Al-Shams (East Pakistan)
| Al-Shams | |
|---|---|
| Leader | Fazlul Quader Chowdhury |
| Foundation | March 1971 |
| Dissolved | December 16, 1971 |
| Country |  Pakistan |
| Allegiance |  Jamaat-e-Islami
Military junta of Pakistan |
| Headquarters | East Pakistan |
| Ideology | |
| Political position | Far-right |
| Major actions | War crimes, genocide, looting, rape, mass murder, arson, kidnapping |
| Notable attacks | Bangladesh genocide |
| Status | Inactive |
| Allies | Jamaat-e-Islami Pakistan Army |
| Opponents |  Provisional Government of Bangladesh
|
| Battles and wars | Bangladesh Liberation War |
The Al-Shams (Bengali: আল-শামস; Urdu: الشمس; lit. 'The sun') was a collaborationist paramilitary wing allied with several Islamist parties in East Pakistan,[1] comprising both local Bengalis and Muhajirs.[2] Alongside the Pakistan Army and Al-Badr, Al-Shams has been accused of participating in widespread atrocities against Bengali nationalists, civilians, and religious and ethnic minorities during the 1971 Bangladesh Liberation War.[3] Following the war, the government of Bangladesh officially banned the group.
Naming and inspirations
[edit]Al-Shams is an Arabic word meaning 'The Sun' and also the name of a Surah in the Quran, Surat Ash-Shams. Al Shams and Al-Badr were local Bengali and Bihari[2] armed groups formed by the Pakistan Army[4] which were mostly recruited from the student wing of Jamaat-e-Islami to fight out and resist Mukti Bahini.[5]
Background
[edit]On 25 March 1971, after Operation Searchlight, the exiled leadership of what is now Bangladesh declared independence from Pakistan and armed struggle against the Pakistani Army began. This struggle was spearheaded by elements of Mukti Bahini with strong support from India. As most of the locals were in support of Mukti Bahini and those who were not were killed by Mukti Bahini, the Pakistani Army, composed largely of elements from Punjab,[6] found itself and its cause pretty much alienated from the local populace.
To counter this situation, the Pakistan Army accepted help from Islamic fundamentalist parties including Jamaat-e-Islami, proclaiming Jihad against Indians, to seek unity among the population for the two wings of Pakistan, in the name of religion. The PPP played an active role in its formation.[7] It also recruited from the Urdu speaking Bihari population of East-Pakistan.[8] This was between the Pakistani Army and the liberation forces and their supporters (Indians and Mukti Bahini). To recruit the local populace into fighting the independence movement, two sister organisations Al Badr (literally meaning The Moon, but also has a reference to the famous Battle of Badr) and Al Shams were formed.[9]
Genocide
[edit]The organisation was supported by local wing of Jamaat-e-Islam Pakistan which declared it a Jihad.[10] The Al-Shams guarded infrastructure and provided logistics and intelligence support to the army. It also arrested suspects and transported them to interrogation centres that used torture.[11] It carried out looting, rape and violence on the civilian population.[12][failed verification]
According to witnesses before the International Crimes Tribunal, the Al Shams was under the command of Fazlul Quader Chowdhury and led on the ground by his son Salauddin Quader Chowdhury in Chittagong.[13] The other important members were former M.P. Syed Wahidul Alam of Bangladesh Nationalist Party and Saifuddin Quader Chowdhury, the younger brother of Saluddin Quader Chowdhury.[13] They used to patrol the neighbourhoods of Satkania, Rauzan, Boalkhali, Patia and Rangunia in a jeep. They would set fire to Hindu houses and arrest anybody they suspected of being supportive towards the Mukti Bahini.[13] The suspects were taken to Salauddin Quader Chowdhury's residence Goods Hill, which had been converted to a torture cell, where they were tortured and killed. Their bodies were disposed of in the Karnafuli.[13]
On 12 December, the Al Shams and the Al Badr leadership jointly prepared the blueprint for killing the intellectuals. The Al Shams and Al Badar leadership met with Major General Rao Farman Ali and finalised the blueprint.[14]
The victims of Bangladesh genocide (1971) are remembered by the annual national Bangladesh Genocide Remembrance Day, the perpetrators were the
Abolition
[edit]The general surrender of 16 December 1971 resulted in all armed resistance from the Pakistani side and the two organisations ceasing to exist.[citation needed]
See also
[edit]- Bangladesh genocide (1971)
- Bangladesh Genocide Remembrance Day
- Al Badr, perpetrator
- East Pakistan Central Peace Committee, perpetrator
- Razakars, perpetrator
References
[edit]- ^ Sirajul Islam; Miah, Sajahan; Khanam, Mahfuza; Ahmed, Sabbir, eds. (2012). "Al-Shams". Banglapedia: the National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh (Online ed.). Dhaka, Bangladesh: Banglapedia Trust, Asiatic Society of Bangladesh. ISBN 984-32-0576-6. OCLC 52727562. OL 30677644M. Retrieved 30 November 2024.
- ^ a b Saikia, Yasmin (2011). Women, War, and the Making of Bangladesh: Remembering 1971. Duke University Press. p. 40. ISBN 978-0-8223-9428-0.
- ^ "Pakistan's first two militant Islamist groups, Al-Badar and Al-Shams – by Nadeem F. Paracha". LUBP. Archived from the original on 27 December 2015. Retrieved 29 December 2015.
- ^ Iqbal, Khuram (2015). The Making of Pakistani Human Bombs. Lexington Books. p. 38. ISBN 978-1-4985-1649-5.
- ^ Haqqani, Husain (2005). Pakistan : between mosque and military (1st ed.). Washington, DC: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. pp. 79. ISBN 0870032143.
- ^ Jaffrelot, Christophe (2002). Pakistan : nationalism without a nation? (1st ed.). New Delhi: Manohar Publ. p. 54. ISBN 1842771175.
- ^ Chengappa, Bidanda M. (2004). Pakistan, Islamisation, army and foreign policy. New Delhi: A.P.H. Publ. p. 39. ISBN 8176485489.
- ^ Hiro, Dilip (2015). The Longest August: The Unflinching Rivalry Between India and Pakistan. Nation Books. p. 202. ISBN 978-1-56858-515-4.
- ^ Roy, Kaushik; Gates, Scott (2014). Unconventional Warfare in South Asia: Shadow Warriors and Counterinsurgency. Ashgate Publishing. p. 117. ISBN 978-1-4724-0579-1.
- ^ Muehlenbeck, Philip E., ed. (2012). Religion and the Cold War : a global perspective. Nashville: Vanderbilt University Press. p. 278. ISBN 978-0826518538.
- ^ Hiro, Dilip (2015). The Longest August: The Unflinching Rivalry Between India and Pakistan. Nation Books. pp. 202–203. ISBN 978-1-56858-515-4.
- ^ Saikia, Yasmin (2011). Women, War, and the Making of Bangladesh: Remembering 1971. Duke University Press. p. 3. ISBN 978-0-8223-9428-0.
- ^ a b c d ফকার নেতৃত্বে সাকার তত্ত্বাবধানে ছিলো আল-শামস'. Banglanews24.com (in Bengali). Dhaka. 21 May 2012. Archived from the original on 7 April 2013. Retrieved 10 February 2013.
- ^ ১২ই ডিসেম্বর আল বদর এবং আল শামস তৈরী করে বুদ্ধিজীবি হত্যার নীল নকশা. Ekushey TV (in Bengali). Dhaka. Archived from the original on 11 May 2013. Retrieved 10 February 2013.
