Jump to content

2021 Western North America heat wave

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

2021 Western North America heat wave
Air temperature anomalies across North America on June 27, 2021, compared to 2014–2020 baseline
TypeHeat wave
Start dateJune 25, 2021 (2021-06-25)
End dateJuly 7, 2021 (2021-07-07)
Peak temp. 49.6 °C (121.3 °F), recorded at Lytton, British Columbia[1]
Losses
Deaths1,400 deaths (estimated),[2][3] 914 (confirmed)
DamagesUnited States: ≥$8.9 billion (2021 USD)[4]

The 2021 Western North America heat wave was an extreme heat wave that affected much of Western North America from late June through mid-July 2021.[5] The heat wave affected Northern California, Idaho, Western Nevada, Oregon, and Washington in the United States, as well as British Columbia, and in its latter phase, Alberta, Manitoba, the Northwest Territories, Saskatchewan, and Yukon, all in Canada.[6] It also affected inland regions of Central and Southern California,[7] Nevada, and Montana, though the temperature anomalies were not as extreme as in the regions farther north.

The heat wave was characterized as a heat dome because of the extreme temperatures and the exceptionally strong ridge centered over the area, whose probability of formation was linked to the effects of climate change by multiple studies.[8][9] It resulted in some of the highest temperatures ever recorded in the region,[10] including the highest temperature ever measured in Canada at 49.6 °C (121.3 °F), as well as the highest temperatures in British Columbia, in the Northwest Territories, in the state of Washington as well as a tied record in Oregon. The record-high temperatures associated with the heat wave stretched from Oregon to northern Manitoba, and daily highs were set as far east as Labrador and as far southwest as Southern California.

The extreme heat sparked numerous, extensive wildfires, some reaching hundreds of square kilometers in area. The eponymous Lytton wildfire destroyed the village of Lytton, British Columbia, the day after the city set the record high temperature for Canada. Extreme heat also damaged road and rail infrastructure, forced closures of businesses, disrupted cultural events, and melted snowcaps, in some cases resulting in flooding.[11] The heat wave also caused extensive damage to agriculture across the region, resulting in substantial loss of crop yield and the death of 651,000 farm animals.[12] The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) estimated that the heat wave caused at least $8.9 billion (2021 USD) in damages in the USA.[4]

The death toll has been estimated to exceed 1,400 people, with at least 808 deaths estimated in western Canada.[2] The Chief Coroner of British Columbia reported that 619 deaths were recorded due to heat exposure in the week from June 25 to July 1.[13] Confirmed deaths in the United States included at least 116 in Oregon (of which 72 were in Multnomah County, which includes almost all of Portland),[14] at least 112 in Washington,[15] and one death in Idaho.[16] An analysis by The New York Times suggests that around 600 excess deaths occurred the week the heat wave passed through Washington and Oregon.[3]

Meteorological history

[edit]
Geopotential height chart at 500 millibars at 11:00 UTC on June 28, 2021. The center of the heat dome, which caused the heat wave, can be seen over the British Columbia Interior.

On June 23, the United States National Weather Service warned of an approaching heat wave in the Pacific Northwest,[17] whose origins could be traced to torrential rains in China.[18] There, the warm, moist air rose and was eventually entrained by the jet stream, which transported it east over cooler waters. When that air current encountered an upper-level high-pressure zone, also called a ridge, it started to significantly deform, being forced to accommodate the high-pressure area south of the jet stream's meander.[19] At the same time, the Southwestern United States was enduring an intense drought [20] which caused higher-than-average temperatures, leading to a similar heat wave earlier in June.[21] The remnants of this heat wave then moved north to the Pacific Northwest.[22] Six days later, Environment Canada issued a heat warning for Alberta, Saskatchewan, British Columbia, Manitoba, Yukon, and Northwest Territories.[23]

Formation of a heat wave via a heat dome. In this scenario, the high-pressure area forces the air downwards, heating the air column,[24] but even as the air becomes increasingly lighter and hotter due to the sun's energy, it cannot escape the dome because of the high pressure.[25] This situation has been compared to pressure cooking.[26][27]

These conditions made way for a massive Rex block.[21] In this situation, a high-pressure area stays in place for an extended period and does not let cyclones pass through it, which otherwise could have cooled the region;[24] in this particular case, the high-pressure area was sandwiched between two stationary lows, which prevented the high-pressure region from moving.[28] As the Pacific Northwest experienced severe drought conditions, the already warm air heated more quickly than usual,[29] which intensified the ridge so strongly it caused a heat dome.[10] The downslope winds from the Cascades and other mountain ranges further warmed the air in the valleys.[27]

After the heat dome hovered over British Columbia and the Northwestern United States for a few days, it began to move eastward, bringing relief to the Pacific coast but breaking records east of the Rocky Mountains, particularly in the northern parts of the Prairie provinces.[30] Sweltering conditions were observed as far east as Northwest Ontario.[31] By July 4–5, the remnants of the heat dome crossed Hudson Bay and, weakened somewhat by the cool waters, entered Quebec,[32] and after that, Labrador,[33] briefly triggering temperatures of around 30 °C (86 °F).

Climate change and additional factors

[edit]

Climate change in Canada and in the United States are widely considered to have worsened the heat wave's unprecedented intensity and duration.[12] According to a rapid attribution analysis, the heat wave would have been highly unlikely in the absence of anthropogenic climate change, which increased the likelihood of such a heat wave at least 150-fold.[8] A further study in Nature Climate Change estimated that its occurrence was projected to increase rapidly with further global warming, possibly becoming a 10-year event in a climate warmed 2°C relative to pre-industrial levels.[9]

Broader climate shifts may have also contributed to worsening the heat wave; data provided by Verisk shows that the Pacific Northwest is among the fastest-heating regions in the continental United States and southern Canada.[34] The urban heat island effect could have further exacerbated the impact in cities.[35] Based on historic data, several meteorologists noted that this phenomenon should be expected to occur only once over a thousand or several thousand years,[8][10] while David Sauchyn, a scientist at the University of Regina, said that climate models had been predicting a heat wave of a similar intensity to happen in late 2020s at the earliest.[36]

A paper in Communications Earth & Environment found that the heat dome in the Pacific Northwest was 59% longer (27 days duration versus 17 days), 34% larger, and had 6% higher maximum amplitude, comparing the observed event and the event after detrending. Overall the strength of the heat dome was 86% greater than the same event would have been without background warming.[37]

Temperature records

[edit]

Much of the Pacific Northwest, normally known for its temperate weather in June, experienced temperature anomalies of 20–35 °F (11–19 °C) above average during this heat wave.[38] Ground temperatures in some locations were measured to be excessively high - in Wenatchee, Washington, it reached 145 °F (63 °C),[39] while the pavement at an intersection in Portland, Oregon reached 180 °F (82 °C).[40] The heat wave, combined with other extreme weather occurrences elsewhere, yielded the hottest June on record in North America.[41] It also contributed to the hottest June on record locally and regionally for many locations in Canada and the USA.

Canada

[edit]

The highest temperatures of the heat wave were registered in British Columbia, but areas as far east as Ontario were affected by the event. As of June 29, 2021, 103 all-time heat records were set across Western Canada.[42]

British Columbia

[edit]
Temperature in Lytton[43]

On June 27, there were 59 weather stations in B.C. that set records for hottest temperatures recorded.[44] These were largely beaten in the following days (Kamloops, for instance, registered 45.8 °C (114.4 °F) on June 28 and 47.3 °C (117.1 °F) on June 29, the peak temperature recorded in a major population center in the region).[45][46]

On June 28, records were set in Squamish, British Columbia at 43.0 °C (109.4 °F), Abbotsford at 42.9 °C (109.2 °F), Port Alberni at 42.7 °C (108.9 °F) and Victoria at 39.8 °C (103.6 °F).[47][48]

On June 29, the temperature in Lytton, British Columbia, hit 49.6 °C (121.3 °F), the highest temperature ever recorded in Canada,[1] although a nearby more modern station reported that the extreme was 1 °C lower.[49] The stations were temporarily isolated by the Lytton wildfire the next day. The record occurred after consecutively setting new record highs of 46.6 °C (115.9 °F) on June 27 and 47.9 °C (118.2 °F) on June 28.[50] It is also the highest temperature ever recorded north of 45°N, the highest temperature in the U.S. or Canada recorded outside the Desert Southwest, and higher than the absolute maximum temperatures of Europe or South America.[51]

Alberta

[edit]

In Alberta, the highest heat was observed in the period from June 29 to July 1.[1] Banff 37.8 °C (100.0 °F), Beaverlodge 40.5 °C (104.9 °F), Cochrane 35.0 °C (95.0 °F), Fort McMurray 40.3 °C (104.5 °F), Jasper 41.2 °C (106.2 °F), Grande Prairie 41.5 °C (106.7 °F), Hendrickson Creek 38.3 °C (100.9 °F), Nordegg 37.2 °C (99.0 °F), Red Earth Creek 40.1 °C (104.2 °F) all saw the strongest heat ever measured in these communities, most after breaking all-time records of the previous day.[52]

Calgary noted 36.3 °C (97.3 °F) on June 29 and July 1, which stopped just 0.2 °C (0.4 °F) short of the highest observed temperature ever and beating the all-time records for June and July.[53] Edmonton also saw temperatures approach the absolute maxima – the city centre registered 37.0 °C (98.6 °F) on June 30,[54] while the Edmonton International Airport, near Leduc, hovered around 33 °C (91 °F) from June 29 to July 1.

Territories

[edit]

In the Northwest Territories, on June 28, Nahanni Butte set a regional record at 38.1 °C (100.6 °F).[50] Two days later, Fort Smith, just north of the Alberta border, reached 39.9 °C (103.8 °F), which beat the previous all-time territorial record, registered in the same place in 1941.[55] It was also the new highest reliably recorded temperature above 60 degrees latitude.[56]

Yukon was largely bypassed by the heat wave, but on June 28, some areas in the territory went over 30 °C (86 °F), including Whitehorse (30.3 °C (86.5 °F)) and Teslin (31.1 °C (88.0 °F)), both of which were daily records.[57]

Saskatchewan

[edit]

Saskatchewan's heat records were mainly concentrated in the northern parts of the province. Stony Rapids saw the mercury reach 39.8 °C (103.6 °F) on June 30,[58] an all-time high. Record temperatures were also set at Key Lake Airport and Collins Bay Airport on July 1, both at 37.0 °C (98.6 °F),[1] as well as in Uranium City (38.0 °C (100.4 °F)).[59] July highs were also observed in these settlements on the first day of the month, breaking 26 daily records across the provence.[60]

Elsewhere, the heat arrived slightly later. Saskatoon reached 35.4 °C (95.7 °F) on July 1[60] and beat the monthly record the following day, at 40.5 °C (104.9 °F), a tenth of degree below the all-time record.[61] La Ronge registered an all-time high with a reading of 37.9 °C (100.2 °F).[62] Regina, like most of the southern part of the province was spared the extremes reached in the northern parts, with a maximum of 35.0 °C (95.0 °F) on July 2.[63]

Manitoba

[edit]

In a similar way to Saskatchewan, the majority of heat records (including all-time highs) were noted in the northern parts of the province. The remote community of Tadoule Lake observed a high of 38.1 °C (100.6 °F), beating the previous all-time record by 6.2 °C (11 °F).[64] A record high was also observed at Lynn Lake (38.0 °C (100.4 °F)),[65] while Churchill, on the shore of Hudson Bay, registered 34.1 °C (93.4 °F), the highest temperature for July.[65] 25 daily records were set on July 3, including 35.0 °C (95.0 °F) in Winnipeg.[66]

Ontario

[edit]

Northwestern Ontario did not see all-time high records beaten, but several daily records were pushed higher: on July 3, Thunder Bay saw a high of 34.3 °C (93.7 °F), Geraldton saw 33.6 °C (92.5 °F), while the hottest temperature was in Pickle Lake, at 35.2 °C (95.4 °F).[67]

Newfoundland and Labrador

[edit]

Weakened by interaction with the Hudson Bay waters, the heat wave still managed to beat some daily records in Newfoundland and Labrador. Hopedale registered 25.1 °C (77.2 °F) on July 5, while Happy Valley-Goose Bay reached 33.2 °C (91.8 °F) the following day.[68][69]

United States

[edit]

The heat wave broke numerous records by large margins, particularly in the Pacific Northwest. Several large cities, including Portland, Seattle, and Spokane, experienced high temperatures far exceeding 100 °F (38 °C) and low temperatures higher than the area's normal daily high temperatures. The heat wave beat Washington's all-time heat record in Hanford (120 °F (49 °C)) and tied one for Oregon (119 °F (48 °C) at two places, including at Pelton Dam).[70] The same temperature was noted in Peshastin in Chelan County, Washington, where temperatures soared to 119 °F (48 °C) on June 29, slightly surpassing the previous all-time high for the state.[71]

Oregon

[edit]

On June 26, Portland broke its previous all-time record high temperature of 107 °F (42 °C), set in July 1965 and August 1981, with a temperature of 108 °F (42 °C). It topped that record again on June 27, with a temperature of 112 °F (44 °C), and on the following day, the temperature increased further to 116 °F (47 °C).[38]

Salem, Oregon, reached 105 °F (41 °C) on June 26, its record high temperature for June. It then hit 113 °F (45 °C) degrees on June 27, breaking the record for the highest temperature ever recorded in that city, which was previously 108 °F (42 °C). Salem then exceeded the previous day's record temperature on June 28, with a maximum temperature of 117 °F (47 °C).[72] However, not all the regions of the mid-Willamette Valley experienced extreme heat on June 28. Regions south of Salem, for example, did not see highs above mid-90s Fahrenheit on that day, likely due to cooler ocean air in the area.[73]

The Willamette Valley also experienced extreme overnight temperature drops (twice the size of normal fluctuations) due to cooler air coming from the ocean – Portland cooled a record 52 °F (29 °C) during the night, while Salem almost approached its all-time largest temperature swing, from 117 °F (47 °C) to 61 °F (16 °C).[74]

Washington

[edit]
Predicted high temperatures for western Washington on June 28, 2021

Between 1894 when records began and June 2021, temperatures over 100 °F (38 °C) were only recorded three times;[75] however, the Seattle-Tacoma International Airport recorded three consecutive days of temperatures over 100 °F (38 °C).[76] The temperature rose to 104 °F (40 °C) on June 27, beating the previous record of 103 °F (39 °C), and the record was broken again the following day by a high of 108 °F (42 °C).[77] The suburbs farther from the coast were even hotter – a local radio station in Maple Valley reported temperatures of 118 °F (48 °C).[78]

On June 26, Port Angeles recorded an all-time record high of 95 °F (35 °C).[79] The Quillayute Airport weather station, also on the Olympic Peninsula, reported 110 °F (43 °C) on June 28, exceeding its prior record by 11 °F (6 °C).[80]

On Mount Rainier, normally freezing temperatures reached 73 °F (23 °C) degrees above 10,000 feet (3,000 m) on June 27.[81] The heat wave was blamed for greater glacier melt on Mt. Rainier than had been seen in the state in the past 100 years.[82]

East of the Cascades, several locations saw new temperature records set over a period of a few days. On June 29, Spokane, Ephrata and Omak all reached their all-time records, at 109 °F (43 °C), 115 °F (46 °C) and 117 °F (47 °C), respectively.[83] Extremely warm minimum temperatures were also recorded: Ephrata's thermometers did not go lower than 82 °F (28 °C) on June 29.[84]

It was even hotter on and near the Oregon-Washington border. In The Dalles, Oregon and Dallesport, on either side of the Columbia River, daytime high temperatures reached 118 °F (48 °C), tying the then all-time record for the state of Washington and beating the June statewide record by 5 degrees Fahrenheit.[85] The same heat was measured in Tri-Cities on June 28–29.[86] The state's new official temperature record was set at 120 °F (49 °C) on June 29 in Hanford.[87] The heat wave resulted in 128 all-time high temperature records set for individual weather stations across the state, including in Seattle.[88]

California

[edit]

Temperature records were observed in the northern part of the state. South Lake Tahoe observed 91 °F (33 °C) on June 28, beating the previous June record, and tied or beaten daily records for three days in a row.[89] In Redding, the temperatures soared to 114 °F (46 °C) on June 27, a daily record, while in Siskiyou County, Montague tied an all-time high for the county, at 109 °F (43 °C).[90]

Southern California was also impacted. Palm Springs registered 121 °F (49 °C) on June 27, surpassing the previous daily record, while other communities, such as Palmdale, Campo and Idyllwild, tied with them.[91]

Idaho

[edit]

Being largely on the margin of the high pressure dome, Idaho did not see temperatures as extreme as elsewhere.[92] In Lewiston, on the border with Washington, 115 °F (46 °C) was noted on June 29, beating an all-time June record and becoming the third-highest temperature in the history of recordings for the city.[93] Other localities in the Treasure Valley to the east were expected to sustain triple-digit heat for a week (which is in and of itself unusual) and in general to tie or beat daily records.[94] Boise, for example, tied one for June 29 (105 °F (41 °C))[95] and for June 30 (104 °F (40 °C)),[96] and also recorded nine consecutive days of temperatures exceeding 100 °F (38 °C), which tied the record for such a streak.[97] Records were also beaten in the Idaho Panhandle, with Coeur d'Alene registering 109 °F (43 °C), which surpassed the previous highest temperature for June and equaled the all-time high for the city.[85]

Montana

[edit]

Most of Montana was placed on heat advisories, but the areas that were most affected by the heat wave were on the extreme northwest and eastern parts of the state. Kalispell and Missoula registered temperatures of 101 °F (38 °C) on June 29, both daily records and 1 °F (−17 °C) short of the record for June;[98] Libby succeeded in doing so, setting the plank at 109 °F (43 °C).[99] In the eastern parts of the state, several daily records were also noted: Livingston reached 97 °F (36 °C) on June 30 and Miles City saw 105 °F (41 °C) two days later; Billings tied its 100 °F (38 °C) daily record on July 1 and had not fallen below 69 °F (21 °C) on July 3,[100] while Glasgow bettered its July 1 record to 102 °F (39 °C), tied the daily high record the next day, and set the highest minimum temperatures on these days (72 °F (22 °C) on July 2).[101]

Deaths and injuries

[edit]

Canada

[edit]
Deaths due to heat-related causes by county in the states of Idaho, Oregon and Washington in the United States, reported as of July 14, 2021[14][16][102]
  More than 50 deaths
  10-49 deaths
  5-9 deaths
  3-4 deaths
  1-2 deaths

The heat wave was the deadliest weather event in Canadian history.[103]

Over 1,000 deaths occurred due to the direct consequences of the heat wave (such as hyperthermia). Most of the deaths occurred in Canada – about 600 more deaths than usual were noted in British Columbia and 66 in Alberta.[104][105] Although excess death measurements are not guaranteed to be caused by a specific event, the Chief Coroner of British Columbia stated that 569 casualties could be attributed to heat, and that in the prior five years, only three heat-related casualties had been registered.[106] A later report put the heat-related death toll at 619.[13]

A disproportionate number of heat-related deaths during the 2021 heat wave occurred in government-funded or licensed buildings such as long-term care facilities.[107] Of the total heat-wave-related deaths, 47 people died in community living, assisted living or long-term care facilities. Further, 62 people died from heat exposure in social housing run or funded by the provincial government. Eight individuals who lived at Vancouver Mental Health and Substance use housing died. Records show indoor air temperatures in some long-term care facilities rose to over 30°C during the heat wave. Some hospitals were also unable to keep temperatures in a comfortable range for patients and staff. At least two Lower Mainland and one Northern hospital recorded indoor temperatures of over 32°C in the emergency department, while an acute care floor at Lions Gate Hospital got as hot as 38°C.

In British Columbia, E-Comm emergency dispatchers answered nearly 15,300 calls on June 26-27, which was about 55 percent above normal for the month,[108] and also dispatched ambulances 1,975 times on June 28th - the highest number ever recorded for the province.[109] Delays for non-emergency calls reached up to 16 hours in extreme cases,[110] and some ambulances were left inoperable due to a lack of staff, leading to hours-long delays.[111] The handling of the crisis drew criticism from the paramedics unions, which forced Adrian Dix, the provincial healthcare minister, to change the leader of British Columbia's emergencies response management to Jim Chu, former Vancouver's police chief, and to appoint a chief ambulance officer.[112]

United States

[edit]

In the United States, the death toll was lower but still in the hundreds: at least 116 deaths with confirmed heat-related causes in Oregon,[14] at least 112 in Washington[15] and one in Idaho.[16] The New York Times analysis suggested that almost 450 excess deaths in Washington and 160 deaths in Oregon occurred during the heat wave.[3]

On July 13, 2021, Multnomah County, Oregon published an analysis which found that a majority of deaths occurred in households which had no air conditioning or had only fans.[113]

The heat wave caused a surge in 9-1-1 calls and emergency department visits, with later analysis finding almost 2,800 heat-related emergency department visits made on July 25–30.[114] In Portland, the number of calls and the response times doubled, setting a record for the area. [115] Non-emergency municipal services were also strained—on June 26, the non-emergency health information service (2-1-1) could not respond to 750 heat-related calls due to lack of working staff.[116]

Some deaths also occurred among those seeking cooling in the Pacific Northwest's rivers. Two swimmers in Salem, who were trying to escape the heat, went missing in the Willamette River,[72] another did so in Portland,[117] while in Washington, three people drowned.[118]

Impact

[edit]

Air conditioning

[edit]

The heat wave was a problem for major cities in the Northwest due to a lack of air conditioning. Seattle and Portland had the lowest and third-lowest percentage of air-conditioned households among major metro areas in the United States, respectively.[119] In 2015, a U.S. Census Bureau survey found that only 33% of Seattle homes have air conditioning (A/C) units, but that number increased to 44% in the 2019 survey following an increase in 90-degree days.[120] The rate of air-conditioned households was even lower in British Columbia despite marked increases over the years – BC Hydro estimated that only 34% of the province's residents used air conditioning.[121] In order to respond to the crisis, COVID-19 restrictions were waived for designated cooling shelters in Oregon,[122] Washington,[123] and British Columbia.[124]

Trying to stay cool, residents in the Pacific Northwest and Alberta rushed to buy A/C units, which significantly increased their prices (some double the normal), created long installation and delivery backlogs, and ultimately made them unavailable in many stores.[125] The pent-up demand for cooling forced electricity consumption to soar to record-high summer values. BC Hydro reported a peak of 8,500 MW, [126] while several electricity providers in Washington also logged record values.[127] It also prompted many power utilities in the area to formally ask to conserve energy.[128] The Idaho State Capitol voluntarily turned off lights as a result [129] and in the Spokane area, rolling power outages were used to reduce load on the grid.[127]

Some residents chose to shelter from the heat by booking rooms in hotels, which often ran out of air-conditioned accommodation.[130] According to CoStar calculations, the search for cooled rooms made the hotel occupancy in British Columbia reach the highest levels since the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic,[131] while Washington County, Oregon (suburbs of Portland) hotels reported occupancy levels more than double the rate from 2020.[132]

Infrastructure

[edit]
Emergency repairs to a heat-damaged section of Interstate 5 in Shoreline, Washington

The heat wave strained and damaged the region's infrastructure. It caused the sidewalks to buckle due to thermal expansion of concrete (57 sidewalks were damaged in Edmonton alone).[133] In Washington and Oregon, damage was even more severe, leading to many road closures, including on some lanes of Interstate 5 and some state highways.[134][135] In order to prevent thermal fatigue to Seattle's steel drawbridges, the city announced it would hose them down with cool water.[136]

Public transportation also deteriorated in the sweltering conditions. Trains on Link light rail and Sounder commuter rail in Seattle operated at reduced speeds as a precaution against possible deformation of railroad tracks and overhead lines.[137] In the Portland metropolitan area, TriMet suspended MAX Light Rail and WES Commuter Rail service for part of June 27 and all of June 28 because the cables from which the light rail cars drew electricity had sagged.[138] Heat-induced rail distortion slowed down the passenger service on the route of the Amtrak Cascades.[139] Moreover, school districts in Kamloops, Sooke (BC), Ephrata and Royal City (WA) all suspended school bus services, while Grant County, Washington limited the frequency of the buses under their management.[140][141][142]

Many schools changed, shortened, or cancelled their class schedules to avoid daytime high temperatures. On June 28, 15 school districts in British Columbia's Lower Mainland, including all districts within Vancouver, closed due to the heat and their lack of sufficient cooling infrastructure;[143] COVID-19 vaccination sites also endured disruption because of the weather conditions.[142]

Businesses and workers

[edit]

Local businesses faced a choice to continue to work under oppressive heat or make a day off. Some restaurants, food stands and cafés closed, fearing excessive heat at the workplace or spoilage of solid products.[144] Similarly, numerous grocers were forced to shut down aisles and halt the sale of perishable goods or use plastic sheets as impromptu thermal shields, as refrigeration units failed under the load.[145] The businesses that decided to stay open often provided de facto sheltering from heat or converted parts of buildings to cooling centers.[146]

In a few cases, workers in California and Oregon protested the lack of air conditioning and staged local walkouts,[147] and agricultural trade unions had also noted increased calls to strike.[148] An SMS survey among 2,176 farmworkers in Washington (mostly in the eastern part of the state) conducted by United Farm Workers, a labor union, reported that almost all farmers did not consider protections mandated by the state OSHA sufficient. Among the surveyed, about two-fifths reported not having had shade, just under a third not having received heat illness prevention training and a quarter of respondents had no access to cool water.[149]

After Sebastian Francisco Perez, an outdoor farm worker in St. Paul, Oregon, died while at work, Oregon OSHA faced calls to enforce safety rules for dealing with the heat wave, which had been first drafted in May. In response, Oregon's governor, Kate Brown, directed the agency to enforce the safety regulations for 180 days pending permanent implementation.[150] In Washington state, the heat wave prompted state agencies to roll out additional protections.[151] The Washington Post reported that the federal Occupational Safety and Health Administration was also considering a set of heat-related safety rules, whose implementation was said to be a "top priority" for the Biden administration.[152]

Culture and sports

[edit]

Sports events were disrupted by the heat wave. In Eugene, where the qualifiers for the 2020 Summer Olympics were held, the heat caused evacuation of the stadium in the afternoon and postponement of some events to the evening hours, as the temperature of the stadium's track exceeded 150 °F (66 °C).[153]

Among other disruptions, a public swimming pool in Seattle's Rainier Beach neighborhood was closed due to dangerously high deck temperatures,[154] so was a senior's center in Rathdrum, Idaho[155] and a golf course on Vancouver Island.[156] Some local concerts and outdoor events were also moved to avoid the heat.[157]

Agriculture

[edit]
See also: 2020–22 North American drought

Farms experienced serious losses, as the heat wave baked the fruits and berries or otherwise destroyed the crop and the drought conditions worsened. 10 million pounds of fruit per day were being harvested in the Pacific Northwest at the time the heat wave struck.[158] Farmers in Eastern Washington, facing a loss of the cherry and blueberry crop, sent workers into orchards at night to avoid the heat in the day.[159] The British Columbia provincial fruit growers association estimated that 50 to 70 percent of the cherry crop was damaged, effectively "cooked" in the orchards.[160] Raspberry and blackberry farms in the Lower Mainland, Oregon and Washington have also endured losses, with estimates as high as 90% of raspberry crops damaged.[161] Lettuce producers in the Okanagan Valley were also reported to be struggling with spoilt crops,[162] as were those who grew Christmas trees[163] and apples.[164] In contrast, grapevines in Oregon and Washington did not seem to have sustained much damage,[5] and corn in Skagit County, Washington was growing ahead of schedule.[164]

Farmers in the United States have also seen reduced yields of soft wheat, which additionally saw the quality deteriorate (68% of wheat harvest in the Pacific Northwest was estimated by the USDA to be of poor or very poor condition).[5] In the Prairie provinces, an infestation of grasshoppers is threatening cash crops[165] and farmers were reported to be struggling with feeding cattle as hay and forage was found to be in short supply.[166]

In Canada, the government of Saskatchewan extended additional drought support for farmers.[167] In Alberta, lack of rain and excessive heat saw some grain plants catch fire, which has put the harvest in jeopardy.[168] Further east, St. Laurent and Armstrong, Manitoba declared a "state of agricultural disaster" as the heat wave worsened the drought in the region, whose water reserves were already depleted.[169]

Environment

[edit]

Wildfires

[edit]
Further information: 2021 wildfire season § North America, and Lytton wildfire
Wildfire burning near Mount Shasta, California, on June 28, 2021

The heat event sparked significant fires across the West Coast and Western Canada.[42] One of the first fires to have struck the region was the Lava Fire, which eventually burned around 26,300 acres (106 km2) in the west of Mount Shasta, California.[170] Some of the largest fires, such as the Beckwourth Complex Fire, grew over 100,000 acres (405 km2). Strong winds, which were causing fire tornadoes in some places,[171] and dry vegetation hampered efforts to contain the fires. This led to road closures, such as the U.S. Route 97 and the North Cascades Highway,[172] suspension of airport operations in Redmond, Oregon, and evacuation of settlements adjacent to the fires.[173] The winds were so strong that residents of Medford, Oregon, c. 80 mi (130 km) north of the fires, reported having seen ash falling from the sky.[174]

In British Columbia, 300 fires were ravaging the province, and the wildfire season destroyed around 2,230 km2 (860 sq mi) of forests by July 15, 2021.[175] Pyrocumulonimbus clouds formed due to such extensive burning, producing several hundred thousand lightning strikes in one day and further complicating efforts to contain fires. [176] Among the most known fires was the Lytton fire, which started on June 30 in British Columbia. The city of Lytton, which had beaten national heat records in the previous days, was ordered to be evacuated alongside several First Nations reserves. The town was eventually overrun by the fire, where it caused widespread destruction to the buildings.[56] A local MP, Brad Vis, estimated damage to the settlement at 90%, while a local resident said that only "four or five houses, the post office and the church were still standing".[177] The fire damaged roads, telecommunication and power facilities as well as the railway that comes through the settlement;[178] and two people were killed sheltering from the flames.[179] The fire in the settlement forced the closure of a section of British Columbia Highway 1, part of Trans-Canada Highway, as well as Highway 12, which ends in Lytton.[180]

Despite deployment of more than 17,000 firefighters by mid-July,[181] the size and number of the fires grew. Almost 1,000,000 acres (4,050 km2) of forest were consumed by large wildfires, and more than 2,250,000 acres (9,110 km2) were burnt in the United States as of July 15.[181] The intensity of the fires moved the US fire preparedness alert level to 5 (highest) by July 14, which was an early start of the wildfire season.[182] In addition to that, the Governors of Oregon, Washington, and Idaho declared states of emergency due to the extreme risk of wildfires.[183] The Canadian army officials set up a coordination center in Edmonton in order to assist wildfire actions in British Columbia, which would be directed until July 19. [177]

As the extreme heat and dry conditions persisted, scientists, firefighters and various politicians urged residents not to use fireworks during Independence Day celebrations in the Western United States[184] and on Canada Day in Alberta.[185] In addition to that, Washington and British Columbia enacted state-/provincewide bans on most open fires.[186] Other areas such as Idaho and Manitoba used more localized approaches to burn restrictions.[187]

As of September 14, 2021, the National Interagency Fire Center (NIFC) reported that 44,647 wildfires in the United States had burned 5.6 million acres of land.[188] Similarly, the Canadian Interagency Forest Fire Centre (CIFFC) announced that 6,317 wildfires burned 10.34 million acres.[189] Due to the earliness and severity of the wildfire season, the United States and Canada were unable to provide each other with aid to jointly combat fires. Initially, the NIFC declared that the United States and Canada had a preparedness level of 5, meaning it had the potential to exhaust firefighting resources.[190] However, by September 20, 2021, the national preparedness level was reduced to 4 and 1 for the United States and Canada, respectively.[191]

Prior to the start of the extreme heat wave, wildfire risk was greatly elevated by existing weather conditions. In April 2021, the North American wildfire season was predicted to be severe due to record drought conditions and high spring temperatures in the West.[192] In May, more than 75% of the western United States experienced drought conditions, with 21% of these conditions being deemed as "exceptional drought", which is the most extreme level of drought.[193] These extreme conditions result in a lack of moisture on the ground that is imperative for combating wildfires.[194] In Arizona, there were 311 early wildfires in the first four months of the year, compared to 127 in the same period in 2020.[195]

In July 2021, haze from West Coast fires resulted in air quality alerts in East Coast cities.[196]

In Montana, evacuation orders had displaced around 600 people by early August.[197]

On October 21, the national preparedness level was lowered to 1, while by November 5, a total of 48,725 wildfires had burned more than 6.5 million acres across the United States, according to the National Interagency Fire Center (NIFC).[191]

Glacier melt

[edit]

Extreme temperatures were also noted for mountain regions, which accelerated the melting of glaciers. Extensive melting occurred in the snowcaps of Banff National Park, which a glaciologist estimated that the Albertan snow from the mountains melted three times faster than usual.[198] On Mount Rainier, the heat wave caused the mass of the snow cap to shrink by 30%, and Washington's glaciers in general have come through what glaciologists say to be the strongest melting episode in 100 years. Additionally, the increased melting of glaciers caused high amounts of runoff to be present within some rivers.[199] The unexpected snowmelt resulted in extensive flash flooding down the creeks and rivers fed by the glaciers, triggering evacuation orders.[200]

Wildlife and fisheries

[edit]

As the surrounding air was extremely hot, water temperatures rose, which proved to be a hazard for aquatic wildlife. On the Pacific shore, temperatures in the intertidal zone reached up to 122 °F (50 °C) and more than a billion seashore animals, like clams, barnacles and oysters, died as a result of heat wave, impacting water quality.[201] The deaths also impacted seafood producers, who faced losses of produce as it baked in the heatwave and started rotting.[202] Inland, the population of sockeye salmon in Idaho rivers was preventatively caught out of water as increasing temperatures made it prone to disease;[28] some salmon was also transported to cooler waters in the Columbia River.[163] Fish kill, however, was not prevented in Alberta and appeared earlier than expected.[203]

The heat wave caused an increase in vibrio bacteria levels in oysters in the Pacific Northwest, causing a record number of people to be sickened from vibriosis, an intestinal disease caused by the bacteria. As a result, the Washington State Department of Health urged people not to eat raw oysters and other shellfish from the region.[204]

On the land, trees in Metro Vancouver dried up and started shedding leaves;[205] the same happened to the fir canopy in Oregon on the side where the trees faced the sun.[206] In Seattle, nearly a hundred juvenile terns, whose nests were on top of an industrial building, died when they plunged to the pavement below, presumably trying to escape the heat - those that survived were treated for burns.[207] Scores of British Columbian raptors, apart from heat exhaustion, suffered from dehydration and starvation.[208]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c d "Weather Summaries". Environment and Climate Change Canada. July 1, 2021. Archived from the original on July 1, 2021. Retrieved July 2, 2021.
  2. ^ a b Global Catastrophe Recap September 2021 (PDF) (Report). Aon Benfield. October 12, 2021. p. 13. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 18, 2021. Retrieved October 12, 2021.
  3. ^ a b c Popovich N, Choi-Schagrin W (August 11, 2021). "Hidden Toll of the Northwest Heat Wave: Hundreds of Extra Deaths". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on January 1, 2022. Retrieved August 11, 2021.
  4. ^ a b "Billion-Dollar Weather and Climate Disasters: Events". NOAA. February 2022. Archived from the original on December 25, 2012. Retrieved February 11, 2022.
  5. ^ a b c Ingwersen J (July 12, 2021). "'Wither away and die:' U.S. Pacific Northwest heat wave bakes wheat, fruit crops". Reuters. Archived from the original on July 14, 2021. Retrieved July 15, 2021.
  6. ^ Dickson C (June 25, 2021). "Western Canada heat wave expected to break daily, all-time temperature records". Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. Archived from the original on June 26, 2021. Retrieved June 26, 2021.
  7. ^ Seidman L (June 25, 2021). "Scorching weekend ahead prompts heat warnings in Southern California". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on June 28, 2021. Retrieved June 29, 2021.
  8. ^ a b c "Rapid attribution analysis of the extraordinary heatwave on the Pacific Coast of the US and Canada June 2021" (PDF). World Weather Attribution. Archived (PDF) from the original on July 7, 2021. Retrieved August 17, 2021.
  9. ^ a b Bartusek S, Kornhuber K, Ting M (2022). "2021 North American heatwave amplified by climate change-driven nonlinear interactions". Nature Climate Change. 12 (12): 1143–1150. Bibcode:2022NatCC..12.1143B. doi:10.1038/s41558-022-01520-4. S2CID 254000529. Archived from the original on June 9, 2023. Retrieved June 9, 2023.
  10. ^ a b c Berardelli J (June 27, 2021). "Pacific Northwest bakes under once in a millennium heat dome". CBS News. Archived from the original on June 27, 2021. Retrieved June 27, 2021.
  11. ^ "Car submerged, road flooded as record-breaking B.C. heat prompts massive snow melt". Global News. July 11, 2021. Archived from the original on July 11, 2021. Retrieved July 21, 2021.
  12. ^ a b White RH, Anderson S, Booth JF, et al. (February 9, 2023). "The unprecedented Pacific Northwest heatwave of June 2021". Nature Communications. 14 (1): 727. doi:10.1038/s41467-023-36289-3. ISSN 2041-1723. PMC 9910268. PMID 36759624.
  13. ^ a b Egilson M, Anderson K, Baidwan J, et al. (June 7, 2022). Extreme Heat and Human Mortality: A Review of Heat-Related Deaths in B.C. in Summer 2021 (PDF) (Report). Burnaby: British Columbia Coroners Service. Archived (PDF) from the original on July 27, 2022. Retrieved July 26, 2022.
  14. ^ a b c Tabrizian A (July 7, 2021). "Oregon's heat wave death toll grows to 116". The Oregonian. Archived from the original on July 8, 2021. Retrieved July 8, 2021.
  15. ^ a b Ryan J (July 20, 2021). "2021 heat wave is now the deadliest weather-related event in Washington history". KUOW. Archived from the original on July 20, 2021. Retrieved July 22, 2021.
  16. ^ a b c Schwedelson P (July 8, 2021). "Treasure Valley has first death caused by heat wave". Idaho Press. Archived from the original on July 8, 2021. Retrieved July 8, 2021.
  17. ^ Cappucci M, Samenow J (June 23, 2021). "Weather Service warns of 'dangerous' and 'historic' heat wave in Pacific Northwest". Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Archived from the original on June 23, 2021. Retrieved July 1, 2021.
  18. ^ Sullivan BK, Malik NS (June 25, 2021). "Heat Dome Smashing Northwest Records Began With China Rain". Bloomberg News. Archived from the original on June 29, 2021. Retrieved June 29, 2021.
  19. ^ Gibbens S (June 25, 2021). "What is a heat dome? Deadly hot weather descends on Pacific Northwest". National Geographic. Archived from the original on June 28, 2021. Retrieved June 29, 2021.
  20. ^ "U.S. Drought Monitor (June 22, 2021)" (PDF). University of Nebraska-Lincoln. June 24, 2021. Archived (PDF) from the original on June 30, 2021. Retrieved June 29, 2021.
  21. ^ a b "June ends with exceptional heat". World Meteorological Organization. June 29, 2021. Archived from the original on January 21, 2024. Retrieved July 1, 2021.
  22. ^ Coy P (June 30, 2021). "It Took More Than a 'Heat Dome' to Turn Portland Into an Oven". Bloomberg. Retrieved June 30, 2021.
  23. ^ Rosen K (June 29, 2021). "Heat warnings issued in Manitoba as heat wave sets in across Canada". CTV News Winnipeg. Archived from the original on July 4, 2021. Retrieved July 4, 2021.
  24. ^ a b Berardelli J (June 30, 2021). "What is a heat dome? Extreme temperatures in the Pacific Northwest, explained". CBS News. Archived from the original on June 30, 2021. Retrieved June 30, 2021.
  25. ^ Meyer R (June 29, 2021). "Nowhere Is Ready for This Heat". The Atlantic. Archived from the original on June 29, 2021. Retrieved June 29, 2021.
  26. ^ "Record-breaking 'pressure-cooker' heatwave hits Canada, US northwest". UN News. June 29, 2021. Archived from the original on June 30, 2021. Retrieved July 1, 2021.
  27. ^ a b Holthaus E (June 30, 2021). "How did a small town in Canada become one of the hottest places on Earth?". The Guardian. Archived from the original on June 30, 2021. Retrieved June 30, 2021.
  28. ^ a b Barrett S, Trent J (June 29, 2021). "Heat Wave Eases for Seattle, Tightens Grip Inland". Wall Street Journal. ISSN 0099-9660. Archived from the original on June 30, 2021. Retrieved July 1, 2021.
  29. ^ "Northwest U.S., British Columbia brace for historic, record-melting heat". Yale Climate Connections. June 24, 2021. Archived from the original on June 30, 2021. Retrieved June 30, 2021.
  30. ^ Uguen-Csenge E (June 30, 2021). "Heat dome moves toward Alberta after shattering temperature records in B.C." Radio-Canada.ca. Archived from the original on July 3, 2021. Retrieved July 1, 2021.
  31. ^ "Heat warning for northwestern Ontario remains in effect Sunday". Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. July 4, 2021. Archived from the original on July 5, 2021. Retrieved July 5, 2021.
  32. ^ "La prochaine vague de chaleur étouffante, la voici". Météo Média (in Canadian French). July 3, 2021. Archived from the original on July 3, 2021. Retrieved July 7, 2021.
  33. ^ "Une mauvaise surprise attend le Québec cette semaine". Météo Média (in Canadian French). July 6, 2021. Archived from the original on July 6, 2021. Retrieved July 7, 2021.
  34. ^ Borenstein S (July 4, 2021). "Summer swelter trend: West gets hotter days, East hot nights". Associated Press. Archived from the original on July 4, 2021. Retrieved July 5, 2021.
  35. ^ Irfan U (June 23, 2021). "The surprisingly subtle recipe making heat waves worse". Vox. Archived from the original on July 5, 2021. Retrieved July 5, 2021.
  36. ^ Mubarik MN (July 6, 2021). "Recent severe heat wave came years earlier than expected: Sask. climate scientist". Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. Archived from the original on July 6, 2021. Retrieved July 7, 2021.
  37. ^ Jain P, Sharma AR, Acuna DC, et al. (April 22, 2024). "Record-breaking fire weather in North America in 2021 was initiated by the Pacific northwest heat dome". Communications Earth & Environment. 5 (1): 1–10. doi:10.1038/s43247-024-01346-2. ISSN 2662-4435. Archived from the original on June 12, 2024. Retrieved June 21, 2024.
  38. ^ a b Johnson G, Cline S (June 28, 2021). "Northwest US faces hottest day of intense heat wave". Associated Press. Archived from the original on June 29, 2021. Retrieved June 29, 2021.
  39. ^ Kahn B (June 29, 2021). "Ground Temperatures Reached Dangerous 145 Degrees in Pacific Northwest". Gizmodo. Retrieved July 15, 2021.
  40. ^ "This Is the Hottest Place in Portland". Wweek. July 14, 2021. Archived from the original on May 13, 2023. Retrieved May 12, 2023.
  41. ^ Watts J (July 7, 2021). "North America endured hottest June on record". The Guardian. Archived from the original on July 7, 2021. Retrieved July 7, 2021.
  42. ^ a b Uguen-Csenge E (June 29, 2021). "Heat dome moves toward Alberta after shattering temperature records in B.C., N.W.T." CBC News. Archived from the original on June 29, 2021. Retrieved June 29, 2021.
  43. ^ "Daily Data Report for June 2021 - Lytton RCS, British Columbia". Environment and Climate Change Canada. July 1, 2021. Archived from the original on July 9, 2021. Retrieved July 24, 2021.
  44. ^ "59 temperature records broken in a single day as B.C. swelters under 'heat dome'". CTV News. June 28, 2021. Archived from the original on June 28, 2021. Retrieved June 28, 2021.
  45. ^ Environment and Climate Change Canada Weather British Columbia [@ECCCWeatherBC] (June 29, 2021). "Three days ago, the Canadian daily maximum temperature record was 45.0°C set in Yellow Grass and Midale, SK. The following stations met or surpassed that temperature on 29th June 2021" (Tweet). Archived from the original on June 30, 2021. Retrieved June 30, 2021 – via Twitter.
  46. ^ "Weather Summaries". Environment and Climate Change Canada. June 29, 2021. Archived from the original on June 29, 2021. Retrieved June 29, 2021.
  47. ^ Chan A (June 29, 2021). "Heat wave topples 11 weather records on Vancouver Island". CTV News Vancouver Island. Archived from the original on July 4, 2021. Retrieved July 5, 2021.
  48. ^ Kergin B (June 29, 2021). "B.C. sees dozens of temperature records fall in one day as heat wave peaks". The Squamish Chief. Archived from the original on June 22, 2024. Retrieved July 7, 2021.
  49. ^ Djaków P (July 1, 2021). "Fala upałów w Kanadzie i USA". Pogoda i Klimat (in Polish). Archived from the original on July 3, 2021. Retrieved July 2, 2021.
  50. ^ a b Uguen-Csenge E (June 29, 2021). "For 3rd straight day, B.C. village smashes record for highest-ever Canadian temperature at 49.6°C". CBC News. Archived from the original on June 30, 2021. Retrieved June 29, 2021.
  51. ^ Hopper T (July 2, 2021). "Literally hotter than the Sahara: How Western Canada became one of the hottest corners of the globe". National Post. Archived from the original on July 3, 2021. Retrieved July 2, 2021.
  52. ^ "Dozens of record highs set in Alberta Monday amid historic heat wave". Global News. June 29, 2021. Archived from the original on June 29, 2021. Retrieved June 29, 2021.
  53. ^ Babych S (June 30, 2021). "Calgary to see above-average temperatures for several more days". Calgary Herald. Archived from the original on July 1, 2021. Retrieved July 2, 2021.
  54. ^ "Weather Summaries". Environment and Climate Change Canada. July 1, 2021. Archived from the original on July 1, 2021. Retrieved July 5, 2021.
  55. ^ "Fort Smith had its hottest day in 80 years: preliminary data". CBC News. June 30, 2021. Archived from the original on July 1, 2021. Retrieved July 1, 2021.
  56. ^ a b "'Our poor little town of Lytton is gone': Village at center of Canada's heat wave devastated by 'catastrophic' fires". Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Archived from the original on July 7, 2021. Retrieved July 2, 2021.
  57. ^ "Weather Summaries". Environment and Climate Change Canada. June 30, 2021. Archived from the original on June 30, 2021. Retrieved June 30, 2021.
  58. ^ "High temperatures scorch northern Sask. as heat wave continues". Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. July 1, 2021. Archived from the original on July 1, 2021. Retrieved July 2, 2021.
  59. ^ "Almanac Averages and Extremes for June 30 - Uranium City, Saskatchewan". Environment and Climate Change Canada. June 30, 2021. Archived from the original on July 3, 2021. Retrieved July 2, 2021.
  60. ^ a b "26 Sask. communities break daily maximum temperature records on July 1". Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. July 3, 2021. Archived from the original on July 2, 2021. Retrieved July 3, 2021.
  61. ^ "Almanac Averages and Extremes for July 02 - Saskatoon Int'l A, Saskatchewan". Environment and Climate Change Canada. July 4, 2021. Archived from the original on July 5, 2021. Retrieved July 4, 2021.
  62. ^ "La Ronge Airport, Saskatchewan - Past 24 Hour Conditions". Environment and Climate Change Canada. July 4, 2021. Archived from the original on July 5, 2021. Retrieved July 4, 2021.
  63. ^ "Almanac Averages and Extremes for July 02 - Regina Int'l A, Saskatchewan". Environment and Climate Change Canada. July 2, 2021. Archived from the original on July 7, 2021. Retrieved July 5, 2021.
  64. ^ "Almanac Averages and Extremes for July 01 - Climate - Tadoule Lake, Manitoba". Environment and Climate Change Canada. July 1, 2021. Archived from the original on July 3, 2021. Retrieved July 2, 2021.
  65. ^ a b "Weather Summaries". Environment and Climate Change Canada. July 3, 2021. Archived from the original on July 3, 2021. Retrieved July 3, 2021.
  66. ^ "Weather Summaries". Environment and Climate Change Canada. July 5, 2021. Archived from the original on July 5, 2021. Retrieved July 5, 2021.
  67. ^ "Weekend heat wave broke several records in NW Ontario". TBNewsWatch.com. July 5, 2021. Archived from the original on July 5, 2021. Retrieved July 7, 2021.
  68. ^ "Weather Summaries". Environment and Climate Change Canada. July 5, 2021. Archived from the original on July 6, 2021. Retrieved July 7, 2021.
  69. ^ "Weather Summaries". Environment and Climate Change Canada. July 6, 2021. Archived from the original on July 7, 2021. Retrieved July 7, 2021.
  70. ^ "State Climate Extremes Committee (SCEC)". National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI) - NOAA. Archived from the original on February 21, 2018. Retrieved June 19, 2022.
  71. ^ Takahama E (June 29, 2021). "Heat records shatter in Eastern Washington, including a possible all-time high for the state". The Seattle Times. Archived from the original on June 30, 2021. Retrieved July 1, 2021.
  72. ^ a b Barreda V (June 28, 2021). "Salem logs 30 heat-related injury calls over the record-setting four days". Statesman Journal. Archived from the original on July 3, 2021. Retrieved June 29, 2021.
  73. ^ Urness Z (June 28, 2021). "Salem again topples all-time heat record, but major cooldown coming this evening". Statesman Journal. Archived from the original on July 3, 2021. Retrieved June 29, 2021.
  74. ^ Paz IG (June 29, 2021). "Pacific Northwest Continues to Bake Beneath 'Heat Dome'". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on June 29, 2021. Retrieved June 30, 2021.
  75. ^ Bush E, Ann Long K, Brummer J (June 28, 2021). "Seattle already set a record high temperature Sunday; Monday's forecast is 'unheard of'". The Seattle Times. Archived from the original on July 3, 2021. Retrieved June 28, 2021.
  76. ^ U.S. National Weather Service, Seattle office [@NWSSeattle] (June 28, 2021). "As of 11 AM, Sea-Tac has reached 100 degrees. This marks the first time on record that we've had 3 consecutive triple-digit days in Seattle" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
  77. ^ "Weather observations for the past three days Seattle, Seattle-Tacoma International Airport". forecast.weather.gov. Archived from the original on June 28, 2021. Retrieved June 29, 2021.
  78. ^ "New temperature record: SeaTac Airport hits 108 degrees". KOMO News. June 27, 2021. Archived from the original on June 28, 2021. Retrieved June 29, 2021.
  79. ^ U.S. National Weather Service, Seattle office [@NWSSeattle] (June 26, 2021). "In the past hour, a southeasterly downslope wind off the Olympics has managed to boost Port Angeles (airport) to 95 degrees. That's now a new all-time record high for the location" (Tweet). Retrieved June 26, 2021 – via Twitter.
  80. ^ Henson B, Masters J (June 28, 2021). "The cool, lush Pacific Northwest roasts in Death Valley-like temperatures". Yale Climate Connections. Yale School of the Environment, Yale University. Archived from the original on June 29, 2021. Retrieved June 29, 2021.
  81. ^ "Historic Heat Wave: Portland, Oregon and Seattle see record high temperatures". ABC 7 Los Angeles. June 28, 2021. Archived from the original on June 29, 2021. Retrieved June 29, 2021.
  82. ^ Dalton J (July 1, 2021). "Heatwave causing 'biggest glacier melt in a century'". The Independent. Archived from the original on July 1, 2021. Retrieved July 3, 2021.
  83. ^ U.S. National Weather Service, Spokane office [@NWSSpokane] (June 29, 2021). "Hottest day on record" (Tweet). Archived from the original on July 1, 2021. Retrieved June 29, 2021 – via Twitter.
  84. ^ U.S. National Weather Service, Spokane office [@NWSSpokane] (June 29, 2021). "Record warm overnight temperatures for June 29th" (Tweet). Archived from the original on June 29, 2021. Retrieved June 29, 2021 – via Twitter.
  85. ^ a b Samenow J, Livingston I (June 27, 2021). "Canada sets new all-time heat record of 121 degrees amid unprecedented heat wave". Washington Post. Archived from the original on July 2, 2021. Retrieved July 1, 2021.
  86. ^ Cary A (June 29, 2021). "Richland and Hanford tie all-time Washington heat record. How hot was it?". Tri-City Herald. Archived from the original on July 2, 2021. Retrieved June 30, 2021.
  87. ^ Markell J (February 10, 2022). "Washington officially has a new all-time maximum temperature record: 120 degrees". Yakima Herald-Republic. Archived from the original on February 11, 2022. Retrieved February 10, 2022.
  88. ^ Sistek S (February 10, 2022). "120 degrees from historic June heat wave confirmed as Washington statewide heat record". Fox Weather. Archived from the original on February 10, 2022. Retrieved February 10, 2022.
  89. ^ Sonner S (June 30, 2021). "Record heat gives way to thunderstorms in parts of Nevada". Associated Press. Archived from the original on July 9, 2021. Retrieved July 7, 2021.
  90. ^ Arthur D (July 2, 2021). "Why June will go down in North State record books for several wrong reasons". Redding Record Searchlight. Archived from the original on July 9, 2021. Retrieved July 7, 2021.
  91. ^ Pinho FE (June 28, 2021). "Southern California to see elevated fire weather, possible monsoon storms this week". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on July 8, 2021. Retrieved July 7, 2021.
  92. ^ Blanchard N (June 30, 2021). "'Slightly lucky': Boise ties record but misses the worst of scorching Northwest heat". Idaho Statesman. Archived from the original on June 30, 2021. Retrieved July 1, 2021.
  93. ^ Carral J (June 30, 2021). "Lewiston sets another daily record with high of 115". The Lewiston Tribune. Archived from the original on June 30, 2021. Retrieved July 1, 2021.
  94. ^ Blanchard N (June 27, 2021). "Temperatures in Boise will peak on Wednesday with potential record 106-degree high". Idaho Statesman. Archived from the original on July 3, 2021. Retrieved July 1, 2021.
  95. ^ Elinson Z, McCaffrey O, Barrett J (June 30, 2021). "Heat Wave Caused at Least 76 Deaths in Oregon and Washington". Wall Street Journal. ISSN 0099-9660. Archived from the original on June 30, 2021. Retrieved July 1, 2021.
  96. ^ U.S. National Weather Service, Boise office [@NWSBoise] (June 30, 2021). "Current Temperatures across the Pacific NW. Boise has tied a record high of 104 today" (Tweet). Archived from the original on June 30, 2021. Retrieved July 1, 2021 – via Twitter.
  97. ^ Stevenson IM (July 8, 2021). "Hitting 100 would mean a double-figure record for triple-digit heat. Did Boise make it?". Idaho Statesman. Archived from the original on June 22, 2024. Retrieved July 8, 2021.
  98. ^ Dresser M (June 30, 2021). "Record-Breaking Temperatures Roast Western Montana". Flathead Beacon. Archived from the original on June 30, 2021. Retrieved July 5, 2021.
  99. ^ "Record-setting heat dome scorches western Montana". Daily Inter Lake. June 29, 2021. Archived from the original on July 6, 2021. Retrieved July 5, 2021.
  100. ^ "Observed Weather Reports - Record Event Report". National Weather Service (Billings). July 4, 2021. Archived from the original on April 21, 2021. Retrieved July 5, 2021.
  101. ^ "Observed Weather Reports - Record Event Report". National Weather Service (Glasgow, MT). July 4, 2021. Archived from the original on April 21, 2021. Retrieved July 5, 2021.
  102. ^ "Preliminary heat-related death count by county of occurrence, June 26 - July 10 (2021)". Washington Department of Health. July 10, 2021. Archived from the original on July 8, 2021. Retrieved July 14, 2021.
  103. ^ "June heat wave was the deadliest weather event in Canadian history, experts say". www.cbc.ca. Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. October 2, 2021. Archived from the original on September 17, 2022. Retrieved November 15, 2021.
  104. ^ Potestio M (July 21, 2021). "Estimate on number of suspected heat-related deaths rises to 808". Toronto Star. Archived from the original on July 21, 2021. Retrieved July 22, 2021.
  105. ^ Johnson L (July 6, 2021). "Alberta saw spike in reported deaths during heatwave, causes still under investigation". Edmonton Journal. Archived from the original on October 16, 2021. Retrieved July 7, 2021.
  106. ^ Crawford T, Brown S, Carrigg D, et al. (June 30, 2021). "B.C. heat wave update for June 30: Chief coroner reports hundreds died from heat over past five days". Vancouver Sun. Archived from the original on June 30, 2021. Retrieved June 30, 2021.
  107. ^ Beugin D, Clark D, Miller S, et al. (June 2023). The case for adapting to extreme heat: Costs of the 2021 B.C. heat wave (PDF) (Report). Bobcaygeon, Ontario: Canadian Climate Institute. Archived (PDF) from the original on June 30, 2023. Retrieved June 30, 2023.
  108. ^ Chan C (June 29, 2021). "Heat wave linked to massive spike in sudden deaths across Lower Mainland". Vancouver Sun. Archived from the original on June 29, 2021. Retrieved June 29, 2021.
  109. ^ Carrigg D (July 4, 2021). "Anger grows over B.C. Emergency Health Services' handling of heat wave that left hundreds dead". Vancouver Sun. Archived from the original on July 9, 2021. Retrieved July 15, 2021.
  110. ^ "70% of sudden deaths recorded during B.C. heat wave were due to extreme temperatures, coroner confirms". Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. July 29, 2021. Archived from the original on June 22, 2024. Retrieved August 2, 2021.
  111. ^ Lee C, Hager M (July 13, 2021). "B.C. to announce changes to understaffed ambulance service after heat wave". The Globe and Mail. Archived from the original on July 16, 2021. Retrieved July 15, 2021.
  112. ^ Cordasco L (July 14, 2021). "B.C. shakes up ambulance service after heat-wave meltdown". Vancouver Sun. Archived from the original on July 16, 2021. Retrieved July 15, 2021.
  113. ^ Guernsey J, Wines J (2021). Preliminary Review on Excessive Heat Deaths (PDF). Portland, Ore.: Multnomah County. p. 9. Archived (PDF) from the original on July 14, 2021. Retrieved July 16, 2021.
  114. ^ Schramm PJ, Vaidyanathan A, Radhakrishnan L, et al. (July 16, 2021). "Heat-Related Emergency Department Visits During the Northwestern Heat Wave — United States, June 2021" (PDF). US Center for Disease Control and Prevention. Archived (PDF) from the original on July 16, 2021. Retrieved July 22, 2021.
  115. ^ McCaffrey O, Lovett I, Vieira P (July 5, 2021). "Deadly Heat Wave in Pacific Northwest Overwhelmed Healthcare System". The Wall Street Journal. ISSN 0099-9660. Archived from the original on July 16, 2021. Retrieved July 15, 2021.
  116. ^ Severance C, Dorn A (July 9, 2021). "'There was no information about the heat wave at all': 211 helpline failed hundreds during historic Oregon heat wave". KGW8. Archived from the original on July 9, 2021. Retrieved July 15, 2021.
  117. ^ Campuzano E (July 12, 2021). "Portland man dies after being pulled unconscious from Sandy River at Oxbow Park". The Oregonian. Archived from the original on July 16, 2021. Retrieved July 15, 2021.
  118. ^ Zoellener D (June 30, 2021). "People are drowning as they try to cool off in Pacific Northwest heatwave". The Independent. Archived from the original on June 30, 2021. Retrieved July 1, 2021.
  119. ^ "Seattle is least air-conditioned metro area in the U.S. So how do locals keep cool?". The Seattle Times. July 23, 2018. Archived from the original on June 29, 2021. Retrieved June 29, 2021.
  120. ^ Javaheri P, Gard H (June 24, 2021). "All-time record triple digit heat forecast for many people that don't have A/C". CNN. Archived from the original on June 27, 2021. Retrieved June 28, 2021.
  121. ^ "Air conditioner use has tripled since 2001, new BC Hydro survey suggests". Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. August 14, 2020. Archived from the original on June 30, 2021. Retrieved June 30, 2021.
  122. ^ Ramakrishnan J (June 26, 2021). "OHA suspends capacity limits at pools, theaters, malls ahead of heat wave". The Oregonian. Archived from the original on June 29, 2021. Retrieved June 29, 2021.
  123. ^ "Inslee increases capacity for publicly owned or operated, and non-profit cooling centers". Governor of Washington. June 25, 2021. Archived from the original on June 29, 2021. Retrieved June 29, 2021.
  124. ^ "Daily heat records tumble in B.C., with worst of 'dangerous' heat wave yet to come". Global News. June 26, 2021. Archived from the original on June 30, 2021. Retrieved June 29, 2021.
  125. ^ Pashaeva Y (July 1, 2021). "The Desperate Hunt for Air Conditioners in Oregon and Washington". Slate. Archived from the original on July 16, 2021. Retrieved July 14, 2021.
  126. ^ Herrera O. "BC Hydro breaks energy demand records three days in a row". CKPGToday.ca. Archived from the original on June 29, 2021. Retrieved June 30, 2021.
  127. ^ a b Mason G (July 3, 2021). "Some Washington utilities saw all-time usage highs in the historic heat, and a state commission is investigating their preparedness after planned outages". The Spokesman-Review. Archived from the original on July 16, 2021. Retrieved July 15, 2021.
  128. ^ "Avista asks customers to conserve energy amid heat wave". krem.com. June 28, 2021. Archived from the original on June 29, 2021. Retrieved June 29, 2021.
  129. ^ "Some of Capitol's lights to go dark amid heat wave-related energy crunch". Idaho Press. June 28, 2021. Archived from the original on June 28, 2021. Retrieved July 1, 2021.
  130. ^ Kostanich K (June 28, 2021). "Seattle residents flock to air-conditioned hotels to escape historic heat wave". KOMO News. Archived from the original on July 16, 2021. Retrieved July 14, 2021.
  131. ^ Baxter L (July 2, 2021). "Heat Wave Spurred Highest Daily Occupancy for Vancouver Hotels Since March 2020". CoStar. Archived from the original on February 13, 2023. Retrieved July 14, 2021.
  132. ^ "Hotel Performance: June 19-July 3". Washington County Visitors Association. July 8, 2021. Archived from the original on July 16, 2021. Retrieved July 14, 2021.
  133. ^ Lachacz A (July 15, 2021). "Toll of the heat wave: wildfires, 911 calls, and sidewalks buckling". CTV News Edmonton. Archived from the original on July 16, 2021. Retrieved July 15, 2021.
  134. ^ "Pavement on I-5 buckles in extreme Seattle heat". KING 5. June 29, 2021. Archived from the original on June 28, 2021. Retrieved June 29, 2021.
  135. ^ Graff A (June 28, 2021). "It's so hot in the Pacific Northwest that roads are buckling". San Francisco Chronicle. Archived from the original on June 28, 2021. Retrieved June 28, 2021.
  136. ^ Thompson F (June 26, 2021). "Seattle drawbridges will get daily cold showers to reduce damages during heatwave". Q13 Fox Seattle. Archived from the original on June 26, 2021. Retrieved June 28, 2021.
  137. ^ Thompson F (June 28, 2021). "Excessive heat impacts travel, services across the region". Q13 Fox. Archived from the original on June 29, 2021. Retrieved July 2, 2021.
  138. ^ Tabrizian A (June 28, 2021). "TriMet suspends MAX, WES lines until Tuesday, citing heat-related mechanical issues". The Oregonian. Archived from the original on June 28, 2021. Retrieved June 28, 2021.
  139. ^ Wanek-Libman M (June 28, 2021). "Excessive heat impacts passenger rail and transit operations in Pacific Northwest". Mass Transit. Endeavor Business Media. Archived from the original on June 28, 2021. Retrieved June 30, 2021. Rail service is being cancelled or operating at reduced speeds as record high temperatures continue to grip Oregon and Washington state.
  140. ^ Goggins S (June 30, 2021). "Ephrata and Royal School districts suspend transportation due to heat-related safety concerns: Columbia Basin". iFiberOne. Archived from the original on July 15, 2021. Retrieved July 15, 2021.
  141. ^ "SD62 cancels buses on last day of school due to ongoing heat". Saanich News. June 29, 2021. Archived from the original on July 16, 2021. Retrieved July 15, 2021.
  142. ^ a b "Extreme heat affects SD73 classes, COVID-19 vaccination clinics". Kamloops This Week. June 27, 2021. Archived from the original on July 16, 2021. Retrieved July 15, 2021.
  143. ^ "Heat leads to closure of all public schools, some post-secondary in B.C.'s Lower Mainland". CTV News B.C. June 28, 2021. Archived from the original on June 28, 2021. Retrieved June 29, 2021.
  144. ^ Clouse T (June 29, 2021). "Heat forces restaurants, markets and bakeries to throw in towel". The Spokesman-Review. Archived from the original on June 30, 2021. Retrieved July 1, 2021.
  145. ^ Kay G, Towey H. "Grocery stores are pulling perishable food, covering aisles in plastic sheets, and running sprinklers on their roofs as they battle a record heat wave". Business Insider. Archived from the original on July 2, 2021. Retrieved July 1, 2021.
  146. ^ "Heat drives some Seattle-area businesses to take the day off, others to make hay while the sun shines". The Seattle Times. June 28, 2021. Archived from the original on July 16, 2021. Retrieved July 15, 2021.
  147. ^ Kay G (July 2, 2021). "Workers Stage Walkouts at McDonald's, Jack in the Box Over Heat Wave". Business Insider. Archived from the original on July 2, 2021. Retrieved July 15, 2021.
  148. ^ Aronoff K (July 1, 2021). "Work Really Sucks When It's Hot". The New Republic. ISSN 0028-6583. Archived from the original on July 16, 2021. Retrieved July 15, 2021.
  149. ^ "WA Heat Survey Breakdown Initial Analysis". United Farm Workers. July 2021. Archived from the original on July 22, 2021. Retrieved July 22, 2021.
  150. ^ Samayoa M (July 9, 2021). "Oregon OSHA enacts temporary rules, but some worry if they go far enough". Oregon Public Broadcasting. Archived from the original on July 16, 2021. Retrieved July 15, 2021.
  151. ^ Hernandez X (July 12, 2021). "Washington's New Emergency Heat Regulations for Outdoor Workers Goes ..." NBC Right Now. Archived from the original on July 22, 2021. Retrieved July 22, 2021.
  152. ^ Rosenberg E, Bhattarai A (July 19, 2021). "Biden administration, workers grapple with health threats posed by climate change and heat". Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Archived from the original on July 22, 2021. Retrieved July 22, 2021.
  153. ^ Pells E (June 27, 2021). "Record heat in Oregon — 150 degrees on the track — forces the Olympic trials to pause, while heptathlete Taliyah Brooks has to withdraw". chicagotribune.com. Archived from the original on June 30, 2021. Retrieved July 1, 2021.
  154. ^ Regimbal A (June 28, 2021). "Temperatures in Seattle's record-breaking heat wave to peak Monday". Seattle P-I. Archived from the original on June 29, 2021. Retrieved June 28, 2021.
  155. ^ None (June 29, 2021). "Heat shuts down senior center". Coeur d'Alene Press. Archived from the original on June 29, 2021. Retrieved July 2, 2021.
  156. ^ Judd A (June 28, 2021). "B.C. businesses close their doors due to extreme heat". Global News. Archived from the original on July 16, 2021. Retrieved July 15, 2021.
  157. ^ "Here Is a Running List of Portland Events That Have Been Cancelled Due to This Weekend's Heat Wave". Willamette Week. June 24, 2021. Archived from the original on July 16, 2021. Retrieved July 15, 2021.
  158. ^ Bernton H (June 26, 2021). "Heat forecast leaves Washington farmers worried about crop damage". The Spokesman-Review. Spokane. Archived from the original on June 26, 2021. Retrieved July 1, 2021.
  159. ^ Tchoubar P (July 5, 2021). "US heatwave pushes agricultural workers to work at night: 'Even so, it's horrible'". The Observers - France 24. Archived from the original on July 7, 2021. Retrieved July 7, 2021.
  160. ^ Gomez M (July 6, 2021). "B.C. heat wave 'cooks' fruit crops on the branch in sweltering Okanagan and Fraser valleys". Canadian Broadcating Corporation. Archived from the original on July 16, 2021. Retrieved July 14, 2021.
  161. ^ "Berry Bake: Northwest Blueberry, Raspberry, Blackberry Crops Might Be Roasted From The Heat Wave". Northwest Public Broadcasting. July 2, 2021. Archived from the original on July 9, 2021. Retrieved July 7, 2021.
  162. ^ Isai V, Bilefsky D (June 28, 2021). "At Nearly 116 Degrees, Heat in Western Canada Shatters National Record". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on June 30, 2021. Retrieved July 1, 2021.
  163. ^ a b McCaffrey O, Trent S, Nguyen R (July 11, 2021). "Heat Wave Hit Northwest Businesses From Christmas Trees and Doughnuts to Fish". Wall Street Journal. ISSN 0099-9660. Archived from the original on July 11, 2021. Retrieved July 15, 2021.
  164. ^ a b Allison J (July 5, 2021). "Skagit Valley farmers cope with early-season heat with lasting impacts". The Columbian. Archived from the original on July 16, 2021. Retrieved July 15, 2021.
  165. ^ Silverthorn C (July 13, 2021). "Relentless heat wave and lack of rain scorching Saskatchewan crops". Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. Archived from the original on July 16, 2021. Retrieved July 15, 2021.
  166. ^ Nicholson M, Hirtzer M (July 15, 2021). "Anthrax, Grasshoppers, Dying Clams Show North American Heat Toll". Blooomberg. Archived from the original on July 16, 2021. Retrieved July 16, 2021.
  167. ^ Ellis B (July 14, 2021). "Additional drought supports announced for Sask. producers". CTV News Regina. Archived from the original on July 16, 2021. Retrieved July 15, 2021.
  168. ^ "Alberta heat wave worries province's farmers". Global News. Archived from the original on July 23, 2021. Retrieved June 30, 2021.
  169. ^ "Another Manitoba municipality declares state of agricultural disaster due to drought and heat". Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. July 12, 2021. Archived from the original on July 16, 2021. Retrieved July 15, 2021.
  170. ^ "California Fire Map: Tracking wildfires burning across the state". The San Francisco Chronicle. Archived from the original on July 18, 2021. Retrieved July 15, 2021.
  171. ^ Andrew Morris (June 29, 2021). "WATCH: Firenado spawns inside Lava Fire burning in Siskiyou County". ABC7 San Francisco. Archived from the original on June 29, 2021. Retrieved July 1, 2021.
  172. ^ "Wildfire closes North Cascades Highway". The Spokesman-Review. July 12, 2021. Retrieved July 15, 2021.
  173. ^ Sherwood C (June 30, 2021). "Oregon governor declares wildfire emergency". Oregon Public Broadcasting. Archived from the original on June 30, 2021. Retrieved July 1, 2021.
  174. ^ Graff A (June 30, 2021). "Ash from Northern California wildfires is falling in Oregon". San Francisco Chronicle. Archived from the original on July 1, 2021. Retrieved July 1, 2021.
  175. ^ Judd A (July 15, 2021). "State of emergency for B.C.'s wildfires not 'necessary' at this time: officials". Global News. Archived from the original on July 16, 2021. Retrieved July 15, 2021.
  176. ^ Graff A (July 1, 2021). "710,117 lightning strikes hit western Canada in 15 hours". San Francisco Chronicle. Archived from the original on July 2, 2021. Retrieved July 2, 2021.
  177. ^ a b Bordeleau JL (July 5, 2021). ""Après le feu, il ne restait que quatre ou cinq maisons, la poste et l'église encore debout"". Le Devoir (in French). Archived from the original on July 7, 2021. Retrieved July 5, 2021.
  178. ^ "THE LATEST: 90% of Lytton destroyed in wildfire, injuries reported". Vernon Morning Star. July 1, 2021. Archived from the original on July 1, 2021. Retrieved July 2, 2021.
  179. ^ Luymes G, Penner D (July 1, 2021). "B.C. wildfires: Son watched in horror as his parents perished in Lytton fire". Vancouver Sun. Archived from the original on July 2, 2021. Retrieved July 2, 2021.
  180. ^ Carrigg D, Raptis M (June 30, 2021). "B.C. Wildfires: Lytton residents ordered to evacuate as 'catastrophic' wildfire overtakes village". Vancouver Sun. Archived from the original on July 1, 2021. Retrieved July 1, 2021.
  181. ^ a b "National Fire News". National Interagency Fire Center. July 15, 2021. Archived from the original on September 14, 2022. Retrieved July 16, 2021.
  182. ^ Childs JW (July 14, 2021). "More Than 1 Million Acres Burned in Raging Western Wildfires". The Weather Channel. Archived from the original on July 16, 2021. Retrieved July 15, 2021.
  183. ^ "Gov. issues emergency declaration over wildfire threat". Associated Press. June 30, 2021. Archived from the original on July 7, 2021. Retrieved July 1, 2021.
  184. ^ Metcalf AL, McWethy D, Balch J, et al. (June 30, 2021). "Over 100 fire scientists urge the US West: Skip the fireworks this record-dry 4th of July". The Conversation. Archived from the original on July 1, 2021. Retrieved July 1, 2021.
  185. ^ "Record heatwave in Canada may have killed hundreds – follow live". The Independent. July 1, 2021. Archived from the original on July 1, 2021. Retrieved July 1, 2021.
  186. ^ "Burn bans". Washington Department of Ecology. Archived from the original on July 9, 2021. Retrieved July 7, 2021.
  187. ^ Rosen K (July 13, 2021). "High to extreme fire danger levels prompt Manitoba-wide restrictions". CTV News Winnipeg. Archived from the original on July 16, 2021. Retrieved July 16, 2021.
  188. ^ "National Fire News | National Interagency Fire Center". www.nifc.gov. Archived from the original on September 14, 2022. Retrieved September 14, 2021.
  189. ^ "National Fire Situation Report". Canadian Interagency Forest Fire Centre. Archived from the original on September 20, 2021. Retrieved September 26, 2021.
  190. ^ National Interagency Fire Center (2021). "Fire Information". www.nifc.gov. Archived from the original on August 12, 2023. Retrieved September 14, 2021.
  191. ^ a b Center for Disaster Philanthropy (November 10, 2021). "2021 North American Wildfire Season". disasterphilanthropy.org. Archived from the original on June 22, 2024. Retrieved November 20, 2021.
  192. ^ Cappucci M (April 2, 2021). "'Record-breaking' temperatures to engulf Southwest, with 'critical' fire weather conditions possible". Washington Post. Archived from the original on April 3, 2021. Retrieved August 12, 2023.
  193. ^ Puleo M (May 5, 2021). "AccuWeather forecasters predict another bad fire season". AccuWeather. Archived from the original on August 12, 2023. Retrieved August 12, 2023.
  194. ^ Jacobo J (May 17, 2021). "Climate change may be causing an early start to fire season in the West, experts say". ABC News. Archived from the original on August 12, 2023. Retrieved September 27, 2021.
  195. ^ Romero S (April 30, 2021). "'Firefighters Out There in the Snow': Wildfires Rage Early in Parched West". The New York Times. Archived from the original on August 1, 2021. Retrieved August 12, 2023.
  196. ^ McGrath C (July 26, 2021). "Air Quality Action Day in effect: Haze and smoky odor in Massachusetts sky on Monday due to Western and Canadian wildfires". masslive. Archived from the original on July 27, 2021. Retrieved July 27, 2021.
  197. ^ "Montana wildfires: 600 people displaced from homes; Boulder 2700 fire top priority". Missoula Current. August 4, 2021. Archived from the original on July 1, 2022. Retrieved September 27, 2021.
  198. ^ "Glacial melt in the Rockies". Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. July 6, 2021. Archived from the original on July 7, 2021. Retrieved July 7, 2021.
  199. ^ Boyle L (July 14, 2021). "Satellite reveals devastating glacier melt on Washington's Mount Rainier following historic heatwave". The Independent. Archived from the original on July 14, 2021. Retrieved July 16, 2021.
  200. ^ "Car submerged, road flooded as record-breaking B.C. heat prompts massive snow melt". Global News. Archived from the original on July 1, 2021. Retrieved July 2, 2021.
  201. ^ Migdal A (July 5, 2021). "More than a billion seashore animals may have cooked to death in B.C. heat wave, says UBC researcher". Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. Archived from the original on July 7, 2021. Retrieved July 7, 2021.
  202. ^ Baker R (July 12, 2021). "West Coast heat wave burned B.C.'s shellfish sector". National Observer. Archived from the original on July 16, 2021. Retrieved July 16, 2021.
  203. ^ "Heat wave blamed for earlier and larger Alberta fish kill". Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. July 6, 2021. Archived from the original on July 6, 2021. Retrieved July 7, 2021.
  204. ^ Michael Levenson, After Recent 'Heat Dome,' Washington Issues Warning Not to Eat Raw Shellfish Archived August 12, 2021, at the Wayback Machine, New York Times (July 22, 2021).
  205. ^ Kulkarni A (July 5, 2021). "Vancouver trees dry out as heat wave continues to take its toll". Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. Archived from the original on July 7, 2021. Retrieved July 7, 2021.
  206. ^ Tabrizian A (July 15, 2021). "AROUND OREGON: Northwest trees sapped by Oregon and Washington heat waves could be vulnerable to fire". Salem Reporter. Archived from the original on June 22, 2024. Retrieved July 16, 2021.
  207. ^ Crowe M (June 29, 2021). "Mass bird death event in Seattle attributed to record heat Monday". King5. Archived from the original on June 30, 2021. Retrieved July 1, 2021.
  208. ^ Thom S (July 6, 2021). "'It's horrible': B.C. heat wave killed birds, some saved by Okanagan raptor centre". Global News. Archived from the original on July 16, 2021. Retrieved July 16, 2021.

Further reading

[edit]
[edit]
Retrieved from "https://wiki.riteme.site/w/index.php?title=2021_Western_North_America_heat_wave&oldid=1247037520"