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Breynia androgyna

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(Redirected from Aalius retroversa)

"Katuk" redirects here. For the place in Afghanistan, see Katok, Afghanistan. For the place in Azerbaijan, see Ağgədik.

Breynia androgyna
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Rosids
Order: Malpighiales
Family: Phyllanthaceae
Genus: Breynia
Species:
B. androgyna
Binomial name
Breynia androgyna
(L.) Chakrab. & N.P.Balakr.[2]
Synonyms[2]
Homotypic
  • Clutia androgyna L.
  • Aalius androgyna (L.) Kuntze
  • Phyllanthus androgynus (L.) Chakrab. & N.P.Balakr.
  • Sauropus androgynus (L.) Merr.
Heterotypic
  • Aalius oblongifolia (Hook.f.) Kuntze
  • Aalius sumatrana (Miq.) Kuntze
  • Agyneia ovata Poir.
  • Andrachne ovata Lam. ex Poir.
  • Phyllanthus acidissimus Noronha, nom. nud.
  • Phyllanthus speciosus Noronha, nom. nud.
  • Phyllanthus strictus Roxb.
  • Sauropus albicans Blume
  • Sauropus albicans var. gardnerianus
  • Sauropus albicans var. genuinus Müll.Arg., not validly publ.
  • Sauropus albicans var. intermedius Müll.Arg.
  • Sauropus albicans var. zeylanicus (Wight) Müll.Arg.
  • Sauropus convexus J.J.Sm.
  • Sauropus gardnerianus Wight
  • Sauropus indicus Wight
  • Sauropus macranthus Fern.-Vill., nom. illeg.
  • Sauropus oblongifolius Hook.f.
  • Sauropus parviflorus Pax & K.Hoffm.
  • Sauropus scandens C.B.Rob.
  • Sauropus sumatranus Miq.
  • Sauropus zeylanicus Wight

Breynia androgyna, also known as katuk, star gooseberry, or sweet leaf, is a shrub grown in some tropical regions as a leaf vegetable. Its multiple upright stems can reach heights of 2.5 meters and bear dark green oval leaves of length 5–6 centimetres.

It is native to India, Bangladesh, Indochina, southern China including Hainan, Malesia, and New Guinea.[2] It inhabits tropical and subtropical humid lowland forests, where it grows on brushy slopes and sunny forest margins from 100 to 400 m elevation.[1] It is cultivated up to 1,300 m.[3]

It contains high level of provitamin A carotenoids, especially in freshly picked leaves, as well as high levels of vitamins B and C, protein and minerals. The more the leaves mature, the higher the nutrient content.[4]

One study has suggested that excessive consumption of uncooked and juiced katuk leaves can cause lung damage due to its high concentrations of the alkaloid papaverine.[5]

Cultural usage

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It is one of the most popular leafy vegetables in South and Southeast Asia and is notable for high yields and palatability.[6] It can be cultivated specifically for edible asparagus-like stems using heavy fertilization, this cultivation variant is known as "Sabah vegetable." The stems are otherwise not edible.[7]

Indonesia

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In Indonesia, the flowers, leaves, and small purplish fruits of Breynia androgyna has been consumed and used traditionally since ancient times by the Javanese and Sundanese ethnic groups as the alternative medicine in a form of Jamu (traditional concoction native to Java island, originally formulated by the Javanese) to improve the circulation of blocked breast milk for breastfeeding mothers.[8] Interestingly, according to modern research findings on the efficacy of this herb, indicates that the extract of the Breynia androgyna leaf increases the expression of prolactin and oxytocin genes 15 to 25 times in breastfeeding mice.[9]

Malaysia

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In Malaysia, it is commonly stir-fried with egg or dried anchovies.

Vietnam

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In Vietnam, the shoot tips have been sold in cuisine and used similarly like the asparagus; the locals usually cook it with crab meat, minced pork or dried shrimp to make a soup.

Medical

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Various studies have confirmed that Breynia androgyna has notable phytochemical constituents and various pharmacological activities including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-obesity activities.[10]

Although the exact cause is unknown, an association with bronchiolitis obliterans and the consumption of large quantities of uncooked Breynia androgyna leaves or raw juice leading to lung failure has been reported.[11][12][13]

Nutrition

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Breynia androgyna is a good source of provitamin A carotenoids, and vitamin C and vitamin B.[4]

Breynia androgyna
Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz)
Energy245 kJ (59 kcal)
11 g
1 g
4.8 g
Vitamins and minerals
VitaminsQuantity
%DV†
Vitamin A10370 IU
Thiamine (B1)
8%
0.1 mg
Vitamin C
266%
239 mg
MineralsQuantity
%DV†
Calcium
16%
204 mg
Iron
17%
3 mg
Phosphorus
8%
98 mg
Other constituentsQuantity
Water91.4 g
†Percentages estimated using US recommendations for adults,[14] except for potassium, which is estimated based on expert recommendation from the National Academies.[15]
  • Leaves and fruits of Breynia androgyna
    Leaves and fruits of Breynia androgyna
  • Breynia androgyna
    Breynia androgyna

Vernacular names

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  • In Chinese, it is called mani cai (马尼菜)
  • In Filipino, it is called Chinese malunggay
  • In Indonesian, it is called katuk
  • In Japanese, it is called amame shiba (アマメシバ)
  • In Javanese, it is called kaṭuk (ꦏꦛꦸꦏ꧀)
  • In Tamil, it is called Thavasi Keerai (தவசிக்கீரை)
  • In Telugu, it is called chakramuni aaku (చక్రముని ఆకు)
  • In Malayalam, it is called Madhura cheera (lit. "the Madura's spinach") or Singapura cheera (lit. "the Singapore's spinach")
  • In Sinhalese, it is called Singapore leaves ( සිංගප්පුරු කොල) or Japan Batu (ජපන් බටු)
  • In Malay, it is called cekur manis (in Malaysian Malay), or asin-asin and cangkok manis (in Brunei Malay)[16][17]
  • In Sundanese, it is called kaṭuk (ᮊᮒᮥᮾ)
  • In Thai, it is called pak waan (or pak waan ban; to distinguish it from Melientha suavis, a completely different plant)
  • In Vietnamese, it is called rau ngót

References

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  1. ^ a b Barstow, M. (2021). "Breynia androgyna". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021: e.T183248426A183248512. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-1.RLTS.T183248426A183248512.en. Retrieved 17 March 2024.
  2. ^ a b c "Breynia androgyna (L.) Chakrab. & N.P.Balakr". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 19 November 2024.
  3. ^ "Globinmed – Globinmed". www.globinmed.com.[full citation needed]
  4. ^ a b Fletcher, Rob. "Sauropus androgynus (sweet leaf bush)". The Australian New Crops Newsletter. Archived from the original on 5 November 2012. Sauropus has a high level of provita-min A carotenoids, especially in freshly picked leaves, as well as high levels of vitamins B and C, protein and minerals. Nutrient content of the leaves is usually higher in more mature leaves.
  5. ^ Kao, C.H.; Ho, Y.J.; Wu, C.L.; ChangLai, S.P. (1999). "Using 99mTc-DTPA Radioaerosol Inhalation Lung Scintigraphies to Detect the Lung Injury Induced by Consuming Sauropus androgynus Vegetable and Comparison with Conventional Pulmonary Function Tests". Respiration. 66 (1). Karger AG: 46–51. doi:10.1159/000029336. PMID 9973690. S2CID 38378580.
  6. ^ Padmavathi, P.; Rao, M. Prabhakara (April 1990). "Nutritive value of Sauropus androgynus leaves". Plant Foods for Human Nutrition. 40 (2): 107–113. doi:10.1007/BF02193767. PMID 2385571. S2CID 21391484.
  7. ^ Hutton, Wendy (2004). A Cook's Guide to Asian Vegetables. Singapore: Periplus Editions. pp. 52–53. ISBN 0794600786.
  8. ^ Andarwulan, N.; Batari, R.; Sandrasari, D. A.; Bolling, B.; Wijaya, H. (2010). "Flavonoid Content and Antioxidant Activity of Vegetables from Indonesia". Food Chemistry. 121 (4). Europe PMC: 1231–1235. doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2010.01.033. PMC 5555161. PMID 28814820.
  9. ^ Tilaar, Martha; Widjaja, Bernard T. (2015). The Tale of Jamu: The Green Gold of Indonesia. Jakarta: Gramedia Pustaka Utama. p. 162. ISBN 9786020322803.
  10. ^ Zhang, Bo-dou; Cheng, Jia-xin; Zhang, Chao-feng; Bai, Yi-dan; Liu, Wen-yuan; Li, Wei; Koike, Kazuo; Akihisa, Toshihiro; Feng, Feng; Zhang, Jie (15 July 2020). "Sauropus androgynus L. Merr.-A phytochemical, pharmacological and toxicological review". Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 257: 112778. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2020.112778. ISSN 0378-8741. PMID 32205260.
  11. ^ Oonakahara, Kenichi; Matsuyama, Wataru; Higashimoto, Ikkou; Machida, Kentarou; Kawabata, Masaharu; Arimura, Kimiyoshi; Osame, Mitsuhiro; Hayashi, Miho; Ogura, Takashi; Imaizumi, Kazuyoshi; Hasegawa, Yoshinori (2005). "Outbreak of Bronchiolitis obliterans Associated with Consumption of Sauropus androgynus in Japan – Alert of Food-Associated Pulmonary Disorders from Japan". Respiration. 72 (2): 221. doi:10.1159/000084058. PMID 15824537. S2CID 34939585.
  12. ^ Lai, Ruay-Sheng; Chiang, Ambrose A.; Wu, Ming-Ting; Wang, Jyh-Seng; Lai, Nin-Sheng; Lu, Jau-Yeong; Ger, Luo-Ping; Roggli, Victor (1996). "Outbreak of bronchiolitis obliterans associated with consumption of Sauropus androgynus in Taiwan". The Lancet. 348 (9020): 83–85. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(96)00450-3. PMID 8676721. S2CID 2653113.
  13. ^ Kakaes, Konstantin (14 August 2014). "Sayur Manis: Delicious, But Also Deadly, Greens From Borneo". NPR.org. Retrieved 22 September 2021.
  14. ^ United States Food and Drug Administration (2024). "Daily Value on the Nutrition and Supplement Facts Labels". FDA. Archived from the original on 27 March 2024. Retrieved 28 March 2024.
  15. ^ National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine; Health and Medicine Division; Food and Nutrition Board; Committee to Review the Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium (2019). "Chapter 4: Potassium: Dietary Reference Intakes for Adequacy". In Oria, Maria; Harrison, Meghan; Stallings, Virginia A. (eds.). Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium. The National Academies Collection: Reports funded by National Institutes of Health. Washington, DC: National Academies Press (US). pp. 120–121. doi:10.17226/25353. ISBN 978-0-309-48834-1. PMID 30844154. Retrieved 5 December 2024.
  16. ^ Coope, A.E. (1993). Malay-English, English-Malay Dictionary (Rev. ed.). New York: Hippocrene Books. pp. 18, 61. ISBN 0-7818-0103-6.
  17. ^ Bangchik (8 October 2009). "Cups in the air. asin-asin". Retrieved 18 May 2010.[user-generated source]
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