2024–25 Segunda División
Season | 2024–25 |
---|---|
Dates | 15 August 2024 – June 2025 |
Matches played | 149 |
Goals scored | 374 (2.51 per match) |
Top goalscorer | Luis Suárez (9 goals) |
Biggest home win | Granada 4–0 Tenerife (19 October 2024) |
Biggest away win | Cádiz 0–4 Zaragoza (16 August 2024) Cartagena 1–5 Deportivo La Coruña (2 November 2024) |
Highest scoring | Almería 2–5 Castellón (16 September 2024) Albacete 2–5 Deportivo La Coruña (27 September 2024) |
Longest winning run | Racing Santander (5 matches) |
Longest unbeaten run | Granada (8 matches) |
Longest winless run | Burgos (8 matches) |
Longest losing run | Albacete Burgos Cartagena Eibar Eldense (3 losses) |
← 2023–24 2025–26 → |
The 2024–25 La Liga 2, also known as LALIGA HYPERMOTION[1][2] due to sponsorship reasons, is the 94th season of the Segunda División since its establishment in Spain. It commenced on 15 August 2024 and is scheduled to end in June 2025.
Teams
[edit]Team changes
[edit]Promoted from 2023–24 Primera Federación | Relegated from 2023–24 La Liga | Promoted to 2024–25 La Liga | Relegated to 2024–25 Primera Federación |
---|---|---|---|
Castellón Deportivo La Coruña Málaga Córdoba |
Almería Granada Cádiz |
Valladolid Leganés Espanyol |
Amorebieta Alcorcón Andorra Villarreal B |
This season was the first since 2006–07 season without any teams from Catalonia, as well as the first season without any teams from Community of Madrid since 2007–08 season, and without any reserve teams since the 2020–21 season.
Promotion and relegation (pre-season)
[edit]A total of 22 teams will contest the league, including 15 sides from the 2023–24 season, three relegated from the 2023–24 La Liga, and four promoted from the 2023–24 Primera Federación.
- Teams promoted to La Liga
On 26 May 2024, Real Valladolid became the first side to mathematically be promoted, assuring an immediate return to the top flight following 3–2 win against Villarreal B. The second team to earn promotion was Leganés, following 2–0 win against Elche on 2 June 2024, thus returning after a 4-season absence and also being promoted to the top flight for the second time in their history. The third team to be promoted was Espanyol, after beating Oviedo in the promotion play-off final, returning after a single-season absence.
- Teams relegated from La Liga
The first team to be relegated from La Liga were Almería, after a 3–1 loss to Getafe on 27 April 2024, ending their two years stay in the top tier. The second team to be relegated was Granada, following Mallorca beat 1–0 against Las Palmas, ending their one-year stay in top tier. The third and final team relegated to Segunda was Cádiz, after a 0–0 draw against Las Palmas on 19 May 2024, ending their four-year stay in top tier.
- Teams relegated to Primera Federación
The first two and three relegated team are Andorra, Alcorcón and Villarreal B after losing their respective matches On 26 May 2024. Alcorcón returned to third division after one year. While Andorra and Villarreal B returned to third division after two years stay in second division. On 2 June 2024, Amorebieta became the last team to be relegated to third division after only one season stay in second division.
- Teams promoted from Primera Federación
On 5 May 2024, Castellón became the first team to achieve promotion to the second tier after a 3–2 win against Real Murcia, securing direct promotion after three years in the third tier. The second team to earn promotion was Deportivo La Coruña following a win against Barcelona Atlètic on 12 May 2024, ending a four-season stint at the third division. On 22 June 2024, Málaga became third team to secure promotion to Segunda División, returning after a one-year absence. On 23 June 2024, Córdoba became the final team promoted to Segunda División, returning after a 5-year absence.
Stadiums and locations
[edit]Team | Location | Stadium | Capacity |
---|---|---|---|
Albacete | Albacete | Carlos Belmonte | 17,524[3] |
Almería | Almería | Power Horse Stadium | 15,000[4] |
Burgos | Burgos | El Plantío | 12,194[5] |
Cádiz | Cádiz | Nuevo Mirandilla | 20,724[6] |
Cartagena | Cartagena | Cartagonova | 15,105[7] |
Castellón | Castellón de la Plana | Castalia | 15,500[8] |
Córdoba | Córdoba | El Arcángel | 20,989[9] |
Deportivo La Coruña | La Coruña | Abanca-Riazor | 32,660[10] |
Eibar | Eibar | Ipurua | 8,164[11] |
Elche | Elche | Manuel Martínez Valero | 31,388[12] |
Eldense | Elda | Nuevo Pepico Amat | 4,036[13] |
Granada | Granada | Nuevo Los Cármenes | 19,189[14] |
Huesca | Huesca | El Alcoraz | 9,100[15] |
Levante | Valencia | Ciutat de València | 26,354[16] |
Málaga | Málaga | La Rosaleda | 30,044[17] |
Mirandés | Miranda de Ebro | Anduva | 5,759[18] |
Oviedo | Oviedo | Estadio Carlos Tartiere | 30,500[19] |
Racing Ferrol | Ferrol | A Malata | 12,043[20] |
Racing Santander | Santander | El Sardinero | 22,222[21] |
Sporting Gijón | Gijón | El Molinón | 29,371[22] |
Tenerife | Santa Cruz de Tenerife | Heliodoro Rodríguez López | 22,824[23] |
Zaragoza | Zaragoza | La Romareda | 33,608[24] |
Personnel and sponsors
[edit]Team | Manager | Captain | Kit maker | Kit sponsors | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Main | Other | ||||
Albacete | Alberto González | Riki | Adidas | Globalcaja | List
|
Almería | Rubi | Lucas Robertone | Castore | DAZN | List
|
Burgos | Luis Miguel Ramis | Raúl Navarro | Adidas | Digi | List
|
Cádiz | Paco López | Isaac Carcelén | Macron | Silbö Telecom | List
|
Cartagena | Jandro Castro | Pedro Alcalá | Macron | Avatel Telecom | List
|
Castellón | Dick Schreuder | Salva Ruiz | Macron | None | List
|
Córdoba | Iván Ania | Carlos Marín | Joma | None | List
|
Deportivo La Coruña | Óscar Gilsanz | Lucas Pérez | Kappa | Estrella Galicia 0,0 | List
|
Eibar | Joseba Etxeberria | Anaitz Arbilla | Hummel | Smartlog Group | List
|
Elche | Eder Sarabia | Pedro Bigas | Nike | VegaFibra | List
|
Eldense | Dani Ponz | Sergio Ortuño | Hummel | Finetwork | List
|
Granada | Fran Escribá | Carlos Neva | Adidas | Saiko | List
|
Huesca | Antonio Hidalgo | Jorge Pulido | Soka | Tu Provincia Huesca La Magia | List
|
Levante | Julián Calero | José Luis Morales | Macron | Marcos Automoción | List
|
Málaga | Sergio Pellicer | Alfonso Herrero | Hummel | Sabor a Málaga | List
|
Mirandés | Alessio Lisci | Tachi | Adidas | Miranda Empresas | List
|
Oviedo | Javier Calleja | Santi Cazorla | Adidas | Digi | List
|
Racing Ferrol | Cristóbal Parralo | Álex López | Adidas | Estrella Galicia 0,0 | List
|
Racing Santander | José Alberto López | Íñigo Sainz-Maza | Austral | Plenitude | List
|
Sporting Gijón | Rubén Albés | Nacho Méndez | Puma | Siroko | List
|
Tenerife | Pepe Mel | Aitor Sanz | Hummel | Tenerife! Despierta Emociones | List
|
Zaragoza | Víctor Fernández | Cristian Álvarez | Adidas | Caravan Fragancias | List
|
Managerial changes
[edit]Team | Outgoing manager | Manner of departure |
Date of vacancy | Position in table | Incoming manager | Date of appointment |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Levante | Felipe Miñambres | Return to director role | 2 June 2024 | Pre-season | Julián Calero[25] | 8 June 2024 |
Granada | José Ramón Sandoval[26] | End of contract | 30 June 2024 | Guille Abascal[27] | 19 June 2024 | |
Almería | Pepe Mel[28] | Rubi[29] | 3 June 2024 | |||
Cádiz | Mauricio Pellegrino[30] | Paco López[31] | 1 June 2024 | |||
Elche | Sebastián Beccacece[32] | Eder Sarabia[33] | 24 June 2024 | |||
Tenerife | Asier Garitano[34] | Óscar Cano[35] | 3 June 2024 | |||
Cartagena | Julián Calero[36] | Abelardo Fernández[37] | 6 June 2024 | |||
Sporting Gijón | Miguel Ángel Ramírez[38] | Rubén Albés[39] | 22 June 2024 | |||
Eldense | Fernando Estévez[40] | Dani Ponz[41] | 25 June 2024 | |||
Oviedo | Luis Carrión[42] | Javier Calleja[43] | 6 July 2024 | |||
Tenerife | Óscar Cano[44] | Sacked | 15 September 2024 | 22nd | Pepe Mel[45] | 16 September 2024 |
Granada | Guille Abascal[46] | 20 September 2024 | 16th | Fran Escribá[47] | 23 September 2024 | |
Cartagena | Abelardo Fernández[48] | 25 September 2024 | 20th | Jandro Castro[49] | 25 September 2024 | |
Deportivo La Coruña | Imanol Idiakez[50] | 28 October 2024 | 20th | Óscar Gilsanz[a] | 31 October 2024 | |
Burgos | Bolo[53] | 16th | Michu (caretaker)[54] | 29 October 2024 | ||
Michu | End of caretaker spell | 31 October 2024 | Luis Miguel Ramis[55] | 31 October 2024 |
- Notes
League table
[edit]Pos | Team | Pld | W | D | L | GF | GA | GD | Pts | Qualification or relegation |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Racing Santander | 14 | 10 | 3 | 1 | 23 | 12 | +11 | 33 | Promotion to La Liga |
2 | Sporting Gijón | 14 | 7 | 4 | 3 | 22 | 14 | +8 | 25 | |
3 | Zaragoza | 14 | 7 | 2 | 5 | 24 | 17 | +7 | 23 | Qualification for promotion playoffs |
4 | Oviedo | 14 | 6 | 5 | 3 | 18 | 15 | +3 | 23 | |
5 | Granada | 14 | 6 | 4 | 4 | 24 | 20 | +4 | 22 | |
6 | Mirandés | 14 | 6 | 4 | 4 | 13 | 11 | +2 | 22 | |
7 | Levante | 12 | 6 | 3 | 3 | 18 | 14 | +4 | 21 | |
8 | Elche | 14 | 6 | 3 | 5 | 15 | 12 | +3 | 21 | |
9 | Castellón | 13 | 6 | 2 | 5 | 22 | 18 | +4 | 20 | |
10 | Málaga | 13 | 4 | 8 | 1 | 12 | 11 | +1 | 20 | |
11 | Huesca | 13 | 5 | 4 | 4 | 19 | 14 | +5 | 19 | |
12 | Almería | 13 | 5 | 4 | 4 | 23 | 23 | 0 | 19 | |
13 | Eibar | 14 | 5 | 3 | 6 | 12 | 15 | −3 | 18 | |
14 | Albacete | 14 | 4 | 5 | 5 | 22 | 24 | −2 | 17 | |
15 | Deportivo La Coruña | 14 | 4 | 4 | 6 | 17 | 16 | +1 | 16 | |
16 | Córdoba | 13 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 16 | 18 | −2 | 16 | |
17 | Burgos | 14 | 4 | 3 | 7 | 13 | 19 | −6 | 15 | |
18 | Cádiz | 14 | 3 | 5 | 6 | 16 | 22 | −6 | 14 | |
19 | Eldense | 13 | 3 | 3 | 7 | 15 | 21 | −6 | 12 | Relegation to Primera Federación |
20 | Racing Ferrol | 13 | 2 | 6 | 5 | 9 | 15 | −6 | 12 | |
21 | Tenerife | 13 | 2 | 4 | 7 | 11 | 18 | −7 | 10 | |
22 | Cartagena | 14 | 2 | 1 | 11 | 10 | 25 | −15 | 7 |
Rules for classification: 1) Points; 2) Head-to-head points; 3) Head-to-head goal difference; 4) Goal difference; 5) Goals scored; 6) Fair-play points
(Note: Head-to-head record is used only after all the matches between the teams in question have been played)[56]
Results
[edit]Positions by round
[edit]The table lists the positions of teams after each week of matches. In order to preserve chronological evolvements, any postponed matches are not included to the round at which they were originally scheduled, but added to the full round they were played immediately afterwards.
Promotion to La Liga | |
Qualification to promotion play-offs | |
Relegation to Primera Federación |
Season statistics
[edit]Scoring
[edit]- First goal of the season:
Miguel Rubio for Granada against Albacete (15 August 2024)
Top goalscorers
[edit]- As of 11 November 2024
Rank | Player | Club | Goals[57] |
---|---|---|---|
1 | Luis Suárez | Almería | 9 |
2 | Myrto Uzuni | Granada | 8 |
3 | Andrés Martín | Racing Santander | 7 |
4 | Alemão | Oviedo | 6 |
Iván Azón | Zaragoza | ||
Antonio Casas | Córdoba | ||
Eneko Jauregi | Racing Ferrol | ||
Mario Soberón | Zaragoza | ||
Israel Suero | Castellón | ||
Yeremay Hernández | Deportivo La Coruña |
Zamora Trophy
[edit]- As of 11 November 2024
The Zamora Trophy is awarded by newspaper Marca to the goalkeeper with the lowest goals-to-games ratio. A goalkeeper has to have played at least 28 games of 60 or more minutes to be eligible for the trophy.[58]
Rank | Player | Club | Goals against |
Matches | Average |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Raúl Fernández | Mirandés | 11 | 14 | 0.79 |
2 | Alfonso Herrero | Málaga | 13 | 0.85 | |
3 | Jokin Ezkieta | Racing Santander | 12 | 14 | 0.86 |
4 | Dani Jiménez | Huesca | 8 | 9 | 0.89 |
5 | Matías Dituro | Elche | 11 | 12 | 0.92 |
Awards
[edit]Monthly
[edit]Month | Player of the Month | Reference | |
---|---|---|---|
Player | Club | ||
August | Andrés Martín | Racing Santander | [59] |
September | Álex Sancris | Burgos | [60] |
October | Iñigo Vicente | Racing Santander | [60] |
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ "EA SPORTS & LaLiga Announce Expansive New Partnership With EA SPORTS FC as Title Sponsor of All LaLiga Competitions". Electronic Arts. 2 August 2022. Retrieved 27 April 2023.
- ^ "EA SPORTS FC will be the title sponsor of all LaLiga competitions". LaLiga. 2 August 2022. Retrieved 14 May 2023.
- ^ "Estadio Carlos Belmonte" (in Spanish). Football Tripper. 16 August 2014. Retrieved 6 January 2020.
- ^ "Estadio de los Juegos del Mediterráneo" (in Spanish). UD Almería. Archived from the original on 24 October 2020. Retrieved 1 July 2019.
- ^ "Estadio Municipal El Plantío" (in Spanish). Burgos CF. Archived from the original on 8 July 2016. Retrieved 20 June 2016.
- ^ "Estadio Ramón de Carranza" (in Spanish). Cádiz CF. 11 August 2018. Retrieved 19 October 2019.
- ^ "Estadio Cartagonova" (in Spanish). FC Cartagena. Retrieved 23 July 2020.
- ^ "Estadio" (in Spanish). CD Castellón. Retrieved 23 July 2020.
- ^ "Datos del club" (in Spanish). Córdoba CF. Retrieved 24 June 2016.
- ^ "Abanca-Riazor". RC Deportivo. Retrieved 3 June 2021.
- ^ "El Eibar inicia la próxima semana la reubicación de los abonados para la próxima temporada" (in Spanish). SD Eibar. 21 May 2019.
- ^ "Estadio Martínez Valero" (in Spanish). Elche CF. Archived from the original on 22 December 2015. Retrieved 30 May 2016.
- ^ "Estadio Nuevo Pepico Amat". www.cdeldense.es (in Spanish). Retrieved 2024-05-17.
- ^ "Datos del Club" (in Spanish). Granada CF. 21 June 2023.
- ^ "El Alcoraz" (in Spanish). SD Huesca. Retrieved 1 July 2019.
- ^ "Estadi Ciutat de Valencia". StadiumDB. 20 July 2018.
- ^ "LA ROSALEDA STADIUM". Málaga CF. Retrieved 1 July 2019.
- ^ "El Estadio Municipal de Anduva". CD Mirandés. Archived from the original on 22 October 2020. Retrieved 1 July 2019.
- ^ "Stadiums". Real Oviedo. Archived from the original on 3 May 2016. Retrieved 30 May 2016.
- ^ "Racing Ferrol". Resultados de Futbol (in Spanish). Retrieved 3 June 2021.
- ^ "El Estadio". Real Racing Club. Archived from the original on 13 August 2017. Retrieved 3 June 2021.
- ^ Las cifras del nuevo aforo de El Molinón, se metería en el top15 de España y mantendría su antigüedad
- ^ "Instalaciones" (in Spanish). CD Tenerife. Archived from the original on 20 June 2016. Retrieved 26 May 2016.
- ^ "Estadio La Romareda" (in Spanish). Real Zaragoza. Archived from the original on 28 November 2020. Retrieved 19 October 2019.
- ^ "Julián Calero se convierte en nuevo entrenador del Levante UD" [Julián Calero becomes new manager of Levante UD] (in Spanish). Levante UD. 8 June 2024. Retrieved 11 June 2024.
- ^ "Comunicado oficial | José Ramón Sandoval" [Official announcement | José Ramón Sandoval] (in Spanish). Granada CF. 26 May 2024. Retrieved 26 May 2024.
- ^ "Comunicado Oficial | Guillermo Abascal, nuevo entrenador del Granada CF" [Official announcement | Guillermo Abascal, new manager of Granada CF] (in Spanish). Granada CF. 19 June 2024. Retrieved 20 June 2024.
- ^ "El Almería agradece la labor de Pepe Mel" [Almería appreciate the work of Pepe Mel] (in Spanish). UD Almería. 28 May 2024. Retrieved 6 June 2024.
- ^ "Rubi, regresa 'la leyenda' al banquillo del Almería" [Rubi, 'the legend' returns to the Almería bench] (in Spanish). UD Almería. 3 June 2024. Retrieved 5 June 2024.
- ^ "Carta de despedida de Mauricio Pellegrino" [Farewell letter from Mauricio Pellegrino] (in Spanish). Cádiz CF. 28 May 2024. Retrieved 26 June 2024.
- ^ "Paco López, nuevo entrenador del Cádiz CF" [Paco López, new manager of Cádiz CF] (in Spanish). Cádiz CF. 1 June 2024. Retrieved 1 June 2024.
- ^ "Sebastián Beccacece anunció que dejará Elche al final de la temporada" [Sebastián Beccacece announced that he will leave Elche at the end of the season] (in Spanish). ESPN Deportes. 26 May 2024. Retrieved 16 June 2024.
- ^ "Eder Sarabia, nuevo entrenador del Elche CF" [Eder Sarabia, new manager of Elche CF] (in Spanish). Elche CF. 24 June 2024. Retrieved 26 June 2024.
- ^ "La sentida y sincera despedida de Asier Garitano del CD Tenerife" [The heartfelt and sincere farewell of Asier Garitano from CD Tenerife] (in Spanish). CD Tenerife. 2 June 2024. Retrieved 16 June 2024.
- ^ "Óscar Cano, nuevo entrenador del CD Tenerife" [Óscar Cano, new manager of CD Tenerife] (in Spanish). CD Tenerife. 3 June 2024. Retrieved 16 June 2024.
- ^ "Julián Calero anuncia su marcha del Efesé y Belmonte quiere "volver a ilusionar a la gente"" [Julián Calero announces his departure from the Efesé and Belmonte wants to "excite people again"] (in Spanish). Murcia Plaza. 6 June 2024. Retrieved 11 June 2024.
- ^ "El 'Pitu' Abelardo, nuevo técnico del FC Cartagena" [Pitu' Abelardo, new manager of FC Cartagena.] (in Spanish). FC Cartagena. 6 June 2024. Retrieved 11 June 2024.
- ^ "Miguel Ángel Ramírez continùa no en el Sporting" [Miguel Ángel Ramírez does not continue at Sporting] (in Spanish). Sporting Gijón. 15 June 2024. Retrieved 16 June 2024.
- ^ "Rubén Albés, nuevo entrenador del Sporting" [Rubén Albés, new manager of Sporting] (in Spanish). Sporting Gijón. 22 June 2024. Retrieved 26 June 2024.
- ^ "Comunicado Oficial: Fernando Estévez" [Official announcement: Fernando Estévez] (in Spanish). CD Eldense. 22 June 2024. Retrieved 26 June 2024.
- ^ "Comunicado Oficial: Dani Ponz" [Official announcement: Dani Ponz] (in Spanish). CD Eldense. 25 June 2024. Retrieved 26 June 2024.
- ^ "Comunicado oficial: Luis Carrión" [Official announcement: Luis Carrión] (in Spanish). Real Oviedo. 26 June 2024. Retrieved 27 June 2024.
- ^ "Javi Calleja, nuevo entrenador del Real Oviedo" [Javi Calleja, new manager of Real Oviedo] (in Spanish). Real Oviedo. 6 July 2024. Retrieved 6 July 2024.
- ^ "Óscar Cano concluye su etapa en el CD Tenerife" [Óscar Cano ends his spell at CD Tenerife] (in Spanish). CD Tenerife. 15 September 2024. Retrieved 16 September 2024.
- ^ "Pepe Mel, nuevo técnico del CD Tenerife" [Pepe Mel, new manager of CD Tenerife] (in Spanish). CD Tenerife. 16 September 2024. Retrieved 16 September 2024.
- ^ "Comunicado Oficial | Guillermo Abascal" [Official announcement | Guillermo Abascal] (in Spanish). Granada CF. 20 September 2024. Retrieved 24 September 2024.
- ^ "Comunicado Oficial | Fran Escribá, nuevo entrenador del Granada CF" [Oficial | Fran Escribá, new manager of Granada CF] (in Spanish). Granada CF. 23 September 2024. Retrieved 24 September 2024.
- ^ "Abelardo deja de ser el técnico del FC Cartagena" [Abelardo ceases to be the manager of FC Cartagena] (in Spanish). FC Cartagena. 25 September 2024. Retrieved 25 September 2024.
- ^ "Jandro, nuevo entrenador del FC Cartagena" [Jandro, new manager of FC Cartagena] (in Spanish). FC Cartagena. 25 September 2024. Retrieved 25 September 2024.
- ^ "Imanol Idiakez deja de ser entrenador del RC Deportivo" [Imanol Idiakez ceases to be manager of RC Deportivo] (in Spanish). Deportivo La Coruña. 28 October 2024. Retrieved 28 October 2024.
- ^ "Óscar Gilsanz ultima el plan de partido para Cartagonova "con tranquilidad, normalidad y trabajo"" [Óscar Gilsanz finalises the match plan for Cartagonova "with calm, normality and work"] (in Spanish). Deportivo La Coruña. 31 October 2024. Retrieved 31 October 2024.
- ^ "Óscar Gilsanz, nuevo entrenador del Dépor hasta final de temporada" [Óscar Gilsanz, new manager of Dépor until the end of the season] (in Spanish). Deportivo La Coruña. 5 November 2024. Retrieved 5 November 2024.
- ^ "Comunicado Oficial. Jon Pérez Bolo" [Official announcement. Jon Pérez Bolo] (in Spanish). Burgos CF. 28 October 2024. Retrieved 28 October 2024.
- ^ "Michu debuta como entrenador con victoria en Copa del Rey del Burgos ante el Móstoles URJC" [Michu debuts as manager with Burgos' win in the Copa del Rey against Móstoles URJC] (in Spanish). Unión Rayo. 30 October 2024. Retrieved 1 November 2024.
- ^ "Luis Miguel Ramis, nuevo entrenador del Burgos CF" [Luis Miguel Ramis, new manager of Burgos CF] (in Spanish). Burgos CF. 31 October 2024. Retrieved 31 October 2024.
- ^ "Reglamento General – Art. 201" (PDF) (in Spanish). Royal Spanish Football Federation. Retrieved 3 March 2021.
- ^ "Spanish La Liga Top Scorers". La Liga. Retrieved 19 August 2024.
- ^ "Trofeo Zamora La Liga SmartBank". Marca. 19 August 2024.
- ^ "Andrés Martín, LALIGA HYPERMOTION Player of the Month for August". 13 September 2024. Retrieved 14 September 2024.
- ^ a b "Íñigo Vicente, October's Player of the Month for LALIGA HYPERMOTION". 1 November 2024. Retrieved 1 November 2024.