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Albanians in Serbia

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This article is about Albanians who live in Central Serbia and Vojvodina. For the Albanians who live in Kosovo, see Kosovo Albanians.
Albanians in Serbia
Shqiptarët në Serbi
Албанци у Србији
Total population
61,687 Serbian citizens, 0.93% of Serbia's population (2022)[1]
Regions with significant populations
Preševo31,340 (93.69%)[2]
Bujanovac25,465 (62.01%)[2]
Languages
Albanian, Serbian
Religion
Islam, Christianity
Part of a series on
Albanians

Albanians in Serbia (Serbian: Албанци у Србији, romanized: Albanci u Srbiji; Albanian: Shqiptarët në Serbi) are a recognized national minority in Serbia. According to the 2022 census, the population of ethnic Albanians in Serbia is 61,687, constituting 0.93% of the total population. The vast majority of them live in the southern part of the country that borders Kosovo and North Macedonia, called the Preševo Valley. Their cultural center is located in Preševo.

Geography

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In the municipalities of Preševo and Bujanovac Albanians form the majority of population (93.7% in Preševo and 62% in Bujanovac according to the 2022 census). In the municipality of Medveđa, Albanians are second largest ethnic group (after Serbs), and their participation in this municipality was 32% in 1981 census, 28.67% in 1991 and 26.17% in 2002.[3] The region of Bujanovac and Preševo is widely known as the Preševo Valley (Serbian: Прешевска Долина, Preševska Dolina, Albanian: Lugina e Preshevës).

History

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Late antiquity

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In late antiquity, the contact zone between Late Proto-Albanian and Balkan Latin was located in eastern and southeastern Serbia.[4][5] This area included Nish, a city in southeastern Serbia. The toponym Niš in Slavic evolved from a toponym attested in Ancient Greek as ΝΑΙΣΣΟΣ (Naissos), which achieved its present form via phonetic changes in Proto-Albanian and thereafter entered Slavic.[6] This indicates that Proto-Albanians lived in the region in pre-Slavic times. When this settlement happened is a matter of debate, as Proto-Albanians might have moved relatively late in antiquity in the area which might have been an eastern expansion of Proto-Albanian settlement as no other toponyms known in antiquity in the immediate area presuppose an Albanian development.[7][8] The development of Nish < Naiss- may also represent a regional development in late antiquity Balkans which while related may not be identical with Albanian.[9] The potential spread of the Albanian language in the pre-Slavic era was possibly up to Drobeta-Turnu Severin on the banks of the Danube. Proto-Albanian speakers in the wider region shifted to Balkan Latin and contributed to the emergence of Proto-Romanian populations.[6] The Torlak Slavic dialects are influenced by the features which emerged in the Albanian and Eastern Romance spoken in southeastern Serbia.[10]

Middle Ages

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Toponyms such as Arbanaška and Đjake shows an Albanian presence in the Toplica and Southern Morava regions (located north-east of contemporary Kosovo) since the Late Middle Ages.[11][12] Albanians in the Niš region had been living there for at least 500 years prior to their expulsion, meaning that Albanians would have been present in Niš since the 1300s at the very least.[12] By 1477, part of the Albanian Mataruge tribe lived in the kaza of Prijepolje, where they formed their own distinct community (nahiye) with 10 villages (katund).[13] In Ottoman records on the regions of Toplica, Kruševac and Leskovac (today located in southern Serbia) that date between 1444 and 1446, a village by the name of Tanuš (derived from the Albanian anthroponym Tanush) appears. In the region of Toplica specifically, several settlements of Albanian toponomy were recorded during the first half of the 15th century, such as Gonzi, Castrat, Spanzi, Zur, Katun and Kriva Feja. All of these settlements are indeed older than and predate the time of their recording during the first half of the 15th century.[14]

Ottoman era

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In 1700, after the Great Serb Migration, the Kelmendi and Kuçi and other tribes like the Shkreli of Rugova established themselves in the region of Rožaje and the neighboring town of Tutin, Serbia. The Shala, Krasniqi, and Gashi also moved in the region.[15][16][17] Starting in the 18th century many people originating from the Hoti tribe have migrated to and live in Sandžak, mainly in the Tutin area, but also in Sjenica.[18]

In the era of trade development in the Ottoman Balkans, Albanian merchants from Shkodra, Pristina and Prizren had settled in the sanjak of Smederevo (Belgrade Pashalik). Groups of Albanians from Kosovo settled in the areas of Karanovac (today, Kraljevo) and Ćuprija.[19] Albanians were the most significant non-Slavic group of the Smederevo region, the second biggest Muslim group of the pashalik and part of its Muslim population with Muslim Serbs, Bosniaks and smaller communities.[20][21] In urban areas, Albanians lived in the towns of Paraćin, Ćuprija, Aleksinac, Kruševac and Karanovac. Austrian sources that in Karanovac there were 89 Turkish and Albanian and 11 Serb households. The biggest concentration of Albanians was in Ćuprija, where contemporary Serb author Joakim Vujić recorded more "Turkish Arnauts than Serbs" in 1826.[22] Albanian villages of Smederevo were concentrated in the south and east of the region.[22]

19th century

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Balkan Map of 1878, Albanians pictured in green.

In the first decades of the Principality of Serbia, which included modern-day central and eastern Serbia, the population was about 85% Serb and 15% non-Serb. Of those, most were Vlachs, and there were some Muslim Albanians, which were the overwhelming majority of the Muslims that lived in Smederevo, Kladovo and Ćuprija. The new state aimed to homogenize of its population. As a result, from 1830 to the wars of the 1870s, it has been estimated that up to 150,000 Albanians that lived in the territories of the Principality of Serbia had been expelled.[23] In the correspondence of Miloš Obrenović there many indications as to how this process was carried out. Obrenović asked his official Milosav Zdravković to buy the houses of Albanians at a higher price than the market one and ordered the expulsion of Mulims - most of whom were Albanians - from western Serbia. The residences of these population were burnt and they were moved to Ottoman lands.[24]

Albanians in the territories which were included in the Kingdom of Serbia after 1912 were concentrated in three regions: Kosovo, Sanjak of Novi Pazar and the Sanjak of Niš. Albanians were the majority of the population of Toplica (including Kuršumlija and Prokuplje), a significant part of the population of Leskovac and Vranje, and a part of the Muslim community in Niš. A small Albanian community lived in Tran. In the cities, a part of the Muslim population which were identified as Turks were in fact Albanians who had adopted an Ottoman urban culture. A part of the areas where Albanians lived, was administered under the Pashalik of Vranje. In 1843–1844, the pashalik was engulfed by the uprising of Dervish Cara against Huseyin Pasha of Vranje. After the Tanzimat reforms, the local authorities exploited the situation in order to impose heavier taxation and abuse their authority even more against the majority of the population, which were peasant farmers. One particular event which aggravated even more the relations between the locals and Huseyin Pasha is the ban on opening Albanian language schools in the district of Vranje even though the Tanzimat constitution allowed the opening of schools in the mother tongue of every ethnic community in the Ottoman Empire. In April 1844, rebels from the Preševo valley, Gjilan, Leskovac, Tetovo, Gostivar, Kumanovo defeated Huseyin pasha and took Vranje. The Ottoman army sent more than 10,000 troops with artillery support to suppress the rebellion. Local Albanians were led by Sulejman Tola of Veliki Trnovac/Tërrnoc, Selman Rogaçica, Ymer Aga of Presheva and Dervish Cara. The decisive battle which the Ottomans won and ended the rebellion took place on the Somolica hill between Preševo and Bujanovac.[25]

The sanjak of Niš became the subject of territorial dispute in Serbian-Ottoman War (1876–1878). In the war Albanians from Kuršumlja, Prokuplje and Leskovac formed units which operated independently from the Ottoman army for the self-defense of villages against the Serbian troops. Albanian units joined the Ottoman frontline defense from Kosovo and Macedonia.[26] The war caused the displacement of tens of thousands of civilians. More than 35,000 displaced Albanian civilians died just in the winter of 1876–1877.[27]

In the first stages (1876–1877) of the war the Ottoman army won and enacted harsh repressive measures in Serbia.[28] The entry of Russia (Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878) in the war changed the situation and the Ottomans shifted their forces towards the eastern front. The Ottoman defeat in the Siege of Plevna (December 1877) secured Russian victory in the war and the Ottoman army retreated on all fronts. Ottoman forces surrendered Niš on 10 January 1878 and Serbian forces continued their southwest advance entering the valleys of Kosanica, Pusta Reka and Jablanica. Serbian forces in the Morava Valley continued to head for Vranje, with the intention of then turning west and entering Kosovo proper. The Serbian advance in the southwest was slow, due to the hilly terrain and much resistance by local Albanians who were defending their villages and also sheltering in the nearby Radan and Majdan mountain ranges. Serbian forces took these villages one by one and most remained vacant. Albanian refugees continued to retreat toward Kosovo and their march was halted at the Goljak Mountains when an armistice was declared.[29] The Serbian army operating in the Morava Valley continued south toward two canyons: Grdelica (between Vranje and Leskovac) and Veternica (southwest of Grdelica). After Grdelica was taken, Serbian forces took Vranje. Local Albanians had left with their belongings prior to Serbian forces reaching the town, and other countryside Albanians experienced tensions with Serbian neighbours who fought against and eventually evicted them from the area. Albanian refugees defended the Veternica canyon, before retreating toward the Goljak mountains. Albanians who lived nearby in the Masurica region did not resist Serbian forces and General Jovan Belimarković refused to carry out orders from Belgrade to deport them, but they were deported with other Albanians after Belimarković moved out of Masurica.[29]

As a result of the territorial expansion of the Principality of Serbia in 1877–78, massive and violent expulsion of Albanians occurred from the newly occupied regions in the sanjak of Niš. In the new areas (present-day Jablanica, Toplica and parts of Nišava District) an estimated 50,000–60,000 Albanians were expelled and settled mainly in Kosovo.[30][31] Between the Ottoman-Serbian armistice and the final act of the Congress of Berlin, some Albanian groups had returned to their homes. After the treaty of Berlin was signed, they were expelled to Turkey. In total, around 600 Albanian villages were ethnically cleansed.[32] Albanians who settled in Kosovo and other regions became known as muhaxhirs (refugees). The events of 1877-78 marked the beginning of the modern Serbian-Albanian conflict.[33]

The expulsion and ethnic cleansing of Albanians from southern Serbia was the result of a policy of ethnic homogenization of the Serbian state and reflected Serbia's strategic goal of expanding southwards to Macedonia and Old Serbia. In Serbian geopolitical strategy, Albanians were seen as an "undesirable and unreliable population" which had to be replaced with a "reliable" population.[34] Orthodox Serbs, Herzegovinians and Montenegrins were invited to settle in the depopulated areas. A part of the Serb settlers came from nearby eastern Kosovo and had been driven out in interethnic violence by the muhaxhirs who had settled just across the new border. The large depopulation and economic devaluation of the new territories couldn't be balanced by any means so the Serbian government attempted to attract some of the Albanians who had been expelled to settle again in Serbia. Milan Obrenović, future King of Serbia since 1882, struck a deal directly with Shahid Pasha, a local Albanian military officer from Jablanica. Shahid Pasha was commander of the Ottoman barracks of Sofia in the 1877–78 war. Under the agreement, some Muslim Albanians returned to Gornja Jablanica (Medveđa).[35]

Early 20th century

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Whole Albanian villages had been transformed into columns of flames – in the distance, nearby, and even right along the railway line. This was my first, real, authentic view of war, of the merciless mutual slaughter of human beings.
— Leon Trotsky, Behind the Curtains of the Balkan Wars[36], The Balkan Wars (1912)

Some historians suggest that Austro-Hungarian emissaries were active in areas where Serbs and Albanians coexisted, deliberately stirring conflicts and divisions between the two nations to advance their state's political interests and influence.[37]

During the Balkan wars, the Kosovo Vilayet and Sandžak became part of Serbia. Tens of thousands of Albanian civilians were massacred and expelled from the newly conquered territories. In Novi Pazar, General Petar Živković targeted the Albanians of the region. Many journalists who including Leon Trotsky, Leo Freundlich observed and recorded the events. Danish journalist Fritz Magnussen recorded the slaughter of 5,000 Albanians near Pristina.[38]

In the Kingdom of Yugoslavia, Albanians were divided in three banovinas (counties): Vardar Banovina, Zeta Banovina and Morava Banovina since 1929. The Albanians of modern-day southern Serbia were within Vardar Macedonia. In Titoist Yugoslavia, the Preševo valley didn't become part of the Autonomous Province of Kosovo but part of Yugoslav Serbia. This decision was influenced by the location of transport infrastructure near Preševo. In Albanian politics, Preševo continues to be called "eastern Kosovo".[39]

Federal Republic of Yugoslavia and Serbia (1990–)

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In 1992, the Albanian representatives in the municipalities Preševo, Medveđa and Bujanovac organized a referendum in which they voted for the joining of these municipalities to the self-declared assembly of the Republic of Kosova.[40] However, no major events happened until the end of the 1990s.

Following the establishment of the Republic of Kosova, ethnic Albanians created the Kosovo Liberation Army[41] which began attacking police forces and secret-service officials which abused Albanian civilians in 1995.[42] From 1998 onwards, the group was involved in open conflict with an increasing number of Yugoslav security forces, and the escalating tensions eventually led to the Kosovo War in February 1998.[43][44][45]

Following the breakup of Yugoslavia and the conclusion of the Kosovo War, a 5-kilometre-wide Ground Safety Zone was created, serving as a buffer zone between the Yugoslav Army and the Kosovo Force.[46][47] In June 1999, a new Albanian militant insurgent group - the Liberation Army of Preševo, Medveđa and Bujanovac (UÇPMB) - was formed and began training.[48][49]

The Serbian media during Milošević's era was known to espouse Serb nationalism while promoting xenophobia toward the other ethnicities in Yugoslavia. Ethnic Albanians were commonly characterized in the media as anti-Yugoslav counter-revolutionaries, rapists, and a threat to the Serb nation.[50] During the Kosovo War, Serbian forces continually discriminated against Kosovo Albanians:

Throughout Kosovo, the forces of the FRY and Serbia have harassed, humiliated, and degraded Kosovo Albanian civilians through physical and verbal abuse. Policemen, soldiers, and military officers have persistently subjected Kosovo Albanians to insults, racial slurs, degrading acts, beatings, and other forms of physical mistreatment based on their racial, religious, and political identification.[51]

— War Crimes Indictment against Milosevic and others

A survey in Serbia showed that 40% of the Serbian population would not like Albanians to live in Serbia while 70% would not enter into a marriage with an Albanian individual. The same feeling exists in Albania towards Serbs.[52]

Unlike in the case of the KLA in Kosovo, western countries condemned the attacks of the UÇPMB and described them as examples of "extremism" and the use of "illegal terrorist actions" by the group.[53]

Since then, the Albanian Coalition from Preševo Valley has gained representation in the National Assembly of Serbia where it holds two seats. In 2009, Serbia opened a military base - Cepotina - 5 kilometers south of Bujanovac, to further stabilize the area.[54]

On 7 March 2017, the President of Albania, Bujar Nishani, made a historical visit to the municipalities of Preševo and Bujanovac, in which Albanians form the ethnic majority.[55] On 26 November 2017, the President of Albania Ilir Meta made a historical visit to Medveđa, municipality with Albanian ethnic minority.[56] On 26 November 2019, an earthquake struck Albania. Albanians of the Preševo valley donated aid and sent it through several convoys to earthquake victims.[57]

In 2021 the Helsinki Committee for Human Rights in Serbia released a report which stated that the Serbian administration was undertaking a "passivation of residence of Albanians" resulting in Albanians living in Southern Serbia losing the right to vote, their property, health insurance, pension and employment. According to the committee, this measure amounted to "ethnic cleansing through administrative means".[58]

Culture

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Education

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Cultural center of Preševo "Abdulla Krashnica"

The first Albanian language school in the Preševo valley was opened in Preševo on February 7, 1945. It was opened by Abdulla Krashnica, local anti-fascist partisan. The first secondary school was opened in 1948.[59]

Media

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Before the 2001 rebellion, no Albanian-language media were allowed in the Preševo valley. The first Albanian-language channel was allowed after the Končulj Agreement (2001). In 2003, the state TV channel of Preševo began to broadcast in Albanian. Another regional state channel in Bujanovac broadcasts 8 hours (out of a total 16) daily in Albanian. A private TV channel which broadcasts mostly in Albanian was funded in 2006. "Radio Presheva" broadcasts 10 hours in Albanian daily. A similar station exists in Bujanovac. In Medveđa, the local state channel broadcasts 5 minutes in Albanian daily and one weekly 60-minute show in Albanian.[60]

Religion

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The main religion of Albanians in the Preševo Valley is Islam. Prior to the Ottoman period, the population of the region was mostly Roman Catholic. There are still Catholic churches in the Karadak villages, located in Kosovo today.

Demographics

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Albanians boycotted the 1991 census in Serbia and Kosovo. In 2002, they took part in the census according to the Končulj Agreement which terminated the insurgency in the Preševo Valley. The 2002 census counted 61,647 Albanians in Serbia.[61] In the 2011 census, the Albanian community in the Preševo Valley largely boycotted the census in protest against the lack of progress in the implementation of Končulj Agreement. According to the census, the total number of Albanians in Serbia is 5,805. According to the 2011 census, 71.1% of all Albanians are Muslim, followed by Catholics (16.8%) and Orthodox Christians (2.6%). The remainder did not declare their religion or belong to smaller religious groups (9.5%).[62] A few years later, independent experts estimated the size of their population to ca. 75,000. Albanian community leaders claim that there about 25,000 more Albanians from Serbia.[63]

Belgrade, capital of Serbia, has a small Albanian community. In the census of 1981, 8,212 Albanians were registered. In 1991 there lived only 4,985 Albanians in Belgrade. After the Kosovo War, this number decreased to 1,492, and according to the latest census (2011), the number is 1,252.[64] During the 2022 census, the Helsinki Committee of Serbia declared that the passivization of residences of Albanians could be used as a means to not allow them to register in the census and as a consequence the census could serve as "a mechanism for the disenfranchisement of Albanians in southern Serbia".[65] About 100,000 Albanians in total were recorded in the preliminary results of the census, most of them in the Preševo Valley.[66] 61,687 were counted as permanent residents of Serbia in the final census results.[67]

Albanians in Sandžak (divided between Serbia and Montenegro) made up a considerable portion of the population of the region but today only a few villages identify as Albanian, mainly as the result of cultural assimilation and immigration. The Bulgarian foreign ministry compiled a report about the region in 1901–02. In areas of Sandžak which today are part of Serbia, the kaza of Sjenica was inhabited mainly by Orthodox Serbs (69 villages with 624 households) and Bosnian Muslims (46 villages with 655 households). Albanians (505 households) lived exclusively in the town of Sjenica. The kaza of Novi Pazar had 1,749 households in 244 Serb villages and 896 households in 81 Albanian villages. Nine villages inhabited by both Serbs and Albanians had 173 households. The town of Novi Pazar had a total of 1,749 Serb and Albanian households with 8,745 inhabitants.[68] The kaza of Novi Varoš, according the Bulgarian report, was mostly Serbian with the exception of one Muslim Bosnian village and Albanian households in the town of Novi Varoš.[68] The last official registration of the population of the sanjak of Novi Pazar before the Balkan Wars was conducted in 1910. The 1910 Ottoman census recorded 52,833 Muslims and 27,814 Orthodox Serbs. About 65% of the population were Muslims and 35% Serbian Orthodox. The majority of the Muslim population were Albanians.[69]

In the 21st century, there still is a small community which identifies as Albanian in the Pešter region of Sandžak living in villages such as Boroštica, Doliće and Ugao.[70] For the past two generations these villages have opted to declare themselves "Bosniak" in the national census. This partial bosniakicisation and abandonment of the self-designation Albanian has been attributed to a strategy by the villagers to avoid ethnic violence by Serbian para-military groups in the Yugoslavs wars and partially due to intermarriage with the surrounding Bosniak population.[70] As such and also due to the Yugoslav wars and thereafter, they have opted to declare themselves in censuses as "Muslims" and "Bosniaks" instead of as Albanians to avoid problems.[70] Elders in these villages are still fluent in Albanian.[70] Catholic Albanian groups which settled in the early 18th century were converted to Islam in that period. Their descendants make up the large majority of the population of Tutin and the Pešter plateau.[71]

Notable people

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For a more comprehensive list, see List of Albanians in Serbia.

See also

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Notes

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b.  ^ During the 2011 census, in the municipalities of Bujanovac and Preševo there was undercoverage of the census units owing to the boycott by most of the members of the Albanian ethnic community.

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "Final results - Ethnicity". Почетна. 2023-07-14. Retrieved 2023-12-07.
  2. ^ a b "Population by ethnicity, by areas" (PDF). Retrieved 2023-12-07.
  3. ^ Popis stanovništva, domaćinstava i Stanova 2002. Knjiga 1: Nacionalna ili etnička pripadnost po naseljima (in Serbian). Statistical Office of the Republic of Serbia. 2003. ISBN 86-84433-00-9.
  4. ^ Fine, John Van Antwerp (1991). The Early Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Sixth to the Late Twelfth Century. University of Michigan Press. pp. 10–12. ISBN 978-0-472-08149-3.
  5. ^ Prendergast 2017, p. 150.
  6. ^ a b Prendergast 2017, p. 80
  7. ^ Ismajli 2015, p. 263.
  8. ^ Ismajli 2015, p. 109.
  9. ^ Matzinger 2016, p. 13.
  10. ^ Prendergast 2017, p. 152.
  11. ^ Uka, Sabit (2004). Jeta dhe veprimtaria e sqiptarëve të Sanxhakut të Nishit deri më 1912 [Life and activity of Albanians in the Sanjak of Nish up to 1912]. Verana. pp. 244–245. "Eshtë, po ashtu, me peshë historike një shënim i M. Gj Miliçeviqit, i cili bën fjalë përkitazi me Ivan Begun. Ivan Begu, sipas tij ishte pjesëmarrës në Luftën e Kosovës 1389. Në mbështetje të vendbanimit të tij, Ivan Kullës, fshati emërtohet Ivan Kulla (Kulla e Ivanit), që gjendet në mes të Kurshumlisë dhe Prokuplës. M. Gj. Miliçeviqi thotë: "Shqiptarët e ruajten fshatin Ivan Kullë (1877–1878) dhe nuk lejuan që të shkatërrohet ajo". Ata, shqiptaret e Ivan Kullës (1877–1878) i thanë M. Gj. Miliçeviqit se janë aty që nga para Luftës se Kosovës (1389). [12] Dhe treguan që trupat e arrave, që ndodhen aty, ata i pat mbjellë Ivan beu. Atypari, në malin Gjakë, nodhet kështjella që i shërbeu Ivanit (Gjonit) dhe shqiptarëve për t’u mbrojtur. Aty ka pasur gjurma jo vetëm nga shekulli XIII dhe XIV, por edhe të shekullit XV ku vërehen gjurmat mjaft të shumta toponimike si fshati Arbanashka, lumi Arbanashka, mali Arbanashka, fshati Gjakë, mali Gjakë e tjerë. [13] Në shekullin XVI përmendet lagja shqiptare Pllanë jo larg Prokuplës. [14] Ne këtë shekull përmenden edhe shqiptarët katolike në qytetin Prokuplë, në Nish, në Prishtinë dhe në Bulgari.[15].... [12] M. Đj. Miličević. Kralevina Srbije, Novi Krajevi. Beograd, 1884: 354. "Kur flet mbi fshatin Ivankullë cekë se banorët shqiptarë ndodheshin aty prej Betejës së Kosovës 1389. Banorët e Ivankullës në krye me Ivan Begun jetojnë aty prej shek. XIV dhe janë me origjinë shqiptare. Shqiptarët u takojnë të tri konfesioneve, por shumica e tyre i takojnë atij musliman, mandej ortodoks dhe një pakicë i përket konfesionit katolik." [13] Oblast Brankovića, Opširni katastarski popis iz 1455 godine, përgatitur nga M. Handžic, H. Hadžibegić i E. Kovačević, Sarajevo, 1972: 216. [14] Skënder Rizaj, T,K "Perparimi" i vitit XIX, Prishtinë 1973: 57.[15] Jovan M. Tomić, O Arnautima u Srbiji, Beograd, 1913: 13.
  12. ^ a b Geniş & Maynard 2009, pp. 556–557: "Using secondary sources, we establish that there have been Albanians living in the area of Nish for at least 500 years, that the Ottoman Empire controlled the area from the fourteenth to nineteenth centuries which led to many Albanians converting to Islam, that the Muslim Albanians of Nish were forced to leave in 1878, and that at that time most of these Nishan Albanians migrated south into Kosovo, although some went to Skopje in Macedonia. ; pp. 557–558: In 1690 much of the population of the city and surrounding area was killed or fled, and there was an emigration of Albanians from the Malësia e Madhe (North Central Albania/Eastern Montenegro) and Dukagjin Plateau (Western Kosovo) into Nish."
  13. ^ Rexha, Iljaz. "SHTRIRJA DHE SLLAVIZIMI I VLLAZËRIVE ALBANE MESJETARE, BURMAZI DHE MATARUGA NË AREALIN E TREKËNDËSHIT TË KUFIJVE TË BOSNJËS E HERCEGOVINËS, MALIT TË ZI DHE SERBISË (SIPAS DY DEFTERËVE TË SANXHAKUT TË HERCEGOVINËS TË SHEK. XV) [Geography and Slavicization of the Albanian brotherhoods of Burmazi and Mataruga in the border area between Montenegro, Bosnia & Herzegovina and Serbia according to two defters of the 15th century]".
  14. ^ Gashi, Skënder (2014). Emrat e shqiptarëve në shek. XIII-XV në dritën e burimeve kishtare serbe. Prishtinë: TENDA. pp. 52–53.
  15. ^ Mušović, Ejup (1985). Tutin i okolina. Serbian Academy of Science and Arts. p. 27.
  16. ^ The Tribes of Albania,: History, Culture and Society. Robert Elsie. 24 April 2015. p. 104. ISBN 9780857739322.
  17. ^ Kaser, Karl (1992). Hirten, Kämpfer, Stammeshelden: Ursprünge und Gegenwart des balkanischen Patriarchats. Böhlau Verlag Wien. p. 163. ISBN 3205055454.
  18. ^ Biber, Ahmet. "HISTORIJAT RODOVA NA PODRUČJU BJELIMIĆA". Fondacija "Lijepa riječ". Archived from the original on 2020-02-21. Retrieved 2022-01-14.
  19. ^ Ceribašić-Begovac 2017, p. 40.
  20. ^ Ceribašić-Begovac 2017, p. 46.
  21. ^ Ceribašić-Begovac 2017, p. 88.
  22. ^ a b Ceribašić-Begovac 2017, p. 84
  23. ^ Rama 2019, p. 72.
  24. ^ Rama 2019, p. 73.
  25. ^ Sadiku 2014, p. 126.
  26. ^ Jagodić 1998, p. 4.
  27. ^ Rama 2019, p. 85.
  28. ^ Rama 2019, p. 80.
  29. ^ a b Jagodić 1998, p. 6
  30. ^ Geniş & Maynard 2009, pp. 556–557:Using secondary sources, we establish that there have been Albanians living in the area of Nish for at least 500 years, that the Ottoman Empire controlled the area from the fourteenth to nineteenth centuries which led to many Albanians converting to Islam, that the Muslim Albanians of Nish were forced to leave in 1878, and that at that time most of these Nishan Albanians migrated south into Kosovo, although some went to Skopje in Macedonia.
  31. ^ Daskalovski 2003, p. 19:The Serbian-Ottoman wars 1877/1878, followed mass and forceful movements of Albanians from their native territories. By the end of 1878 there were 60,000 Albanian refugees in Macedonia and 60,000–70,000 in the villayet of Kosova. At the 1878 Congress of Berlin, the Albanian territories of Niš, Prokuple, Kuršumlia, Vranje and Leskovac were given to Serbia.
  32. ^ Elsie, Robert (19 March 2010). Historical Dictionary of Albania (2 ed.). Scarecrow Press. p. 406. ISBN 9780810873803.
  33. ^ Stefanović 2005, pp. 469–470:Despite some voices of dissent, the Serbian regime 'encouraged' about 71,000 Muslims, including 49,000 Albanians, 'to leave'. The regime then gradually settled Serbs and Montenegrins in these territories. Prior to 1878, the Serbs comprised not more than one half of the population of Nis, the largest city in the region; by 1884 the Serbian share rose to 80 per cent. (..) The 1878 cleansing was a turning point because it was the first gross and large-scale injustice committed by Serbian forces against the Albanians. From that point onward, both ethnic groups had recent experiences of massive victimization that could be used to justify 'revenge' attacks. Furthermore, Muslim Albanians had every reason to resist the incorporation into the Serbian state.
  34. ^ Jagodić 1998, p. 5.
  35. ^ Blumi 2013, p. 178.
  36. ^ "1912 Leo Trotsky: Behind the Curtains of the Balkan Wars".
  37. ^ Stojančević, Vladimir (1998). Srpski narod u Staroj Srbiji u Velikoj istočnoj krizi 1876-1878. Belgrade: Balkanološki institut SANU, Službeni list SRJ.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)
  38. ^ Hall 2002, p. 231.
  39. ^ Palairet 2016, p. 333.
  40. ^ organized a referendum in which they voted that Preševo, Medveđa and Bujanovac should join Kosovo
  41. ^ Eriksson, Mikael; Kostić, Roland (15 February 2013). Mediation and Liberal Peacebuilding: Peace from the Ashes of War?. Routledge. pp. 43–. ISBN 978-1-136-18916-6.
  42. ^ Perret 2008, p. 63
  43. ^ Independent International Commission on Kosovo (2000). The Kosovo Report (PDF). Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 2. ISBN 978-0199243099. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2022-04-11. Retrieved 2020-08-10.
  44. ^ Quackenbush, Stephen L. (2015). International Conflict: Logic and Evidence. Los Angeles: Sage. p. 202. ISBN 9781452240985. Archived from the original on 2023-01-11. Retrieved 2020-09-24.
  45. ^ "Roots of the Insurgency in Kosovo" (PDF). June 1999. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2021-06-25. Retrieved 2020-08-08.
  46. ^ "Ground Safety Zone (GSZ): Time out for rebel strong hold - Serbia | ReliefWeb". reliefweb.int. 2001-06-01. Retrieved 2024-01-27.
  47. ^ "Supervision of Kosovo's borders and military-technical agreement". Zyra e Kryeministrit. 2016-08-23. Retrieved 2024-01-27.
  48. ^ Yonah Alexander; Richard Prosen (15 August 2015). NATO: From Regional to Global Security Provider. Lexington Books. pp. 93–. ISBN 978-1-4985-0369-3.
  49. ^ Corson, Mark W.; Turregano, Clemson G. (2002). "Spaces of unintended consequences: The Ground Safety Zone in Kosovo". Springer. 57 (4): 273–282. doi:10.1023/B:GEJO.0000007205.16802.d7.
  50. ^ International Centre Against Censorship. "Forging War: The Media in Serbia, Croatia and Bosnia-Herzegovina". International Centre Against Censorship, Article 19. Avon, United Kingdom: Bath Press, May 1994. P55
  51. ^ American Public Media. "Justice for Kosovo". Retrieved 9 May 2015.
  52. ^ "Raste etnička distanca među građanima Srbije". Retrieved 9 May 2015.
  53. ^ European Centre for Minority Issues Staf (1 January 2003). European Yearbook of Minority Issues: 2001/2. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. pp. 652–. ISBN 90-411-1956-6.
  54. ^ "Otvorena baza na jugu Srbije". b92.net (in Serbian). Beta. 23 November 2009. Retrieved 6 March 2017.
  55. ^ "Musliu: Albanski predsednik Bujar Nišani posetiće 7. marta Bujanovac i Preševo". blic.rs (in Serbian). Beta. 3 March 2017. Retrieved 11 March 2017.
  56. ^ Mitić, I. (26 November 2017). "Ilir Meta u Medveđi: Posetom šalje poruku o saradnji". novosti.rs (in Serbian). Retrieved 27 November 2017.
  57. ^ "Lugina e Preshevës në këmbë për Shqipërinë, gati maunia e dytë me ndihma" (in Albanian). Vizion Plus. 27 November 2019. Retrieved 29 November 2019.
  58. ^ "Albanian Minority on Hold: Preševo, Bujanovac and Medveđa as hostages of the Serbia and Kosovo relations" (PDF). helsinki.org.rs. Helsinki Committee for Human Rights in Serbia. 2021. p. 6.
  59. ^ "76 vjet nga shkolla e parë shqipe në Preshevë [76 years from the first Albanian school in Preshva]" (in Albanian). presheva.al. 2021.
  60. ^ Biserko 2021, p. 53.
  61. ^ "2002 census - Serbia". pop-stat.mashke.org.
  62. ^ "Population by national affiliation and religion, Census 2011". Archived from the original on 2021-03-08. Retrieved 2019-04-21.
  63. ^ Biserko 2021, p. 79.
  64. ^ "2011 census - Serbia". pop-stat.mashke.org.
  65. ^ "Census as a mechanism for the disenfranchisement of Albanians in southern Serbia". Helsinki Committee for Human Rights in Serbia.
  66. ^ Dejanović, M (2 November 2022). "Povećan broj stanovnika u Bujanovcu i Preševu, prvi rezultati popisa pokazali da je više od 96.000 Albanaca". Južne vesti.
  67. ^ "Коначни резултати Пописа становништва, домаћинстава и станова 2022".
  68. ^ a b Bartl 1968, p. 63
  69. ^ Bartl 1968, p. 64:Die Bevölkerung des Sancak Novi Bazar war zu etwa 65% islamisiert. Der muslimische Bevölkerung santeil bestand zum grössten Teil aus Albanern.
  70. ^ a b c d Andrea Pieroni, Maria Elena Giusti, & Cassandra L. Quave (2011). "Cross-cultural ethnobiology in the Western Balkans: medical ethnobotany and ethnozoology among Albanians and Serbs in the Pešter Plateau, Sandžak, South-Western Serbia." Human Ecology. 39.(3): 335. "The current population of the Albanian villages is partly “bosniakicised”, since in the last two generations a number of Albanian males began to intermarry with (Muslim) Bosniak women of Pešter. This is one of the reasons why locals in Ugao were declared to be “Bosniaks” in the last census of 2002, or, in Boroštica, to be simply “Muslims”, and in both cases abandoning the previous ethnic label of “Albanians”, which these villages used in the census conducted during “Yugoslavian” times. A number of our informants confirmed that the self-attribution “Albanian” was purposely abandoned in order to avoid problems following the Yugoslav Wars and associated violent incursions of Serbian para-military forces in the area. The oldest generation of the villagers however are still fluent in a dialect of Ghegh Albanian, which appears to have been neglected by European linguists thus far. Additionally, the presence of an Albanian minority in this area has never been brought to the attention of international stakeholders by either the former Yugoslav or the current Serbian authorities."
  71. ^ Veljović 2021, pp. 197–199.

Sources

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