framework for maritime exchanges between the two countries, lifting obstacles on the free movement of ships and offering preferential treatment at the ports in both countries.[175] In December 1999 Algeria and Cyprus signed an air transport agreement to introduce a legal framework governing air routes between Algeria and Cyprus.[176] In July 2000, Algerian news agency APS signed a cooperation agreement with the Cypriot news agency[177] that covers exchange of English news items and photographs.[178]

In December 2001, the Algerian firm Sonatrach and Cyprus oil company Medex Petroleum signed an exploration deal covering the north of Bordj Omar Idriss in the Illizi basin in south-eastern Algeria.[179] Cyprus is considering Algeria as a potential partner to assist with extracting untapped oil and gas from the island's exclusive economic zone. Other partners being considered are Libya, Russian and Algeria – full details of the negotiations have not yet been released to the public domain.[180]

 France 3 July 1962 See Algeria–France relations

In the early 1990s, nearly 20 percent of all Algerian exports and imports were destined for or originated from France. More than 1 million Algerians resided in France and there were numerous francophones in Algeria, creating a tremendous cultural overlap. French remained the language of instruction in most schools and the language used in more than two-thirds of all newspapers and periodicals and on numerous television programs. Algeria and France share a cultural background that transcends diplomatic maneuvers and has persisted throughout periods of "disenchantment" and strained relations. Over time, however, the arabization of Algeria and the increasing polarization of society between the francophone elite and the Arab masses have mobilized anti-French sentiment. Support for the arabization of Algerian society—including the elimination of French as the second national language and emphasis on an arabized education curriculum—and the recent success of the FIS indicate a growing fervor in Algeria for asserting an independent national identity. Such an identity emphasizes its Arab and Islamic cultural tradition rather than its French colonial past. However, France's support for the military regime that assumed power in early 1992 indicates that the cooperative relations between the two countries remain strong.[140]

  • Algeria has an embassy in Paris and several consulates-general throughout the country.
  • France has an embassy in Algiers and consulates-general in Annaba and Oran.
 Germany 1 October 1962

See Algeria–Germany relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 1 October 1962.[181]

  • Algeria has an embassy in Berlin and a consulate-general in Frankfurt.
  • Germany has an embassy in Algiers.
 Greece 1962 See Algeria–Greece relations

Relations between the two countries have been traditionally friendly since Algeria's first years of independence. Both countries are members of the Union for the Mediterranean. Greece was among the early countries to establish diplomatic relations with Algeria after its independence in 1962, by upgrading the then Greek Consulate General in Algiers to an embassy in 1963.[182] As of 2009, the two countries had in place three bilateral agreements:

  • Agreement on Economic, Scientific and Technical Cooperation (1982).
  • Agreement on Educational Cooperation (1988).
  • Agreement on Mutual Protection and Promotion of Investments (2000).[182]

The Algerian Minister of Foreign Affairs visited Greece in February 2001, returning a previous visit paid by the Foreign Minister of Greece to Algeria.[182][183] In 2003, Greek [National] Defence Minister Ioannos Papandoniou visited Algeria to discuss ways to consolidate military cooperation between Algeria and Greece.[184]

Since 2000, Algeria has supplied Greece with natural gas by virtue of a long-term Agreement between the two countries. The liquefied natural gas is transported by special vessels before eventually reaching the appropriate plant located in Megara, Attica.[185] The exports of Algerian products to Greece amounted to $89 million in 2001, including mainly oil and oil derivatives, natural gas, inorganic chemicals, iron and steel. In the same year, Greek exports to Algeria amounted to $50.78 million, consisting mainly of cereals and related derivatives, tobacco products, pharmaceuticals, medical and non-ferrous minerals.[182]

In 2007, Algeria was ranked 6th among Greece's Arab trade partners.[186]

  • Algeria has an embassy in Athens.
  • Greece has an embassy in Algiers.
 Holy See 6 March 1972 See Algeria–Holy See relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 6 March 1972.[187]

  • Algeria is accredited to the Holy See from its Permanent Mission to the United Nations in Geneva, Switzerland.
  • Holy See has an apostolic nunciature in Algiers.
 Italy 1 October 1962 See Algeria–Italy relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 1 October 1962.[188]

Two countries have a strong connection, as northern part of Algeria's today was formerly territory of the Roman Empire which was originally from modern-day Italy. Italy and Algeria's relations is viewed as important for stability in the region.[189]

Italy is also Algeria's top commercial partner, with an exchange worth 8.67 billion dollars and a volume of imports of 4.41 billion, or 17.24% of global Algerian exports.[190]

 Poland 2 May 1962 See Algeria–Poland relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 2 May 1962.[191]

  • Algeria has an embassy in Warsaw.
  • Poland has an embassy in Algiers.
 Portugal 7 March 1975 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 7 March 1975.[192]
  • Algeria has an embassy in Lisbon.
  • Portugal has an embassy in Algiers.
 Romania 16 April 1962 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 16 April 1962.[193]
 Russia 23 March 1962 See Algeria–Russia relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 23 March 1962.[196]

Algeria and Russia have had a strong military cooperation since the Algerian independence, as Algiers turned towards the USSR for purchasing armaments. Indeed, from 1962 to 1989, Algeria spent approximately 11 billion dollars for Soviet weapons: planes (MiG-21, MiG-23 et Su-24), tanks (T-55 et T-72), armored vehicles, several ships (including submarines), light weapons and ammunition.[158]

 Serbia 5 July 1962 See Algeria–Serbia relations

Algeria and Serbia (formerly Yugoslavia) formed a strong diplomatic relation shortly after the Algerian independence, marked by economic, military but also ideological cooperation. Indeed, the Yugoslavian economic system constituted a model for the Algerian-style autogestion experimented in the early Ben Bella years. Henceforth, the Yugoslavian government sent technical advisers and agricultural material to Algeria. Moreover, Yugoslavia and Algeria shared similar views on international matters, such as the necessity for the extension of the Non-Aligned Movement. Indeed, Tito saw in Algeria a way to legitimate the possibility of diversity in socialism, rather than the imposed and monolithic Soviet-model. Their alliance was also geopolitically strategic: Algeria constituted a gate into the African and Arab worlds for Yugoslavia, who intended to create stronger links with this continent. Therefore, while Yugoslavia benefited from Algerian close relations with African countries, Algeria could use Yugoslavian greater military and logistical resources to pursue its program of exporting revolution in the continent.[152][197]

 Spain 18 December 1962 See Algeria–Spain relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 18 December 1962.[200]

  • Algeria has an embassy in Madrid and consulates-general in Alicante and Barcelona.
  • Spain has an embassy in Algiers and a consulate-general in Oran.
 Ukraine 20 August 1992 See Algeria–Ukraine relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 20 August 1992.[201]

  • Algeria has an embassy in Kyiv.
  • Ukraine has an embassy in Algiers.

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ Since Maldives High Commissioner/Ambassador to U.K. also serves as non-resident ambassador to France, therefore there's probability that Maldives High Commissioner/Ambassador to U.K also serves as Maldives non-resident ambassador to Algeria. This can be explained by close relations between Algeria and France

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Allen, Mike (6 November 2001). "Bush Meets With Algerian President". Washington Post.
  2. ^ Ahmed, Hamid Ould (25 August 2021). "Algeria cuts diplomatic relations with Morocco". Reuters.
  3. ^ "Shutterstock_1035575620-scaled How long can Algeria's neutrality in the Ukraine war last?". responsiblestatecraft.org. Retrieved 29 November 2022.
  4. ^ "DPRK Diplomatic Relations" (PDF). NCNK. 2016. pp. 8–9. Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 October 2022. Retrieved 14 July 2022.
  5. ^ "China-Algeria Relations". china.org.cn. Retrieved 28 December 2023.
  6. ^ "Diplomatic and Consular List" (PDF). Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Mongolia. March 2020. pp. 4–8. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 February 2022. Retrieved 13 February 2024.
  7. ^ Soviet Foreign Policy: 1945-1980. Progress Publishers. 1981. pp. 642–681.
  8. ^ Petruf, Pavol. Československá zahraničná politika 1945 – 1992 (in Slovak). pp. 99–119.
  9. ^ Hungary. Pannonia Press. 1969. p. 69.
  10. ^ "Diplomatic Relations of Romania". Ministerul Afacerilor Externe. Retrieved 28 December 2023.
  11. ^ Dyplomacja polska w XX wieku. Szkoła Główna Handlowa w Warszawie. 2006. pp. 126–132.
  12. ^ Radina Vučetić; Pol Bets; Radovan Cukić; Ana Sladojević (2017). Tito u Africi: slike solidarnosti (PDF). Museum of Yugoslavia. pp. 140–142. ISBN 978-86-84811-45-7.
  13. ^ "Länder" (in German). Retrieved 23 July 2023.
  14. ^ "Liste Chronologique des Ambassadeurs, Envoyés Extraordinaires, Ministres Plénipotentiaires et Chargés D'Affaires de France à L'Étranger Depuis 1945" (PDF). Diplomatie.gouv.fr (in French). Retrieved 15 December 2023.
  15. ^ "Briefs on Foreign Relations". Ministry of External Affairs, Government of India. Retrieved 29 December 2023.
  16. ^ a b Mideast Mirror. 1962. p. 18.
  17. ^ "All Countries". Office of the Historian. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
  18. ^ Jean-François Juilliard, Françoise Moussu (1962). "Chronologie des faits internationaux d'ordre juridique. Annuaire Français de Droit International / Année 1962 / 8 /". Annuaire Français de Droit International (in French). 8 (1): 1088. Retrieved 30 November 2023.
  19. ^ "PANORAMA DU MAROC DANS LE MONDE Les relations internationales du Royaume" (PDF) (in French). July 2019. p. 43. Retrieved 3 October 2023.
  20. ^ "Memoria anual 2015" (PDF) (in Spanish). 2015. pp. 19–25. Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 May 2019.
  21. ^ "Установяване, прекъсване u възстановяване на дипломатическите отношения на България (1878-2005)" (in Bulgarian).
  22. ^ "Norges opprettelse af diplomatiske forbindelser med fremmede stater" (PDF). regjeringen.no (in Norwegian). 27 April 1999. Retrieved 18 October 2021.
  23. ^ "Africa". April 2010. Retrieved 29 April 2023.
  24. ^ "60th Anniversary of establishment of diplomatic relations: Algerian President Tebboune, Netherlands PM hold phone talks". 18 October 2022. Retrieved 7 January 2024.
  25. ^ Cahiers de l'Orient contemporain (in French). Vol. 19. G.P. Maisonneuve. 1962. p. 338.
  26. ^ Pedone (1963). Revue génerale de droit international public, 67 (in French). p. 124.
  27. ^ a b c d e f g h i j "CHRONOLOGIE INTERNATIONALE: Etablissement des relations diplomatiques par l'Algérie" (in French). p. 39-40. Retrieved 3 October 2023.
  28. ^ The Diplomatic Service List. Great Britain. Diplomatic Service Administration Office. 1970. pp. 136–149.
  29. ^ "Cria uma Embaixada do Brasil na República Popular e Democrática Argelina. DECRETO Nº 1.708, DE 28 DE NOVEMBRO DE 1962". PORTAL DE LEGISLAÇÃO (in Portuguese). Retrieved 4 June 2023.
  30. ^ "55eme anniversaire des relations diplomatiques Algero-Japonaises" (PDF). Ambassade du Japon en Algérie (in French). Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 September 2023. Retrieved 24 September 2023.
  31. ^ "Le 11 décembre est un jour important dans l'histoire de l'Algérie ..." Ambassade de Belgique en Algérie - Ambassade van België in Algerije (in French and Dutch). 11 December 2023. Retrieved 20 December 2023.
  32. ^ a b François Buy (1965). La République algérienne démocratique et populaire (in French). Diffusion: Librairie française. p. 176.
  33. ^ "Relaciones diplomáticas del Estado Espaniol" (in Spanish). p. 307. Retrieved 23 July 2022.
  34. ^ "Diplomatic relations". Retrieved 10 July 2022.
  35. ^ "Countries and regions A–Z". Archived from the original on March 30, 2018. Retrieved April 1, 2018.
  36. ^ "50 years of diplomatic relations between Austria and Algeria". Federal Ministry Republic of Austria. 25 January 2013. Retrieved 5 March 2024.
  37. ^ "Argelia, Relaciones Diplomáticas con Chile" (in Spanish). Retrieved 10 March 2024.
  38. ^ "Büyükelçilik Tarihi ve Önceki Büyükelçilerimiz" (in Turkish). Archived from the original on 11 March 2018. Retrieved 9 March 2024.
  39. ^ a b Daily Report, Foreign Radio Broadcasts Issues 161-162. United States. Central Intelligence Agency. 1963. Retrieved 8 March 2024.
  40. ^ Kongelig Dansk Hof-og Statskalender 1964 (PDF) (in Danish). 1963. pp. 9–11.
  41. ^ "Indonesia and Algeria to Strengthen Economic Cooperation". Voice of Indonesia. 21 December 2023. Retrieved 1 February 2024.
  42. ^ a b c d e f g Pr. Borsali Fewzi. "Culture du dialogue : Algérie –Afrique sub-saharienne 1962-1988" (in French). Retrieved 20 July 2023.
  43. ^ "Bulletin de documentation_1964_1" (PDF). sip.gouvernement.lu (in French). p. 15. Retrieved 24 May 2023.
  44. ^ a b "CHRONOLOGIE INTERNATIONALE: Etablissement des relations diplomatiques par l'Algérie" (in French). p. 38. Retrieved 3 October 2023.
  45. ^ List of Diplomatic Missions, Consular Missions, Trade and International Organizations - Diplomatic missions and other foreign representations as of 25th January, 1966. 1966. p. 1.
  46. ^ Monde colonial illustré, 41 (in French). 1963. p. 54.
  47. ^ a b "Establecimiento de Relaciones Diplomáticas entre la República Argentina y la República Argelina Democrática y Popular". tratados.cancilleria.gob.ar (in Spanish). Retrieved 8 May 2023.
  48. ^ a b Africa Research Bulletin. Blackwell. 1964. p. 90.
  49. ^ "La Política Exterior de Uruguay hacia los países africanos durante los gobiernos del Frente Amplio (2005-2017): ¿construcción de nuevas relaciones Sur-Sur?" (PDF). Ciencias Sociales (in Spanish): 225. 2019.
  50. ^ "Relación bilateral" (in Spanish). Retrieved 9 July 2023.
  51. ^ Africa Research Bulletin. Blackwell. 1964. p. 184.
  52. ^ Mideast Mirror Volume 16. Arab News Agency. 1964. p. 18.
  53. ^ "Senarai tarikh penubuhan hubungan diplomatik Malaysia dan negara - negara luar" (in Malay). Archived from the original on 13 November 2021. Retrieved 13 November 2021.
  54. ^ Africa Research Bulletin: Africa, political, social and cultural series, Volume 1. Africa Research, Limited. 1964. p. 211. Algeria-Yemen. M. Kadri Mohamed , Algeria's first Ambassador to the Yemen is due to take up his post on December 22nd
  55. ^ a b Africa Research Bulletin. Blackwell. 1965. p. 256.
  56. ^ Actualité et Documents (in French). Wizārat al-Anbāʼ. 1965. p. 15.
  57. ^ Linwood, DeLong (January 2020). "A Guide to Canadian Diplomatic Relations 1925-2019". Retrieved 26 June 2023.
  58. ^ a b Mideast Mirror. 1965. p. 19. ... Abdu-Bakr Othman Mohammed Salah, Sudanese first ambassador to Algeria presented his credentials to Colonel Houari Boumedienne , chairman of the Revoluticnary Council which acts as a collective head of state , on December 22 ...
  59. ^ The Commonwealth Relations Office Year Book Volume 14. Great Britain. Office of Commonwealth Relations. 1965. p. 417. Retrieved 24 January 2024.
  60. ^ S. Steinberg (26 December 2016). The Statesman's Year-Book 1965-66. Palgrave Macmillan UK. p. 529. ISBN 978-0-230-27094-7.
  61. ^ Maghreb, Issues 13-24 (in French). La Foundation nationale des sciences politiques, Centre d'études des relations internationales, Section Afrique du nord et la Direction de la documentation. 1966. p. 26.
  62. ^ Bulletin mensuel (in French). Banque nationale du Cambodge. 1966. p. 7.
  63. ^ "Bilateral Relations". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Nepal. Retrieved 25 June 2021.
  64. ^ "Diplomatic relations". Archived from the original on 12 July 2023. Retrieved 13 May 2022.
  65. ^ Ежегодник Большой Советской Энциклопедии 1970 (PDF) (in Russian). 1970. p. 204.
  66. ^ ARR: Arab Report and Record. Economic Features, Limited. 1970. p. 546.
  67. ^ Libro amarillo correspondiente al año ...: presentado al Congreso Nacional en sus sesiones ordinarias de ... por el titular despacho (in Spanish). Venezuela. Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores. 2003. pp. 528–529.
  68. ^ Africa Research Bulletin. Blackwell. 1971. p. 2179.
  69. ^ William R. Tolbert (Jr.) (1972). Presidential Papers Documents, Diary, and Record of Activities of the Chief Executive · Volume 1. Republic of Liberia, Executive Mansion. p. 288.
  70. ^ "Diplomatic relations of the Holy See". Retrieved 5 September 2022.
  71. ^ "50° Aniversario del establecimiento de Relaciones Diplomáticas entre el Perú y Argelia". gob.pe (in Spanish). Retrieved 24 June 2023.
  72. ^ Sierra Leone 12 Years of Economic Achievement and Political Consolidation Under the APC and Dr. Siaka Stevens, 1968-1980. Office of the President. 1980. p. 165.
  73. ^ "Ежегодник Большой Советской Энциклопедии. 1973. Выпуск семнадцатый. Зарубежные страны: Австралия-Мартиника" (PDF) (in Russian). p. 224. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 June 2023. Retrieved 2 March 2024.
  74. ^ Année africaine 1972 (in French). Éditions A. Pedone. 1972. p. 419.
  75. ^ Africa News Letter Risālat Ifrīqīyā. African Society. 1972. p. 14.
  76. ^ "RELACIONES DIPLOMÁTICAS DE LA REPÚBLICA DE PANAMÁ" (PDF). p. 195. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 August 2020. Retrieved 30 November 2021.
  77. ^ "Diplomatic Relations". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Laos. Retrieved 30 June 2021.
  78. ^ Ecuador and Algeria establish diplomatic relations. State Dept cable 1973-50271. 1973. Retrieved 26 June 2024.
  79. ^ a b Record of the Arab World Yearbook of Arab and Israeli Politics · Volume 1. Research and Publishing House. 1973. p. 175.
  80. ^ a b Record of the Arab World Yearbook of Arab and Israeli Politics · Volume 1. Research and Publishing House. 1973. p. 274.
  81. ^ a b News Review on South Asia. The Institute. 1972. p. 26.
  82. ^ Summary of World Broadcasts Non-Arab Africa · Issues 4565-4638. British Broadcasting Corporation. Monitoring Service. 1974. p. 9.
  83. ^ Australia and Algeria Establish Relations. Australian foreign affairs record.Vol. 45 No. 7 (July 1974). pp. Image 70. Retrieved 21 April 2023.
  84. ^ Middle East Economic Digest, 18. Economic East Economic Digest, Limited. 1974. p. 18.
  85. ^ ARR: Arab Report and Record. Economic Features, Limited, 1975. p. 70.
  86. ^ "Countries with which Jamaica has Established Diplomatic Relations". 16 April 2021. Archived from the original on 8 March 2016. Retrieved 16 April 2021.
  87. ^ Miller, Rory (2005). Ireland and the Palestine Question: 1948-2004. p. 84.
  88. ^ "Países". Portal Diplomático (in Portuguese). Retrieved 2 July 2022.
  89. ^ "Today we celebrate 42 years of formal diplomatic relations with Algeria!". 10 April 2017. Retrieved 31 July 2023.
  90. ^ Africa Year Book and Who's who. Africa Journal Limited. 1976. pp. XVI.
  91. ^ "สาธารณรัฐประชาธิปไตยประชาชนแอลจีเรีย". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Kingdom of Thailand (in Thai). Retrieved 1 December 2023.
  92. ^ "SIXTH NATIONAL ASSEMBLY PARLIAMENTARY DEBATES (HANSARD) FIRST SESSION TUESDAY 10 NOVEMBER 2015" (PDF). p. 60. Retrieved 1 August 2023.
  93. ^ Virginia McLean Thompson; Virginia Thompson; Richard Adloff (1980). The Western Saharans: Background to Conflict. Croom Helm. p. 286. ISBN 0-7099-0369-3. Retrieved 7 August 2011.
  94. ^ "Diplomatic relations". Archived from the original on 16 February 2019. Retrieved 21 April 2021.
  95. ^ Translations on Sub-Saharan Africa. Vol. 1831–1840. United States. Joint Publications Research Service. 1977. p. 15.
  96. ^ Translations on Sub-Saharan Africa Issues 1877-1884. United States. Joint Publications Research Service. 1978. p. 19. Retrieved 29 July 2023.
  97. ^ a b c Slimane Chikh (1980). Le Maghreb et l'Afrique subsaharienne (in French). Editions du Centre national de la recherche scientifique. p. 10.
  98. ^ "África, Medio Oriente y Asia Central" (in Spanish). Retrieved 29 June 2023.
  99. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z "Diplomatic relations between Algeria and ..." Retrieved 8 March 2024.
  100. ^ Fewzi, Borsali. "Culture du dialogue : Algérie –Afrique sub-saharienne 1962-1988". p. 42. Retrieved 23 July 2023.
  101. ^ Southern African Political History: A Chronological of Key Political Events from Independence to Mid-1997. n.d. p. 712.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: year (link)
  102. ^ Kalley, Jacqueline Audrey; Schoeman, Elna; Andor, Lydia Eve. Southern African Political History: A Chronology of Key Political Events from Independence to Mid-1997. Greenwood Publishing Group, 1999. p. 186.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  103. ^ "Nicaragua's Minister of Foreign Affairs on official visit to Algeria". africa.com. November 12, 2023. Retrieved 17 November 2023.
  104. ^ "Diplomatic & consular list". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Singapore. Retrieved 11 July 2022.
  105. ^ "Iceland - Establishment of Diplomatic Relations". Government of Iceland. Retrieved 1 August 2021.
  106. ^ "Bilateral relations". Archived from the original on 5 May 2012. Retrieved 15 May 2023.
  107. ^ Ambrose, David (1983). Lesotho. p. 814.
  108. ^ Oman '84. Ministry of Information, Sultanate of Oman. p. 7.
  109. ^ Jonathan Boston, Martin Holland (1987). The Fourth Labour Government: Radical Politics in New Zealand. Oxford University Press. p. 270.
  110. ^ a b "Algeria Hosts 1st Palestine Envoy". Los Angeles Times. December 18, 1988. Retrieved 4 January 2014.
  111. ^ Mushelenga, Samuel Abraham Peyavali (2008). "Foreign policy-making in Namibia : the dynamics of the smallness of a state" (PDF). pp. 254–259.
  112. ^ "STATES WITH WHICH THE REPUBLIC OF UZBEKISTAN ESTABLISHED DIPLOMATIC RELATIONS". Retrieved 15 June 2023.
  113. ^ "Middle East and Africa". Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 11 January 2022.
  114. ^ Đogić, Mojca Pristavec (September 2016). "Priznanja samostojne Slovenije" (PDF) (in Slovenian). Retrieved 11 July 2023.
  115. ^ "Bilateral relations - Date of Recognition and Establishment of Diplomatic Relations". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Croatia. Retrieved 5 February 2022.
  116. ^ "Bilateral relations". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Armenia. Retrieved 30 August 2023.
  117. ^ "Štáty a teritóriá" (in Slovak). Retrieved 26 May 2023.
  118. ^ "Datumi priznanja i uspostave diplomatskih odnosa". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Bosnia and Herzegovina (in Bosnian). 2022. Retrieved 26 April 2022.
  119. ^ "Bilateral relations". Archived from the original on 19 June 2022. Retrieved 1 September 2022.
  120. ^ Eritrea Update. Provisional Government of Eritrea (EPLF), Mission to the USA and Canada. 1992.
  121. ^ "Bilateral relations". MFA Moldova. Retrieved 31 July 2021.
  122. ^ "List of countries with which Lithuania has established diplomatic relations". Archived from the original on 10 January 2022. Retrieved 10 January 2022.
  123. ^ "Foreign policy - bilateral relations". Retrieved 3 August 2022.
  124. ^ Kalley, Jacqueline Audrey; Schoeman, Elna; Andor, Lydia Eve (1999). Southern African Political History: A Chronology of Key Political Events from Independence to Mid-1997. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 528.
  125. ^ "STATES WITH WHICH TURKMENISTAN ESTABLISHED DIPLOMATIC RELATIONS". Archived from the original on 8 May 2019. Retrieved 17 March 2022.
  126. ^ "Brunei Darussalam Newsletter Number 160" (PDF). information.gov.bn. 28 February 1995. p. 10. Retrieved 10 September 2023.
  127. ^ "Belarus - Algeria". Retrieved 29 July 2021.
  128. ^ "Страны, установившие дипломатические отношения с Республикой Казахстан" (in Russian). Archived from the original on 20 February 2020. Retrieved 30 April 2022.
  129. ^ "Список стран, с которыми КР установил дипломатические отношения" (in Russian). Retrieved 10 October 2021.
  130. ^ "Diplomaatiliste suhete (taas)kehtestamise kronoloogia" (in Estonian). 30 January 2018. Retrieved 26 October 2022.
  131. ^ "LIST OF STATES WITH WHICH THE REPUBLIC OF TAJIKISTAN ESTABLISHED DIPLOMATIC RELATIONS" (PDF). Retrieved 13 November 2023.
  132. ^ "Dates of establishment and renewal of diplomatic relations". mfa.gov.lv. 1 July 2021. Retrieved 5 October 2022.
  133. ^ "Bilateral relations". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of North Macedonia. Archived from the original on 30 September 2011. Retrieved 3 April 2021.
  134. ^ "Presentation of Credentials to the President of Timor Leste 15/11/2021. Embassy of Algeria in Australia". Archived from the original on 29 December 2021. Retrieved 26 December 2021.
  135. ^ "Rapporti bilaterali della Repubblica di San Marino" (in Italian). Retrieved 15 December 2021.
  136. ^ "Relations bilatérales Algérie-Principauté du Liechtenstein". Ambassade d'Algerie a Berne (in French).
  137. ^ "Diplomatic Relations". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Saint Kitts and Nevis. Archived from the original on 18 September 2024. Retrieved 23 September 2024.
  138. ^ "Algeria & Kiribati formally established, today, diplomatic relations at a ceremony held at the Permanent Mission of Algeria to the UN in New York". 29 October 2021. Retrieved 11 April 2023.
  139. ^ Cynthia Thanda (10 August 2022). "First Ever Ambassador of Algeria to Botswana presents Credentials to President Masisi". The Pan Afrikanist. Retrieved 18 March 2024.
  140. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Entelis, John P. with Lisa Arone. "The Maghrib". Algeria: a country study Archived January 15, 2013, at the Wayback Machine. Library of Congress Federal Research Division (December 1993). This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  141. ^ Pr. Borsali Fewzi. "Culture du dialogue : Algérie –Afrique sub-saharienne 1962-1988" (in French). p. 40. Retrieved 20 July 2023.
  142. ^ "PANORAMA DU MAROC DANS LE MONDE Les relations internationales du Royaume" (PDF) (in French). July 2019. p. 43. Retrieved 3 October 2023.
  143. ^ "Algeria cuts diplomatic ties with Morocco over 'hostile actions'". ALJAZEERA. 24 August 2021. Retrieved 3 October 2023.
  144. ^ Chikhi, Lamine (2023-08-29). "Algeria proposes transition to resolve Niger crisis". Reuters. Retrieved 2023-09-02.
  145. ^ "سفارة الجمهورية العربية الصحراوية الديمقراطية بالجزائر". www.amb-rasd.org (in Arabic).
  146. ^ "Transition (1990 - 1994) - Chronologies: 1994". omalley.nelsonmandela.org. Retrieved 10 June 2023.
  147. ^ "CHRONOLOGIE INTERNATIONALE: Etablissement des relations diplomatiques par l'Algérie" (in French). p. 37. Retrieved 3 October 2023.
  148. ^ Diplomatic Corps and Consular and Other Representatives in Canada (in English and French). Canada. Dept. of External Affairs. 1966. p. 4.
  149. ^ Embassy of Canada in Algiers
  150. ^ "Celebran en Argelia el 60 Aniversario de establecimiento de relaciones diplomáticas con Cuba". Embajadas y Consulados de Cuba (in Spanish). 18 October 2022. Retrieved 8 May 2023.
  151. ^ a b byrne, jeffrey james (June 2009). "Our Own Special Brand of Socialism: Algeria and the Contest of Modernities in the 1960s". Diplomatic History. 33 (3): 427–447. doi:10.1111/j.1467-7709.2009.00779.x.
  152. ^ a b Byrne, Jeffrey James (2016). Mecca of revolution : Algeria, decolonization, and the Third World order. Oxford University Press.
  153. ^ "Panorama de las relaciones bilaterales". embamex.sre.gob.mx (in Spanish). Retrieved 8 May 2023.
  154. ^ Embassy of Algeria in Mexico City
  155. ^ Embassy of Mexico in Algiers
  156. ^ "50° Aniversario del establecimiento de Relaciones Diplomáticas entre el Perú y Argelia". gob.pe (in Spanish). 10 March 2022. Retrieved 24 September 2023.
  157. ^ "A Guide to the United States' History of Recognition, Diplomatic, and Consular Relations, by Country, since 1776: Algeria". Office of The Historian. Retrieved 1 December 2023.
  158. ^ a b Mokhefi, Mansouria (2015). "Alger-Moscou : évolution et limites d'une relation privilégiée". Politique étrangère. automne, no. 3 (3): 57–70. doi:10.3917/pe.153.0057.
  159. ^ "China-Algeria Relations". china.org.cn. Retrieved 28 December 2023.
  160. ^ One Year of Freedom, Volume 16. Indian National Congress. 1962. p. 216. India accorded recognition to Algeria on 2nd July ,1962 and established diplomatic relations with that country at Embassy level
  161. ^ The Middle East and North Africa
  162. ^ "55eme anniversaire des relations diplomatiques Algero-Japonaises" (PDF). Ambassade du Japon en Algérie (in French). Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 September 2023. Retrieved 24 September 2023.
  163. ^ "Japan-Algeria Relations (Basic Data)". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan. Retrieved 2021-08-30.
  164. ^ "Senarai tarikh penubuhan hubungan diplomatik Malaysia dan negara - negara luar" (in Malay). Archived from the original on 13 November 2021. Retrieved 1 December 2023.
  165. ^ "Diplomatic Relations Between Maldives and Algeria as of 8 Mar. 1988". digitallibrary.un.org. 8 March 1988. Retrieved 8 May 2023.
  166. ^ "Diplomatic & Consular List" (PDF). Ministry of Foreign Affairs Singapore. p. 21. Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 August 2017. Retrieved 1 December 2023.
  167. ^ "Syrian- Algerian relations are distinguished in all fields, Algerian Ambassador in Damascus". SANA. 2 July 2022. Retrieved 22 July 2022.
  168. ^ "Relations between Turkey and Algeria". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Turkey.
  169. ^ "Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Cezayir Büyükelçiliği".
  170. ^ a b "Turkey-Algeria Economic and Trade Relations".
  171. ^ "Relations between Turkey–Algeria".
  172. ^ http://www.musavirlikler.gov.tr/altdetay.cfm?AltAlanID=368&dil=TR&ulke=DZ%7Ctitle=Cezayir Archived September 29, 2013, at the Wayback Machine Ülke Raporu 2008
  173. ^ http://dergiler.ankara.edu.tr/dergiler/37/776/9921.pdf [bare URL PDF]
  174. ^ "List of countries which maintains diplomatic relations with the Socialist Republic of Vietnam (as April 2010)". Ministry of Foreign Affairs Viet Nam. Retrieved 1 December 2023.
  175. ^ "Algeria signs maritime agreement with Cyprus". Algerian radio, Algiers. 1997-11-12. Archived from the original on 2012-10-18. Retrieved 2009-05-05.
  176. ^ "Algeria, Cyprus sign air transport agreement". Algerian TV, Algiers. 1999-12-03. Archived from the original on 2018-01-27. Retrieved 2009-05-05.
  177. ^ "Algeria/Cyprus: News agencies sign cooperation agreement". Algerian TV, Algiers. 2000-07-31. Archived from the original on 2012-10-18. Retrieved 2009-05-05.
  178. ^ "Algeria Sign News Cooperation Agreement". Xinhua News Agency. 2000-07-28. Retrieved 2009-05-05.[dead link‍]
  179. ^ "Algerian, Cyprus oil companies sign exploration deal". Algerian TV, Algiers. 2001-12-23. Archived from the original on 2012-10-18. Retrieved 2009-05-05.
  180. ^ "Cyprus and Egypt keep LNG talks secret". FinancialMirror. April 9, 2009. Archived from the original on June 5, 2011. Retrieved May 9, 2009.
  181. ^ Jean-François Juilliard, Françoise Moussu (1962). "Chronologie des faits internationaux d'ordre juridique. Annuaire Français de Droit International / Année 1962 / 8 /". Annuaire Français de Droit International (in French). 8 (1): 1088. Retrieved 30 November 2023.
  182. ^ a b c d Hellenic Republic Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Algeria[permanent dead link‍]
  183. ^ "Algerian, Greek foreign ministers agree to boost cooperation (Algerian Radio)". Archived from the original on 2012-10-19. Retrieved 2009-07-18.
  184. ^ "Greek defence minister in Algeria 28 January (Algerian Radio)". Archived from the original on 2012-10-19. Retrieved 2009-07-18.
  185. ^ ALGERIA: ALGERIAN GAS EXPORTS TO GREECE, IPR Strategic Business Information Database
  186. ^ "Greece Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Algeria". Archived from the original on 2008-06-16. Retrieved 2009-07-18.
  187. ^ "Diplomatic Relations Of The Holy See". Permanent Observer Mission of the Holy See to the United Nations. Retrieved 1 December 2023.
  188. ^ Jean-François Juilliard, Françoise Moussu (1962). "Chronologie des faits internationaux d'ordre juridique. Annuaire Français de Droit International / Année 1962 / 8 /". Annuaire Français de Droit International (in French). 8 (1): 1088. Retrieved 30 November 2023.
  189. ^ "Italy and Algeria, a stable partnership in a troubled region". 30 May 2016.
  190. ^ breaking, dz (12 January 2017). "Italy is Algeria's top commercial partner | DZ Breaking". Retrieved 2021-08-30.
  191. ^ Bogdan Grzeloński (2006). Dyplomacja polska w XX wieku (in Polish). Szkoła Główna Handlowa w Warszawie. p. 128.
  192. ^ "Algeria". Diplomatic Portal. Retrieved 1 December 2023.
  193. ^ "Diplomatic Relations of Romania". Ministry of Foreign Affairs Romania. Retrieved 4 October 2023.
  194. ^ Romanian Ministry of Foreign Affairs: direction of the Algerian embassy in Bucharerst
  195. ^ Romanian Ministry of Foreign Affairs: direction of the Romanian embassy in Algiers
  196. ^ "Diplomatic relations between the Soviet Union and Algeria were established on March 23, 1962". MFA Russia. Retrieved 1 December 2023.
  197. ^ Byrne, Jeffrey James (10 June 2015). "Beyond Continents, Colours, and the Cold War: Yugoslavia, Algeria, and the Struggle for Non-Alignment". The International History Review. 37 (5): 912–932. doi:10.1080/07075332.2015.1051569. S2CID 154033045.
  198. ^ "Serbian Ministry of Foreign Affairs: direction of the Algerian embassy in Belgrade". Archived from the original on 2009-05-03. Retrieved 2009-05-20.
  199. ^ "Serbian embassy in Algiers (in French and Serbian only)". Archived from the original on 2009-02-23. Retrieved 2009-05-20.
  200. ^ "Relaciones diplomáticas del Estado Espaniol" (in Spanish). p. 307. Retrieved 4 October 2023.
  201. ^ "Middle East and Africa: Algeria". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine. Retrieved 30 November 2023.

Public Domain This article incorporates public domain material from The World Factbook. CIA.

Public Domain This article incorporates public domain material from U.S. Bilateral Relations Fact Sheets. United States Department of State.

Retrieved from "https://wiki.riteme.site/w/index.php?title=Foreign_relations_of_Algeria&oldid=1263084330#Romania"