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==Modern timeline==
==Modern timeline==


Age of the Doge
===1500–1700===
*1537: Pope [[Paul III]] forbids slavery of the indigenous peoples of the Americas as well as of any other new population that would be discovered, indicating their right to freedom and property. However, only Catholic countries apply it, and state that they cannot possibly enforce what happens in the distant colonies ([[Sublimus Dei]]).
*1537: Pope [[Paul III]] forbids slavery of the indigenous peoples of the Americas as well as of any other new population that would be discovered, indicating their right to freedom and property. However, only Catholic countries apply it, and state that they cannot possibly enforce what happens in the distant colonies ([[Sublimus Dei]]).
*1542: Spain enacted [[New Laws|the first European law abolishing colonial slavery]] in 1542. Spain becomes the first country to abolish slavery.
*1542: Spain enacted [[New Laws|the first European law abolishing colonial slavery]] in 1542. Spain becomes the first country to abolish slavery.

Revision as of 01:09, 22 January 2014

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Abolition of slavery occurred as abolition in specific countries, abolition of the trade in slaves and abolition throughout empires. Each of these steps was usually the result of a separate law or action.

Main article: Abolitionism

Ancient times

  • 3rd century BC: Ashoka abolishes slave trade and encourages people to treat slaves well but does not abolish slavery itself in the Maurya Empire, covering the majority of India, which was under his rule.[1]
  • 221-206 B.C.E: The Qin Dynasty’s measures to eliminate the landowning aristocracy include the abolition of slavery and the establishment of a free peasantry who owed taxes and labor to the state. They also abolished primogeniture and discouraged serfdom.[2] The dynasty was overthrown in 206 B.C.E and many of its laws were overturned.
  • 17: Wang Mang, first and only emperor of the Xin Dynasty usurped the Chinese throne and instituted a series of sweeping reforms, including the abolition of slavery and radical land reform. After his assassination in 23 C.E., slavery was reinstituted.[3][4]

Early timeline

Many of these changes were reversed in practice over the succeeding centuries.

  • 960: Doge of Venice Pietro IV Candiano reconvened the popular assembly and had it approve of a law prohibiting the slave trade
  • 1102: Trade in slaves and serfdom condemned by the church in London: Council of London (1102)
  • 1117: Slavery abolished in Iceland
  • 1200: Slavery virtually disappears in Japan; it was never widespread and mostly involved captives taken in civil wars.[5]
  • 1214: The Statute of the Town of Korčula (Croatia) abolishes slavery.[6]
  • 1215: Magna Carta signed. Clause 30, commonly known as Habeas Corpus, would form the basis of a law against slavery in English common law.
  • ~1220: The Sachsenspiegel, the most influential German code of law from the Middle Ages condemns slavery as a violation of God's likeness to man.[7]
  • 1256: The Liber Paradisus is promulgated. The Comune di Bologna abolishes slavery and serfdom and releases all the serfs in its territories.
  • 1274: Landslova (Land's Law) in Norway mentions only former slaves, which indicates that slavery was abolished in Norway
  • 1315: Louis X, king of France, publishes a decree proclaiming that "France" signifies freedom and that any slave setting foot on the French ground should be freed[8]
  • 1335: Sweden (including Finland at the time) makes slavery illegal. An abolition of slaves setting foot on swedish ground does not occur until 1813.[9]
  • 1368: China's Hongwu Emperor establishes the Ming dynasty and would abolish all forms of slavery.[3] However, slavery continued in the Ming dynasty. Later Ming rulers, as a way of limiting slavery in the absence of a prohibition, passed a decree that limited the number of slaves that could be held per household and extracted a severe tax from slave owners.[10]
  • 1416: Republic of Ragusa (modern day Dubrovnik, Croatia) abolished slavery and slave trading
  • 1435: Papal Encyclical – Sicut Dudum – of Pope Eugene IV banning enslavement on pain of excommunication.

Modern timeline

Age of the Doge

1700–1800

  • 1706: In the case of Smith v. Browne & Cooper, Sir John Holt, Lord Chief Justice of England, rules that "as soon as a Negro comes into England, he becomes free. One may be a villein in England, but not a slave."[16][17]
  • 1723: Russia abolishes outright slavery but retains serfdom.[18]
  • 1723–1730: China's Yongzheng emancipation sought to free all slaves to strengthen the autocratic ruler through a kind of social leveling that created an undifferentiated class of free subjects under the throne. Although these new regulations freed the vast majority of slaves, wealthy families continued to use slave labor into the twentieth century.[10]
  • 1761, 12 February: Portugal abolishes slavery[19] in mainland Portugal and in Portuguese possessions in India through a decree by the Marquis of Pombal.
  • 1772: Somersett's case held that no slave could be forcibly removed from Britain. This case was generally taken at the time to have decided that the condition of slavery did not exist under English law in England and Wales, and emancipated the remaining ten to fourteen thousand slaves or possible slaves in England and Wales, who were mostly domestic servants.[20]
  • 1774 Laws of the Marquis of Pombal, prime minister of King José I. prohibiting the transport of black slaves to Portugal and the liberation of the children of slaves born in Portugal
  • 1775: Pennsylvania Abolition Society formed in Philadelphia, the first abolition society in North America.
  • 1777: Slavery abolished in Madeira, Portugal[21]
  • 1777: Constitution of the Vermont Republic bans slavery.[21]
  • 1780: Pennsylvania passes An Act for the Gradual Abolition of Slavery, freeing future children of slaves. Those born prior to the Act remain enslaved for life. The Act becomes a model for other Northern states. Last slaves freed 1847.[22]
  • 1783: Russia abolishes slavery in Crimean Khanate[23]
  • 1783: Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court rules slavery illegal based on 1780 state constitution. All slaves are immediately freed.[24]
  • 1783: Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor issued an order abolishing slavery in Bukovina on 19 June 1783 in Czernowitz[25]
  • 1783: New Hampshire begins a gradual abolition of slavery.
  • 1784: Connecticut begins a gradual aboliton of slavery, freeing future children of slaves, and later all slaves.[26]
  • 1784: Rhode Island begins a gradual abolition of slavery.
  • 1787: The United States in Congress Assembled passed the Northwest Ordinance of 1787 outlawing any new slavery in the Northwest Territories.
  • 1787: Sierra Leone founded by Britain as colony for emancipated slaves[27]
  • 1787: Society for the Abolition of the Slave Trade founded in Britain[21]
  • 1788: Sir William Dolben's Act regulating the conditions on British slave ships enacted
  • 1792: Denmark-Norway declares transatlantic slave trade illegal after 1803 (though slavery continues in Danish colonies to 1848)[28]
  • 1793: Upper Canada (Ontario) abolishes import of slaves by Act Against Slavery
  • 1794: France abolishes slavery in all its possessions; slavery is restored by Napoleon in 1802.[29]
  • 1799: New York State passes gradual emancipation act freeing future children of slaves, and all slaves in 1827.[30]
  • 1799: The Colliers (Scotland) Act 1799 ends the legal slavery of Scottish coal miners that had been established in 1606.[31]

1800–1849

  • 1802: The First Consul Napoleon re-introduces slavery on French colonies growing sugarcane.[19]
  • 1802: Ohio writes a state constitution that abolishes slavery.
  • 1803: Denmark-Norway: abolition of transatlantic slave trade takes effect 1 January 1803.
  • 1804: New Jersey begins a gradual abolition of slavery, freeing future children of slaves.[26] Those born prior to the Act remain enslaved for life.
  • 1804: Haiti declares independence and abolishes slavery[21]
  • 1805: Great Britain: bill for Abolition passed in Commons, rejected in the House of Lords.
  • 1806: U.S. President Thomas Jefferson in a message to Congress calls for criminalizing the international slave trade, asking Congress to "withdraw the citizens of the United States from all further participation in those violations of human rights … which the morality, the reputation, and the best of our country have long been eager to proscribe."
  • 1807, 2 March: Jefferson signs the Act Prohibiting Importation of Slaves into law in the U.S. which took effect 1 January 1808.
  • 1807, 25 March: Abolition of the Slave Trade Act abolishes slave trading in British Empire. Captains fined £120 per slave transported.
  • 1807: 22 July: The constitution of the Duchy of Warsaw abolishes serfdom
  • 1807: The British begin patrols of African coast to arrest slaving vessels. The West Africa Squadron (Royal Navy) is established to suppress slave trading; by 1865, nearly 150,000 people freed by anti-slavery operations[32]
  • 1807: Abolition of serfdom in Prussia through the Stein-Hardenberg Reforms.
  • 1807: In the U.S. Northwest Territory (present-day Michigan), Territorial Justice Augustus Woodward denies the return of two slaves owned by a man in Windsor, Upper Canada (present day Ontario). Woodward declares that any man “coming into this Territory is by law of the land a freeman.”[33]
  • 1808: In the United States, Act Prohibiting Importation of Slaves takes effect 1 Jan.[34]
  • 1810: In Mexico, Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla declares slavery abolished. In the following years, during the Mexican War of Independence, gradually comprehensive steps will end slavery in the new country.
  • 1811: Slave trading made a felony in the British Empire punishable by transportation for British subjects and foreigners.
  • 1811: Spain abolishes slavery at home and in all colonies except Cuba,[19] Puerto Rico, and Santo Domingo
  • 1811: The First National Congress of Chile approves a proposal drafted by Manuel de Salas that declares the Freedom of wombs, which sets free the sons of slaves born on Chilean territory, no matter the conditions of the parents; it prohibited the slave trade and recognized as freedmen those who, passing in transit through Chilean territory, stayed there for six months.
  • 1813: Mexico abolishes slavery in the documents Sentimientos de la Nación, by insurgent leader José María Morelos y Pavón
  • 1813: In Argentina, the Law of Wombs was passed on 2 February, by the Assembly of Year XIII. The law stated that those born after 31 January 1813 would be granted freedom when contracting matrimony, or on their 16th birthday for women and 20th for men, and upon their manumission would be given land and tools to work it. In 1853, slavery was completely abolished.
  • 1814: Uruguay, before its independence, declares all those born of slaves in their territories are free from that day forward.
  • 1814: The Netherlands outlaws slave trade.
  • 1815: British pay Portugal £750,000 to cease their trade north of the Equator[35]
  • 1815: Congress of Vienna. Eight victorious powers declared their opposition to slavery
  • 1816: Serfdom abolished in Estonia.
  • 1817: Serfdom abolished in Courland.
  • 1817: Spain paid £400,000 by British to cease trade to Cuba, Puerto Rico, and Santo Domingo[35]
  • 1817: New York State sets a date of 4 July 1827 to free all its slaves.[36]
  • 1818: Treaty between Britain and Spain to abolish slave trade[37]
  • 1818: Treaty between Britain and Portugal to abolish slave trade.[37]
  • 1818: France abolishes slave trading.
  • 1818: Treaty between Britain and the Netherlands taking additional measures to enforce the 1814 ban on slave trading[37]
  • 1819: Serfdom abolished in Livonia.
  • 1819: Upper Canada: Attorney-General John Robinson declares all black residents of Canada free.
  • 1820: Mexico formally abolishes slavery with the Plan of Iguala, proposed by Agustín de Iturbide and ratified the following year by him and the Viceroy, Juan O'Donojú.
  • 1820: Compromise of 1820 in U.S. prohibits slavery north of a line (36°30').
  • 1820: Indiana supreme court in Polly v. Lasselle orders almost all slaves in the state to be freed.
  • 1821: Gran Colombia (Ecuador, Colombia, Venezuela, Panama) declares free the sons and daughters born to slave mothers, sets up program for compensated emancipation[38]
  • 1822: Liberia founded by American Colonization Society (USA) as a colony for emancipated slaves.
  • 1822: Greece abolishes slavery
  • 1823: Chile abolishes slavery[21]
  • 1824: Mexico's new Constitution (1824 Constitution of Mexico) effectively frees existing slaves.
  • 1824: The Federal Republic of Central America abolishes slavery.
  • 1825: Uruguay declares independence from Brazil and prohibits the traffic of slaves from foreign countries.
  • 1827: Treaty between Britain and Sweden to abolish slave trade[37]
  • 1828: New York State abolishes slavery. Children born between 1799 and 1827 are indentured until age 25 (females) or age 28 (males).[39]
  • 1829: Last slaves are freed in Mexico.[21]
  • 1830: Mexican president Anastasio Bustamante orders the abolition of slavery to be implemented also in Mexican Texas. To circumvent the law, many Anglo colonists convert their slaves into "indentured servants for life".
  • 1830: The first Constitution of Uruguay declares the abolition of slavery.
  • 1831: Bolivia abolishes slavery[21]
  • 1834: The British Slavery Abolition Act comes into force, abolishing slavery throughout most of the British Empire. Legally frees 700,000 in West Indies, 20,000 in Mauritius, 40,000 in South Africa. The exceptions, territories controlled by the East India Company and Ceylon, were liberated in 1843 when they became part of the British Empire.[40]
  • 1835: Serbia abolishes slavery[41] Although formally outlawed in 1835, slavery never existed in Serbia. During its occupation by the Ottoman Empire, however, male Serbian children were regularly taken to be trained as janissaries.
  • 1835: Treaty between Britain and France to abolish slave trade[37]
  • 1835: Treaty between Britain and Denmark to abolish slave trade[37]
  • 1836: Portugal abolishes transatlantic slave trade
  • 1836: Republic of Texas is established. Slavery is made legal again.
  • 1836 (December) – Viscount Sa da Bandeira, prime minister, prohibits the import and export of slaves from the Portuguese colonies south of the Equator.
  • 1838, 1 August: Enslaved men, women and children in the British Empire finally became free after a period of forced apprenticeship following the passing of the Slavery Abolition Act in 1833
  • 1839: British and Foreign Anti-Slavery Society founded, now called Anti-Slavery International
  • 1839: Indian indenture system made illegal (reversed in 1842)
  • 1840: Treaty between Britain and Venezuela to abolish slave trade;[37] the first World Anti-Slavery Convention meets in London.
  • 1841: Quintuple Treaty is signed; Britain, France, Russia, Prussia, and Austria agree to suppress slave trade[21]
  • 1842: Treaty between Britain and Portugal to extend the enforcement of the ban on slave trade to Portuguese ships sailing south of the Equator.
  • 1843: East India Company becomes increasingly controlled by Britain and abolishes slavery in India by the Indian Slavery Act V. of 1843.
  • 1843: Treaty between Britain and Uruguay to suppress slave trade[37]
  • 1843: Treaty between Britain and Mexico to suppress slave trade[37]
  • 1843: Treaty between Britain and Chile to suppress slave trade[37]
  • 1843: Treaty between Britain and Bolivia to abolish slave trade[37]
  • 1845: 36 British Royal Navy ships are assigned to the Anti-Slavery Squadron, making it one of the largest fleets in the world.
  • 1846: Persuaded by Britain the Bey of Tunisia outlawed the slave trade; the policy was reversed temporarily by his successor.[42]
  • 1847: Under British pressure the Ottoman Empire abolishes slave trade from Africa.[43]
  • 1847: The last slaves in the swedish colony Saint Barthelemy is freed.[44]
  • 1847: Slavery is abolished in Pennsylvania, thus freeing the last remaining slaves, those born before 1780 (fewer than 100 in 1840 Census).[45]
  • 1848: Slavery abolished in all French and Danish colonies[21][44]
  • 1848: France founds Gabon for settlement of emancipated slaves.
  • 1848: Treaty between Britain and Muscat to suppress slave trade[37]
  • 1849: Treaty between Britain and Persian Gulf states to suppress slave trade[37]

1850–1899

1900–present

While now officially illegal in all nations, slavery or practices akin to it continue today in many countries throughout the world.

See also

Further reading

  • Bales, Kevin. "Disposable People" (University of California Press, 2012)
  • Campbell, Gwyn. The Structure of Slavery in Indian Ocean Africa and Asia (Frank Cass, 2004)
  • Drescher, Seymour. Abolition: A History of Slavery and Antislavery (Cambridge University Press, 2009)
  • Finkelman, Paul, and Joseph Miller, eds. Macmillan Encyclopedia of World Slavery (2 vol 1998)
  • Gordon, M. Slavery in the Arab World (1989)
  • Hinks, Peter, and John McKivigan, eds. Encyclopedia of Antislavery and Abolition (2 vol. 2007) 795pp; ISBN 978-0-313-33142-8
  • Lovejoy, Paul. Transformations in Slavery: A History of Slavery in Africa (Cambridge UP, 1983)
  • Morgan, Kenneth. Slavery and the British Empire: From Africa to America (2008)
  • Rodriguez, Junius P., ed. The Historical Encyclopedia of World Slavery (1997)
  • Rodriguez, Junius P., ed. Encyclopedia of Emancipation and Abolition in the Transatlantic World (2007)

References

  1. ^ Clarence-Smith, William. "Religions and the abolition of slavery – a comparative approach" (PDF). Retrieved 28 August 2013.
  2. ^ The Earth and Its Peoples: A Global History. Cengage Learning. 2009. p. 165. ISBN 9780618992386.
  3. ^ a b Encyclopedia of Antislavery and Abolition. Greenwood Publishing Group. 2011. p. 155. ISBN 9780313331435.
  4. ^ Encyclopedia of Slave Resistance and Rebellion. Google Books. Retrieved 28 August 2013.
  5. ^ Finkelman & Miller (1998) 2: 445–6
  6. ^ "Statute of Korcula from 1214 - Large Print". Korculainfo.com. Retrieved 28 August 2013.
  7. ^ Hans A. Frambach in Jürgen Georg Backhaus: "The Liberation of the Serfs". Google Books. 31 May 2012. p. 33. Retrieved 28 August 2013.
  8. ^ Miller, Christopher L. The French Atlantic triangle: literature and culture of the slave trade. Google Books. p. 20. Retrieved 28 August 2013.
  9. ^ John Roach; Jürgen Thomaneck (1985). Police and public order in Europe. Taylor & Francis. p. 256. ISBN 978-0-7099-2242-1.
  10. ^ a b Encyclopedia of Antislavery and Abolition. Greenwood Publishing Group. 2011. p. 156. ISBN 9780313331435.
  11. ^ Dembkowski, Harry E. (1982). The union of Lublin, Polish federalism in the golden age. East European Monographs, 1982. p. 271. ISBN 978-0-88033-009-1.
  12. ^ Maria Suzette Fernandes Dias (2007). Legacies of slavery: comparative perspectives. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. p. 71. ISBN 1-84718-111-2. Retrieved 14 July 2010.
  13. ^ Lewis, James Bryant. (2003). Frontier Contact Between Choson Korea and Tokugawa Japan, p. 31-32.
  14. ^ Gary João de Pina-Cabral (2002). Between China and Europe: person, culture and emotion in Macao. Berg Publishers. p. 114. ISBN 0-8264-5749-5. Retrieved 14 July 2010.
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  16. ^ Catterall, Helen Tunnicliff. Judicial Cases Concerning American Slavery and the Negro, Vol. I: Cases from the Courts of England, Virginia, West Virginia, and Kentucky. Washington, D.C.: Carnegie Instituion of Washington, 1926. accessed 2 October 2013.
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  18. ^ a b "Historical survey > Ways of ending slavery". Britannica.com. Retrieved 28 August 2013.
  19. ^ a b c Hobhouse, Henry. Seeds of Change: Six Plants That Transformed Mankind, 2005. Page 111.
  20. ^ Heward, Edmund (1979). Lord Mansfield: A Biography of William Murray 1st Earl of Mansfield 1705–1793 Lord Chief Justice for 32 years. p.141. Chichester: Barry Rose (publishers) Ltd. ISBN 0-85992-163-8
  21. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Robert William Fogel and Stanley L. Engerman. Time on the Cross: The Economics of American Negro Slavery, 1995. Pages 33–34.
  22. ^ A Leon Higginbotham, Jr., In the Matter of Color: Race & the American Legal Process, Oxford University Press, 1978. p.310.
  23. ^ "Historical survey > Slave societies". Britannica.com. Retrieved 28 August 2013.
  24. ^ A. Leon Higginbotham, In the matter of color: race and the American legal process (1980) p. 91
  25. ^ Viorel Achim, The Roma in Romanian History, Central European University Press, Budapest, 2004. ISBN 963-9241-84-9, p.128
  26. ^ a b Higginbotham, p.310.
  27. ^ A. B. C. Sibthorpe, The history of Sierra Leone (1970) p. 8
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  31. ^ May, Thomas Erskine (1895), "Last Relics of Slavery", The Constitutional History of England (1760–1860), vol. II, New York: A. C. Armstrong and Son, pp. 274–275
  32. ^ Sailing against slavery. By Jo Loosemore BBC
  33. ^ Woodward, Augustus. "Slavery in the Northwest Territory". Leelanau Communications, Inc. Retrieved 10 September 2012.
  34. ^ Foner, Eric. "Forgotten step towards freedom," New York Times. 30 December 2007.
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  38. ^ a b c Aguilera, Miguel (1965). La Legislacion y el derecho en Colombia. Historia extensa de Colombia. Vol. 14. Bogota: Lemer. pp. 428–442.
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  40. ^ Finkelman and Miller, Macmillan Encyclopedia of World Slavery 1:293
  41. ^ Serbian: http://serbum.com/?p=1253
  42. ^ Ismael M. Montana, The Abolition of Slavery in Ottoman Tunisia (University Press of Florida; 2013)
  43. ^ Ehûd R. Tôledānô (1998). Slavery and Abolition in the Ottoman Middle East. U. of Washington Press. p. 11.
  44. ^ a b Cobb, Thomas Read Rootes. An Inquiry Into the Law of Negro Slavery in the United States of America: To which is Prefixed An Historical Sketch of Slavery, 1858. Page cxcii.
  45. ^ 1840 U.S. Census, Pennsylvania
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  47. ^ a b Mihail Kogălniceanu, Dezrobirea ţiganilor, ştergerea privilegiilor boiereşti, emanciparea ţăranilor, 1891. (these dates) also decisive for privately owned gypsies, still remaining enslaved
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