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Adiantum capillus-veneris

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Adiantum capillus-veneris

Secure  (NatureServe)[2]
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Division: Polypodiophyta
Class: Polypodiopsida
Order: Polypodiales
Family: Pteridaceae
Genus: Adiantum
Species:
A. capillus-veneris
Binomial name
Adiantum capillus-veneris

Adiantum capillus-veneris, the Southern maidenhair fern, black maidenhair fern, maidenhair fern,[3] and venus hair fern, is a species of ferns in the genus Adiantum and the family Pteridaceae[4] with a subcosmopolitan worldwide distribution. It is cultivated as a popular garden fern and houseplant.[5]

Distribution

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Adiantum capillus-veneris is native to the southern half of the United States from California to the Atlantic coast, through Mexico and Central America, to South America. It is also native to Eurasia, the Levant in Western Asia, and Australasia.[5][6][7] There are two disjunct occurrences in the northern part of North America: at Cascade Springs in the Black Hills of South Dakota and Fairmont Hot Springs, British Columbia. In both instances, the warm microclimate created by hot mineral springs permits the growth of the plant far north of its normal range. It is similar in Zvonce spa resort (Звоначка Бања, Zvonačka Banja), near Pirot in Serbia, where hot mineral springs provide adequate heat and humidity for the survival of this species.[8]

It is found in temperate climates from warm-temperate to tropical, where the moisture content is high but not saturating, in the moist, well-drained sand, loam or limestone of many habitats, including rainforests, shrub and woodlands, broadleaf and coniferous forests, and desert cliff seeps, and springs. It often may be seen growing on moist, sheltered and shaded sandstone or limestone formations, generally south-facing in the southern hemisphere, north-facing in the north, or in gorges.[5] It occurs throughout Africa in moist places by streams.[9] On moist sandstone cliffs it grows in full or partial shade, even when unprotected.[10]

Adiantum capillus-veneris foliage texture.
In limestone cliff seep habitat near Ein Gedi in the Judean Desert, Israel

Description

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Adiantum capillus-veneris grows from 6 to 12 in (15 to 30 cm) in height; its fronds arising in clusters from creeping rhizomes 8 to 27.5 in (20 to 70 cm) tall, with very delicate, light green fronds much subdivided into pinnae 0.2 to 0.4 in (5 to 10 mm) long and broad; the frond rachis is black and wiry.[5][7]

Cultivation

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Adiantum capillus-veneris is cultivated and widely available around the world for planting in natural landscape native plants and traditional shade gardens, for outdoor container gardens, and commonly as an indoor houseplant.

Adiantum × mairisii is a winter hardy hybrid of Adiantum capillus-veneris with another species, which is likely to be one of Adiantum raddianum, Adiantum aethiopicum, or Adiantum cuneatum.[11]

As a houseplant, Adiantum capillus-veneris requires filtered light and very humid conditions. It should be grown in soil rich in organic matter and should be watered frequently but lightly, to keep the roots damp but not drenched. The temperature should not fall below 12 °C (54 °F). It is propagated by dividing, making sure each clump has a section of rhizome.[12]

Conservation

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The fern is listed as an endangered species in North Carolina (as southern maidenhair-fern) and threatened species in Kentucky (as venus hair fern), due to loss of Appalachian habitat.

Traditional uses

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This plant is used medicinally by Native Americans. The Mahuna people use the plant internally for rheumatism,[13] and the Navajo people of Kayenta, Arizona use an infusion of the plant as a lotion for bumblebee and centipede stings.[14] The Navajo people also smoke it or take it internally to treat mental illness.[14]

In the traditional medicine of Iran, frond infusion of Adiantum capillus-veneris is used for jaundice therapy.[15] Along with this, they have a wide range of medicinal uses and have been used to treat coughs, cold, and to aid in kidney function.[16]

References

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  1. ^ Lansdown, R.V. & Bilz, M. (2018). "Adiantum capillus-veneris". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T164082A67770327. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T164082A67770327.en. Retrieved 21 September 2022.
  2. ^ NatureServe (November 1, 2024). "Adiantum capillus-veneris". NatureServe Explorer. Arlington, Virginia. Retrieved November 16, 2024.
  3. ^ BSBI List 2007 (xls). Botanical Society of Britain and Ireland. Archived from the original (xls) on 2015-06-26. Retrieved 2014-10-17.
  4. ^ Christenhusz, Maarten J. M.; Zhang, Xian-Chun; Schneider, Harald (2011). "A linear sequence of extant families and genera of lycophytes and ferns" (PDF). Phytotaxa. 19: 7–54. doi:10.11646/phytotaxa.19.1.2.
  5. ^ a b c d Wildflower.org-NPIN: Adiantum capillus-veneris (Southern maidenhair fern) . accessed 4.04.2011
  6. ^ The University of the West Indies, Cave Hill
  7. ^ a b Cundall. P., (2004) Native Plants:The definitive guide to Australian plants, Global Book Publishing Lane Cove, N.S.W, p.298, ISBN 978-1-74048-027-7
  8. ^ "Zaštićeno jedino stanište venerine vlasi u Srbiji" [The Only Habitat of the Venus Hair Fern in Serbia is Now Protected]. Pirotske Vesti (in Serbian). 11 December 2015.
  9. ^ Sim, Thomas Robertson (1915). The Ferns of South Africa. London & Edinburgh: Cambridge University Press.
  10. ^ Roux, J.P. (1979). Cape Peninsula Ferns. Kirstenbosch: National Botanic Gardens of South Africa. ISBN 978-0-620-03775-4.
  11. ^ "Pacific Horticulture | Pacific Plant Promotions: Adiantum xmairisii". Pacific Horticulture. Retrieved 2021-07-21.
  12. ^ Chiusoli, Alessandro; Boriani, Luisa Maria (1986). Simon & Schuster's guide to houseplants. New York: Simon and Schuster. ISBN 0671631314.
  13. ^ Romero, John Bruno 1954 The Botanical Lore of the California Indians. New York. Vantage Press, Inc. (p. 60)
  14. ^ a b Wyman, Leland C. and Stuart K. Harris 1951 The Ethnobotany of the Kayenta Navaho. Albuquerque. The University of New Mexico Press (p. 14)
  15. ^ Tewari, Devesh; Mocan, Andrei; Parvanov, Emil D.; Sah, Archana N.; Nabavi, Seyed M.; Huminiecki, Lukasz; Ma, Zheng Feei; Lee, Yeong Yeh; Horbańczuk, Jarosław O.; Atanasov, Atanas G. (2017). "Ethnopharmacological Approaches for Therapy of Jaundice: Part I". Frontiers in Pharmacology. 8: 518. doi:10.3389/fphar.2017.00518. PMC 5559545. PMID 28860989.
  16. ^ Al Snafi, Ali (2015). "The Chemical Constituents and Pharmacological Effects of Adiantum Capillus-Veneris". Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical Science & Technology. 5 (2).
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