COVID-19 pandemic in Canada
 | This article needs to be updated. The reason given is: Most content was written during the beginning of the pandemic in 2020. (September 2023) |
| COVID-19 pandemic in Canada | |
|---|---|
(clockwise from top)
| |
| Disease | COVID-19 |
| Virus strain | SARS-CoV-2 |
| Location | Canada |
| First outbreak | Wuhan, Hubei, China |
| Index case | Toronto, Ontario |
| Arrival date | January 25, 2020[1] (4 years, 9 months, 3 weeks and 1 day) |
| Confirmed cases | 4,964,574 (as of May 25, 2024)
|
Deaths | 60,769 (as of September 20, 2024) |
| Fatality rate | 1.20% (as of May 25, 2024), unknown after that date |
| Vaccinations |
|
| Government website | |
| canada | |
.jpg)
The COVID-19 pandemic in Canada is part of the ongoing worldwide pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). It is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Most cases over the course of the pandemic have been in Ontario, Quebec, British Columbia and Alberta. Confirmed cases have been reported in all of Canada's provinces and territories.[4][5]
The virus was confirmed to have reached Canada on January 25, 2020, after an individual who had returned to Toronto from Wuhan, Hubei, China, tested positive. The first case of community transmission in Canada was confirmed in British Columbia on March 5.[6] In March 2020, as cases of community transmission were confirmed, all of Canada's provinces and territories declared states of emergency. Provinces and territories implemented, to varying degrees, school and daycare closures, prohibitions on gatherings, closures of non-essential businesses and restrictions on entry. Canada severely restricted its border access, barring travelers from all countries with some exceptions. The federal Minister of Health invoked the Quarantine Act, introduced following the 2002–2004 SARS outbreak.[7] For the first time in its legislative history, the act was used, legally requiring all travelers (excluding essential workers) returning to the country to self-isolate for 14 days, until rules were changed to accommodate fully vaccinated travelers. Between July and November, the four Atlantic provinces
By mid to late summer of 2020, the country saw a steady decline in active cases until the beginning of late summer. In July, the four Atlantic provinces formed the Atlantic Bubble, which allowed unrestricted movement for provincial residents. Through autumn, there was a resurgence of cases in all provinces and territories.[8] On September 23, 2020, Prime Minister Trudeau declared that Canada was experiencing a "second wave" of the virus.[9] New restrictions from provincial governments were put in place once again as cases increased, including variations of regional lockdowns. In late November, the Atlantic Bubble was disbanded because of the second wave. The federal government passed legislation to approve further modified economic aid for businesses and individuals.[10]
Nation-wide cases, hospitalizations and deaths spiked during and after the Christmas and holiday season in December, 2020 and January, 2021. Alarmed by hospital capacity issues, fatalities and new cases, heavy restrictions (such as lockdowns and curfews) were put in place in affected areas (primarily Ontario, Quebec, and Alberta) and across the country. These lockdowns caused active cases to steadily decline, reaching a plateau in active cases in mid-February 2021. During a third wave of the virus, cases began rising across most provinces west of Atlantic Canada in mid-March,[11] prompting further lockdowns and restrictions in the most populous provinces of Ontario and Quebec.[11][12] Due to a relatively low volume of cases in the Atlantic provinces, the travel-restricted Atlantic Bubble was planned to reopen;[13] however, in late April, the third wave had spread to the Atlantic provinces. In response, Newfoundland and Labrador, Prince Edward Island, and Nova Scotia reinstated travel bans toward the rest of the country.
Following Health Canada's approval of the Pfizer–BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine, and later the mRNA-1273 vaccine developed by Moderna, mass vaccinations began nationwide on December 14, 2020.[14][15] On February 26, 2021, Health Canada approved the Oxford–AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine for use,[16] and on March 5, 2021, they additionally approved the Janssen COVID-19 vaccine for a total of four approved vaccines in the nation.[17] However, most provinces discontinued first doses of Oxford-AstraZeneca by May 12, 2021,[18] while the administration of the Janssen vaccine was determined unnecessary.[19] Canada became one of the most vaccinated countries in the world, with a continually high uptake of the vaccine.[20] Despite high general uptake of the vaccine, cases began to surge particularly amongst the unvaccinated population in provinces like Alberta, which had removed nearly all pandemic restrictions.[citation needed]
Near the end of summer 2021, cases surged across Canada, particularly in British Columbia, Alberta, Quebec and Ontario, described as a "pandemic of the unvaccinated". A July 2021 PHAC epidemiology report said that those who were unvaccinated represented almost 90% of COVID cases reported.[21] This fourth wave led to the reinstatement of pandemic restrictions like mask mandates in provinces such as British Columbia and Alberta.[22] Consequently, vaccine passports were introduced in all provinces and two territories.[23][24] Federally, Prime Minister Justin Trudeau implemented vaccination requirements for air travel, Via Rail and Rocky Mountaineer trains, and federally regulated workers, effective October 30, 2021..[25][26]
In January 2022, all of Canada's provinces and territories were experiencing record-level case numbers, primarily driven by the Omicron variant, which caused provincial and territorial governments to reintroduce restrictions surrounding travel and isolation. However, in mid-February active caseloads and hospitalizations began to decrease and towards the end of February 2022, almost all provinces and territories had announced plans to lift restrictions by early March or mid-March 2022, if epidemiology remained favorable.[27] By March 2022, more than 85% of Canadians aged five and over were fully vaccinated.[28]
Background and epidemiology
On January 12, 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) confirmed that a novel coronavirus was the cause of a respiratory illness in a cluster of people in Wuhan City, Hubei Province, China, reported to the WHO on December 31, 2019.[29][30]
The case fatality ratio for COVID-19 was much lower than SARS of 2003,[31][32] but the transmission was significantly greater, with a significant death toll.[33][31]
| COVID-19 pandemic in Canada by province and territory, 16 November 2024, 01:30 UTC () | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Province | Population | Tests | Per k | Cases | Per m | Deaths | Per m | Ref. |
 British Columbia |
5,779,529 | 6,706,085 | 1,160.3 | 432,597 | 74,850 | 7,643 | 1,322.4 | [34] |
 Alberta
|
4,960,863 | 7,778,306 | 1,567.9 | 665,025 | 134,054 | 7,859 | 1,584.2 | [35] |
 Saskatchewan |
1,254,020 | 1,893,428 | 1,509.9 | 171,771 | 136,976 | 2,078 | 1,657.1 | [36] |
 Manitoba |
1,511,455 | 1,777,727 | 1,176.2 | 170,943 | 113,098 | 2,872 | 1,900.2 | [37] |
 Ontario |
16,369,895 | 27,914,636 | 1,705.2 | 1,741,416 | 106,379 | 18,937 | 1,156.8 | [38] |
 Quebec |
9,143,563 | 20,961,788 | 2,292.2 | 1,507,667 | 164,888 | 20,852 | 2,280.5 | [39] |
 New Brunswick |
864,639 | 1,111,269 | 1,285.2 | 100,943 | 116,746 | 1,093 | 1,264.1 | [40] |
 Prince Edward Island |
181,204 | 350,450 | 1,934 | 59,153 | 326,444 | 129 | 711.9 | [41] |
 Nova Scotia |
1,086,393 | 2,244,321 | 2,065.8 | 159,660 | 146,963 | 1,135 | 1,044.7 | [42] |
 Newfoundland and Labrador |
547,871 | 792,614 | 1,446.7 | 61,789 | 112,780 | 432 | 788.5 | [43] |
 Yukon |
47,188 | 39,810 | 843.6 | 5,385 | 114,118 | 49 | 1,038.4 | [44] |
 Northwest Territories |
44,848 | 45,042 | 1,004.3 | 11,906 | 265,474 | 25 | 557.4 | [45] |
 Nunavut |
41,532 | 55,187 | 1,328.8 | 4,912 | 118,270 | 10 | 240.8 | [46] |
| Repatriated travellers | N/A | N/A | N/A | 13 | N/A | 0 | N/A | [47] |
 Canada
|
41,833,000 | 71,670,663 | 1,713.3 | 5,093,180 | 121,750 | 63,114 | 1,508.7 | |
Preparations
On January 1, 2020, the WHO set up the IMST (Incident Management Support Team) across all three levels of the organization: headquarters, regional headquarters and country-level, putting the organization on an emergency footing for dealing with the outbreak.[48]
On January 7, when it appeared that there was a health crisis emerging in Wuhan, Public Health Canada advised travelers to China to avoid contact with animals, noting that they were very carefully monitoring the situation. Still there was no evidence of what caused the illness, or how it spread.[49]
On January 15, the federal government activated its Emergency Operations Centre.[50]
On January 17, the Canada Border Services Agency (CBSA) indicated plans were in progress "to implement signage" in the Montreal, Toronto, and Vancouver airports to raise awareness of the virus. An additional health screening question added to the electronic kiosks for passengers arriving from central China. The agency noted the overall risk to Canadians was low, and there were no direct flights from Wuhan to Canada. The CBSA said it would not be, at that time, implementing extra screening measures, but would "monitor the situation closely".[51][52]
On January 23, the federal Minister of Health, Patty Hajdu, said they were monitoring five or six people for signs of the virus.[53][54] That same day, the chief public health officer of Canada, Theresa Tam, was a member of the WHO committee that broadcast that it was too early to declare a Public Health Emergency of International Concern.
Initially, Canada faced a shortage of personal protective equipment, as the Trudeau government had reduced PPE funding as a cost-cutting measure in previous years.[55][56]
Timeline of outbreak in Canada
Vaccination
Health Canada is responsible for approval and regulation of vaccines (and other pharmaceuticals), while the Public Health Agency of Canada (PHAC) is responsible for public health, emergency preparedness and response, and infectious and chronic disease control and prevention. Vaccines are authorized by Health Canada, purchased by the Government of Canada and distributed by PHAC to individual provinces and territories in tranches based on various factors such as population size and prioritized peoples. The National Advisory Committee on Immunization (NACI) has also issued recommendations on how vaccines should be distributed, in what intervals and to which populations. NACI has also been involved in recommendations on the use or disuse of vaccines to certain ages or populations.
The National Research Council Canada (NRC) has made investments in the domestic development of vaccine candidates, including candidates by the University of Saskatchewan and Variation Biotechnologies. In May 2020, the NRC announced a planned agreement to conduct clinical trials of a vaccine candidate by Chinese company CanSino Biologics, and plans to manufacture it at its facilities in Montreal once authorized. However, the deal collapsed due to strained Canada–China relations, and the federal government later announced commitments to purchase vaccines being produced by AstraZeneca, Moderna, Pfizer and Janssen.| COVID-19 vaccinations in Canada by province and territory, September 30, 2022 () | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Province | Population | People who have at least one dose | People fully vaccinated | Total population with at least one dose (%) | Total population fully vaccinated (%) | Ref | ||||
| British Columbia |
5,174,724 | 4,559,145 | 4,399,082 | 87.43% | 84.36% | [57] | ||||
| Alberta |
4,444,277 | 3,630,480 | 3,425,775 | 81.72% | 77.11% | [57] | ||||
| Saskatchewan |
1,179,906 | 976,094 | 916,695 | 82.73% | 77.70% | [57] | ||||
| Manitoba |
1,382,904 | 1,145,269 | 1,101,542 | 82.77% | 79.61% | [57] | ||||
| Ontario |
14,789,778 | 12,790,406 | 12,302,531 | 86.27% | 82.98% | [57] | ||||
| Quebec |
8,585,523 | 7,907,623 | 7,206,045 | 91.90% | 83.75% | [57] | ||||
| New Brunswick |
783,721 | 700,212 | 661,271 | 88.72% | 83.79% | [57] | ||||
| Prince Edward Island |
160,536 | 156,154 | 144,466 | 95.03% | 87.92% | [57] | ||||
| Nova Scotia |
982,326 | 889,828 | 842,600 | 89.70% | 84.94% | [57] | ||||
| Newfoundland and Labrador |
520,286 | 498,432 | 476,756 | 95.75% | 91.59% | [58] | ||||
| Yukon |
42,596 | 36,691 | 35,380 | 85.36% | 82.31% | [57] | ||||
| Northwest Territories |
44,991 | 41,094 | 39,663 | 90.31% | 87.16% | [57] | ||||
| Nunavut |
39,536 | 33,543 | 29,021 | 85.13% | 73.65% | [57] | ||||
| Canada |
38,131,139 | 33,364,971 | 31,580,827 | 87.24% | 82.57% | [57] | ||||
Variants of concern
On December 26, 2020, Ontario announced that two cases of the B.1.1.7 variant had been found in Durham.[59] On January 8, 2021, the Public Health Agency of Canada announced that the first case of the South African variant had been found in Alberta.[60] On February 8, CTV reported that the first case of the P.1 variant out of Brazil had been detected in Toronto.[61] On April 21, the B.C. Ministry of Health announced that they had seen cases of B.1.617 as early as April 4.[62] On May 14, Canada added B.1.617 (including what is now known as Delta) to its variants of concern. On May 31, 2021, WHO announced that the variant B.1.1.7 was being renamed Alpha, P.1 Gamma, B.1.617.2 Delta and B.1.351 Beta.
Early evidence out of Alberta[63] suggested that the Pfizer and Moderna vaccines would continue to be effective against death or hospitalization from the Alpha and Gamma variants. A study in Ontario found that the Pfizer vaccine was 95% effective to prevent hospitalization or death from the Alpha, Beta and Gamma variants 7 days after the second dose.[64] Moderna was 94% effective against Alpha 7 days after the 2nd dose. Moderna appeared to be highly effective against Delta.
A preprint study from epidemiologists David Fisman and Ashleigh Tuite, at the University of Toronto, found that the Delta variant had a 120% greater risk of hospitalization, 287% greater risk of ICU admission and 137% greater risk of death compared to non-variant of concern strains of SARS-COV-2.[65]
| Number of cases by different variants (as of December 31, 2021) | ||
|---|---|---|
| Variant of concern[66] | Number of cases | Percentage of all cases |
| Alpha | 268,258 | 39.59% |
| Delta | 211,644 | 31.24% |
| Omicron | 174,248 | 25.72% |
| Gamma | 20,979 | 3.09% |
| Beta | 2,416 | 0.36% |
| Total included in this data set |
677,545 | Analysis has been made available only for the 13.65% of all 4,964,587 cases |
| Note: * The PHAC's stopped providing updates on variants on December 31, 2021. | ||
Over the five years (2020-2024), five main variants have been recorded, with hundreds of different lineages, sublineages, recombinants, and mutations.
Government response
Federal
As the people of Canada experience profound and rapid changes to their lives, we are all concerned about the future. It may be difficult to remain hopeful when faced with loss and uncertainty, but Canadians have many reasons for optimism, even in the most trying times.
Across Canada, countless people continue to care for the most vulnerable and to provide essential services for their fellow citizens. I am thankful for their dedication and for the hope it offers.
In the coming weeks and months, the people of Canada will need to continue to work together to ensure the health and vitality of our communities. I know that Canadians will remain optimistic and will rise to the challenges ahead.
My thoughts and prayers are with the people of Canada at this time."[67]
Elizabeth II, Queen of Canada, April 5, 2020
Public health
The federal government activated its Emergency Operations Centre on January 15, 2020.[50] The federal government's pandemic response was based on two primary documents: the Canadian Pandemic Influenza Preparedness planning guidelines, which outlines risks and measures to address a viral disease,[68] and the Federal/Provincial/Territorial Public Health Response Plan for Biological Events, which includes identifying, tracking, and ensuring rapid access to medical care.[69] By February 27, the response plan was at level 3 (escalated).[70]
On March 18, the federal Minister of Health, Patty Hajdu, announced that the federal government had signed an interim order to speed up access to COVID-19 test kits that would allow provincial labs to increase testing. The test kits were made by Switzerland-based Roche Molecular Systems and Thermo Fisher Scientific.[71][72]
Several research projects were provided federal funding to develop and implement measures to detect, manage, and reduce the transmission of COVID-19. On March 11, Trudeau announced $275 million in funding for 47 projects. On March 19, the federal government announced funding for an additional 49 projects to bring the total to 96.[73][74]
On March 20, Trudeau stated that the National Research Council would work with small- and medium-sized companies on health research to fight the virus, as part of the announcement on Canada's industrial strategy (see below).[75]
On March 23, Theresa Tam began appearing in public service announcements on radio and television, urging personal hygiene, social distancing, and against unnecessary travel.[76]
On April 6, Tam began to suggest that the use of non-medical face masks in public could be an "additional measure" of protection. She stated to "protect others around you in situations where physical distancing is difficult to maintain", but that this is not proven to protect the wearer and is considered complementary to all existing health guidance issued thus far.[77]
In response to backlogs in COVID-19 testing, especially provinces like Ontario, Health Canada approved new rapid testing for the virus.[78]
On November 3, the Public Health Agency of Canada started recommended that people wear non-medical masks with three layers including a filter.[79] Tam said that "living with COVID-19 is something that we have to do because it's not going to immediately disappear and the population doesn't have much immunity", and went on to say that "If cases do occur and accelerate in a community, then you have to get at it early because if you let it, the virus and the numbers accelerate and keep accelerating...you will then end up with more widespread closures. So, I think as cities or hotspots cool down, if you like, the restart needs to be carefully thought of."[80]
Long-term care homes
Long-term care homes were impacted heavily by the pandemic. On April 13, Tam reported that at least half of COVID-19 deaths in Canada were linked to long-term care homes (with the exact number varying by province), and that those deaths would continue to increase even as the transmission rate decreased.[81][82] Tam cited factors such as outside visitors, communal living spaces, and staff being transferred among multiple facilities as particular vulnerabilities.[83][84] The pandemic exacerbated pre-existing staffing issues at some facilities, including underpaid staff and being understaffed in general.[85][81][86] On April 28, Tam stated that as many as 79 percent of Canada's COVID-19 fatalities occurred in long-term care homes.[87]
Health Canada issued recommendations for long-term care homes. They were encouraged to restrict outside visitors and volunteers, restrict employees from being transferred between multiple facilities, provide personal protective equipment, enforce physical distancing during meals, screen staff and essential visitors. On April 15, Trudeau announced that the federal government planned to provide additional pay to long-term care workers.[88][89]
Canadian Armed Forces
In April 2020, the Department of National Defence gave the provinces the option to get Canadian Armed Forces assistance in combating the pandemic in long-term care facilities. Quebec was the first to act, with military personnel arriving on April 17.[90] Ontario responded next, with Premier Doug Ford requesting military aid on April 22.[91]
Travel and entry restrictions
On March 14, Canada recommended against any international travel and advised those returning from outside of Canada, except for essential workers (such as flight crew), to self-isolate for 14 days.[92] The Quarantine Act was invoked by Hajdu on March 26, making self-isolation a legal mandate for travelers (excluding essential workers) returning to the country. It also prohibits those who are symptomatic from using public transit as transport to their place of self-isolation, and prohibiting self-isolation in settings where they may come in contact with those who are vulnerable (people with pre-existing conditions and the elderly).[93]
Starting March 16, only Canadian citizens and their immediate families, permanent residents, and U.S. citizens were allowed to enter the country. The only exceptions were flight crews, diplomats, and trade and commerce. Travellers showing COVID-19 symptoms were not allowed to board flights into Canada, regardless of their citizenship.[94][95] International flights to Canada from outside the Caribbean, Mexico, and the U.S. were instructed to land at either Calgary International Airport, Montréal–Trudeau International Airport, Toronto Pearson International Airport, or Vancouver International Airport.[94][95]
From March 20, Canada and the United States temporarily restricted all non-essential travel across their land border.[96][97] The U.S. did not restrict non-essential air travel into the country by Canadians, but Americans were prohibited from boarding flights into Canada per U.S. restrictions—a non-reciprocal restriction that was criticized as being contradictory.[98] On April 16, Trudeau stated that the Canada/U.S. border restrictions would remain in place "for a significant amount of time".[99] The next day, Canada and the United States agreed to extend their entry restrictions, which were to expire on April 21, for an additional 30 days beyond that date.[100]
On April 20, the federal government introduced the "ArriveCAN" mobile app, which is used to conduct entry screenings and submit documentation; use of the app became mandatory in November.[101]
Since March 30, individuals showing COVID-19 symptoms were to be refused boarding on domestic flights (10 seats or more) and passenger trains. However, it excluded buses and intercity passenger rail services.[102] From April 20, all travellers were required to wear face masks while departing and arriving on air travel, including during security screenings. Those who did not comply were prevented from proceeding.[103]
As the land border with the United States continued to be closed to non-essential travel, the Canadian government announced plans in October to allow family members to reunite under compassionate terms.[104] Within the country, the Canadian provinces of New Brunswick, Prince Edward Island, Nova Scotia and Newfoundland and Labrador established the Atlantic Bubble, restricting travel from other provinces but allowing free movement amongst residents of the member provinces.[105]
On January 6, 2021, the federal government announced that all incoming travellers must present proof of a negative COVID-19 PCR test conducted within 72 hours of their departure time to board flights into Canada.[106]
On January 29, 2021, due to concerns surrounding SARS-CoV-2 variants, Trudeau announced a series of new travel restrictions. Travellers arriving in Canada would be required to receive a COVID-19 PCR test on arrival and must quarantine at an "approved hotel" at their own expense. At the same time, they awaited test results or recovery and were subject to "increased surveillance" during the remainder of the mandatory 14-day quarantine period. Foreign flights were only allowed to land in Calgary, Montreal, Toronto, or Vancouver. To discourage non-essential travel, the major airlines agreed to suspend all flights to the Caribbean and Mexico until April 30, 2021.[107][108] On February 12, it was announced a third PCR test would also be required at the end of the 14-day quarantine period. The new rules for international travel went into effect on February 22.[109]
In July 2021, the government lifted the quarantine requirement for Canadian citizens and permanent residents re-entering the country, provided they submit proof of vaccination via the ArriveCAN app or website.[101] On August 9, 2021, Canada reopened its land border to American citizens and permanent residents that are fully-vaccinated. However, the U.S. land border remained closed to Canadians entering the United States [98][110] until November 8, 2021, when the U.S. began to allow non-essential land travel into the country, with a vaccine mandate for residents 18 and over (enforced via random checks). However, as with air travel, anyone re-entering the country was required to present proof of a negative COVID-19 PCR test conducted within 72 hours of their arrival; this test could alternatively be obtained in Canada if the traveler had been in the country for less than 72 hours.[111]
On October 6, 2021, it was announced that all passengers of federally-regulated transportation over the age of 12 (including air travel, cruises, and Via Rail or Rocky Mountaineer trains) would be required to be fully-vaccinated beginning October 30, 2021. Until November 30, 2021, a recent negative test was also accepted.[112]
Beginning January 15, 2022, international truckers entering the country were required to be fully-vaccinated;[113] this decision instigated a protest convoy—backed largely by supporters of alt-right and far-right movements—which culminated in a multi-day occupation of downtown Ottawa, and evolved into a general protest against all COVID-19 vaccine mandates.[114][115][116]
Beginning April 1, 2022, pre-entry PCR testing requirements were dropped for fully-vaccinated travelers entering the country. However, air travelers were still subject to random testing as part of surveillance for variants (which would not require self-isolation).[117][101]
On September 26, 2022, it was announced that all remaining COVID-19-related travel restrictions and mandates would be dropped effective October 1, 2022; this includes vaccine requirements, masking requirements, random tests, and the requirement to submit documentation via ArriveCAN.[118][119] However, on December 31, 2022, the government announced that mandatory testing would be reinstated for travellers entering from China beginning January 5, 2023.[120]
Governmental cancellations
A First Ministers' meeting scheduled for March 12 and 13 was cancelled after Trudeau and his wife Sophie Grégoire entered self-isolation.[121] The Canadian House of Commons was suspended between March 14 and April 20, immediately after passing the new North American free trade deal. The federal budget, previously scheduled for March 20, was also suspended.[122]
Bank of Canada rate changes
In March 2020, the Bank of Canada twice lowered its overnight rate target by 50 basis points—first to 1.25 percent on March 4, and then to 0.75 percent on March 13. It cited the "negative shocks to Canada's economy arising from the COVID-19 pandemic and the recent sharp drop in oil prices" in explaining the move.[123][124]
On March 27, the Bank lowered the rate a third time to 0.25 percent, citing "serious consequences for Canadians and for the economy" due to the COVID-19 pandemic.[125] The Bank also launched a program to "alleviate strains in the short-term funding markets" and another program to acquire Government of Canada securities at a minimum of $5 billion per week.[126]
Federal aid
On March 18, the federal government announced an $82-billion response package with a variety of measures.[127] On March 25, the COVID-19 Emergency Response Act received royal assent from Governor General Julie Payette.[128]
The measures in this first package included:
- Canada Child Benefit (CCB): Payments for the 2019–20-year were increased by $300 per child.[129]
- Goods and Services Tax (GST) credit: The maximum annual GST credit payment amount for the 2019–20 year was doubled.[130]
- Canada Emergency Response Benefit (CERB): This new benefit provided a taxable benefit of $2,000 a month for up to four months for those who had lost their job, were sick, quarantined, or taking care of someone sick with COVID-19, as well as working parents staying home to take care of their kids.
- Canada Student Loans: A six-month moratorium was placed on repayment.
- Temporary business wage subsidy: Eligible small employers received a three-month 10 percent wage subsidy.
- Tax flexibility: The income tax filing deadline was also extended from April 30, 2020, to June 1, 2020. Tax payments were deferred to September 2020.
The CERB launched on April 6.[131] On April 15, Trudeau announced an extension to the CERB to workers making up to $1,000 per month and that the government planned to work with the provinces to implement salary top-ups for essential workers who make less than $2,500 per month.[132]
The Canada Emergency Wage Subsidy (CEWS) was announced on April 1, an expanded version of the temporary business wage subsidy. The Parliament reconvened on April 11 to pass the COVID-19 Emergency Response Act, No. 2 on division. It implemented the CEWS, allowing eligible companies to receive a 75 percent subsidy on each of their employees' wages (up to their first $58,700) for 12 weeks retroactive to March 15.[133]
Trudeau introduced new financial aid programs on April 10, including the Canada Emergency Business Account (CEBA), which offers loans, interest-free until the end of 2022, of up to $40,000 for small- and medium-sized businesses.[134][135] The CEBA was expanded on April 16 to make more businesses eligible.[how?]
Trudeau announced the Canada Emergency Student Benefit (CESB) on April 22.[136]
On April 30, Parliamentary Budget Officer Yves Giroux issued a report projecting the federal deficit for the fiscal year 2020 could be in excess of $252 billion, based on nearly $146 billion in spending on federal aid measures.[137]
On October 12, 2020, the federal government rolled out a new income support program after the ending of CERB, the Canada Recovery Benefit (CRB).[138] Another program, the Canada Recovery Caregiving Benefit (CRCB), supports Canadians working but have to take a break to care for dependents (a child below 12 years of age or a disabled family member). The benefit only applies if schools and care centres are closed or the dependent fell sick or contracted COVID-19.[139]
Industrial strategy
On March 20, 2020, the government announced a plan to ramp up production of medical equipment, switching assembly lines to produce ventilators, masks, and other personal protective gear. Companies will be able to access funds through the government's Strategic Innovation Fund. The PM stated that Canadian medical supply firms Thornhill Medical, Medicom and Spartan Bioscience were looking to expand production. The government also contracted Sterling Industries, a medical device manufacturer, to facilitate the production of over 15 million medical face shields (PPE) in response to the COVID-19 pandemic.[140][141][142] To address shortages and supply-chain disruption, Canada passed emergency legislation that waived patent protection, giving the government, companies or organizations that it selects the right to produce patented products without permission from the patent holder.[143] According to Innovation, Science and Industry minister Navdeep Bains, "the country's entire industrial policy will be refocused to prioritize the fight against COVID-19".[144][145]
Virtual care
During the COVID-19 pandemic, 34% of people consulted their doctors over the phone.[146][147] In May 2020, Justin Trudeau announced an investment of $240.5 million to support the growth of virtual care and mental health tools in Canada.[148]
States of emergency
| Province or territory | State of Emergency [a] | Gatherings banned | Border status [b] | Mask mandate [c] | Vaccine passport | Sources | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Start date | End date | Start date | End date | |||||
| Alberta
|
March 17, 2020 | December 14, 2021 | No restrictions | Open | September 4, 2021 | March 1, 2022[d] | Terminated | [151][152][153][154][155] |
| British Columbia
|
March 18, 2020 | June 30, 2021 | No restrictions | Open | August 25, 2021 | March 11, 2022[e] | Terminated | [157][158][159][160][161][162][163][164][152][165] |
| Manitoba
|
March 20, 2020 | October 21, 2021 | No restrictions | Open | August 28, 2021 | March 15, 2022 | Terminated | [166][167][168][152][169][170] |
| New Brunswick
|
March 19, 2020 | March 14, 2022 | No restrictions | Open | September 22, 2021 | March 14, 2022 | Terminated | [171][152][172] |
| Newfoundland and Labrador
|
March 18, 2020 | March 14, 2022 | No restrictions | Open | September 18, 2021 | March 14, 2022 | Terminated | [173][174][175][152][176][177][178][179][180] |
| Northwest Territories
|
March 18, 2020 | March 1, 2022 | No restrictions | Open | August 25, 2021[181] | April 1, 2022 | Terminated | [182][183][152][184] |
| Nova Scotia
|
March 22, 2020 | March 21, 2022 | No restrictions | Open | July 31, 2020 | March 21, 2022 | Terminated | [185][186][187][152][188][189][190] |
| Nunavut
|
March 18, 2020 | April 11, 2022 | No restrictions | Open | September 19, 2021 | March 9, 2022 | No | [191][152][192] |
| Ontario
|
March 17, 2020 | February 23, 2022 | No restrictions | Open[f] | October 3, 2020 | March 21, 2022 | Terminated[g] | [h][194][195][196][197][198][199][152][i][j][k] |
| Prince Edward Island
|
March 16, 2020 | April 6, 2022 | No restrictions | Open | September 17, 2021 | May 6, 2022 | Terminated | [202][152][203][204][205][206] |
| Quebec
|
March 12, 2020 | June 1, 2022 | No restrictions | Open | July 18, 2020 | May 14, 2022 | Terminated | [l][209][210][211][212][152][213][214][215] |
| Saskatchewan
|
March 18, 2020 | March 14, 2022 | No restrictions | Open | September 17, 2021 | March 1, 2022 [m] | Terminated | [218][219][220][152][221][222] |
| Yukon
|
March 18, 2020 | March 17, 2022 | No restrictions | Open | December 1, 2020 | March 18, 2022 | Terminated | [223][224][152][225] |
- ^ The start date refers to the first declaration of a state of emergency, while the end date refers to the final expiry date for all declarations.
- ^ Refers to status of internal borders only. Although the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms guarantees broad mobility rights to Canadian citizens, during a state of emergency provincial and territorial governments can effectively restrict or deny entry due to primarily their lawful authority to, at their discretion, refuse any person permission to use their roads:
Open: No restrictions on entry from other Canadian provinces and territories.
Screened: Health checks and/or self-isolation mandatory for persons entering from other Canadian provinces and territories.
Restricted: Entry prohibited for non-residents without a valid reason to enter the province or territory.
Regional: Entry restricted to (a) specific region(s) of the province or territory. - ^ Face masks are compulsory for ages 2 and up, except in British Columbia (ages 12 and up for both mandates), Québec (ages 10 and up as of August 24, 2020; previously ages 12 and up), and Newfoundland and Labrador (ages 5 and up).
British Columbia and Manitoba implemented mask mandates for two periods. The first provincial mask mandate was effective from December 13, 2020, to June 30, 2021, in Alberta, from November 19, 2020, to June 30, 2021, in British Columbia, and from November 2, 2020, to August 6, 2021, in Manitoba.
For all ages, limited medical exemptions may apply. Some cities implemented local mandates earlier:
July 7, 2020: Toronto and Ottawa (in Ontario)
July 31, 2020: Banff (in Alberta)
August 1, 2020: Calgary and Edmonton (in Alberta)
September 25, 2020: Winnipeg (in Manitoba) - ^ The mask mandate ended on July 1, 2021 in Alberta, and was reinstated September 4, 2021, it was ended again on March 1, 2022.[149][150]
- ^ The mask mandate ended on July 1, 2021 in British Columbia, and was reinstated August 25, 2021. It was ended again on March 11, 2022.[156]
- ^ From April 19 to June 16, 2021, entry into the province via land borders was prohibited for non-essential travel.[193]
- ^ Terminated as of March 1, 2022.
- ^ On July 16, 2021, Ontario entered Step 3 of reopening. Almost all businesses can reopen, with limited restrictions.
Ontario implemented its first SAHO on March 24, 2020. To date, a total of three SAHOs were imposed, with province-wide SAHOs and lockdowns totalling 165 days. Most activities in Ontario were closed for even longer. - ^ Effective July 27, daycares can open if they have 15 people (staff and children) per group.[200]
- ^ Stage 3 is effective July 17 in most regions, July 24 in a few other regions, July 31 in Peel and Toronto, and August 12 in Windsor-Essex.
- ^ Dancing is prohibited but if the dancers are hired by the bar they are allowed to dance.[201]
- ^ Summary of reopening for Quebec:
April 1, 2021: Dark Red zones, with special emergency measures, are introduced in several regions: most of Capitale-Nationale, most of Outaouais, and the city of Lévis, Quebec.
May 24, 2021: All of Quebec is at Red zone or better.
June 28, 2021: All of Quebec is at Green zone.
Québec implemented a curfew from January 9 to May 27, 2021, for Dark Red, Red and Orange zones.[207][208] - ^ The mask mandate ended on July 11, 2021 in Saskatchewan, and was reinstated September 17, 2021, it was later repealed on March 1, 2022.[216][217]
On March 12, Quebec declared a public health emergency, requiring international travellers to self-isolate for 14 days and banning gatherings of 250 people. Extending the ban to all gatherings outside workplaces and retail.[226]
On March 16, Prince Edward Island declared a public health emergency. Alberta and Ontario declared emergencies on March 17, followed by British Columbia, Newfoundland and Labrador, the Northwest Territories, Nunavut, Saskatchewan, and Yukon on March 18. New Brunswick, Manitoba, and Nova Scotia declared emergencies on March 19, March 20, and March 22 respectively.[227]
These emergencies allowed provinces to ban gatherings and require international travellers to self-isolate. On March 25, mandatory self-isolation was imposed federally, making it a legal requirement for all provinces that had not done so already.[228]
New Brunswick, the Northwest Territories, Nunavut, Prince Edward Island and have all restricted entry through interprovincial borders, prohibiting the entry of non-residents without a valid reason. Quebec has additionally restricted travel into 9 of its 18 regions and parts of 3 other regions. The borders of Nova Scotia and Newfoundland and Labrador are being screened, while also requiring travellers to self-isolate for 14 days upon entering the province.[229]
Schools and universities
Public schools (under Provincial control) across the country quickly followed suit and closed.[230]
Schools in the Toronto District School Board were closed under a 2-week class-free quarantine beginning on the week after the regularly scheduled March Break. Virtual learning was implemented in the week following the quarantine and extended until the beginning of the next school year, giving students the option of going in-person with restrictions or continuing virtual learning. March Break was pushed back to the week of April 11.
Laurentian University in Greater Sudbury was the first to voluntarily suspended classes and moved to online instruction on March 12.[231] This was quickly followed by many other universities across the country.
Business closures
Bars, restaurants, cinemas, and other businesses were ordered closed by provinces, territories, and municipalities across the country. Initially, some jurisdictions allowed restaurants or bars to stay open with reduced capacity and social distancing. Takeout and delivery orders were largely still permitted.[229] Jurisdictions differed on daycare closures. In particular, British Columbia and Saskatchewan faced criticism for allowing daycares to remain open while closing schools, bars, and restaurants.[232]
Ontario, Quebec, and Saskatchewan mandated the closure of all businesses not deemed essential by the provinces. Essential businesses included grocery stores, takeout and delivery restaurants, pharmacies, transportation, manufacturing, food production, energy, and healthcare.[233][234][235]
Liquor and cannabis stores mostly remained open across the country, with governments reversing their closure orders due to alcohol withdrawal syndrome[236][237] concerns.
Aid programs
Alberta, British Columbia, New Brunswick, Prince Edward Island, and Manitoba all offered one-time payments that aimed to bridge the gap before implementing the federal Canada Emergency Response Benefit. Quebec's Temporary Aid for Workers Program provided up to four weeks of payments for those who do not qualify for federal assistance. Prince Edward Island also provided payments to those who kept their jobs but worked reduced hours.[238] Many provinces and territories increased payments for those already receiving income supports.
Courts
Courts across the country instituted measures to reduce public contact while maintaining access to the courts.[239] The Supreme Court of Canada building was closed to public tours while maintaining the ability to file documents for cases electronically. It also adjourned appeals which were to be heard in March, to dates in June.[240] Other courts prioritized the cases that would be heard, giving priority to ongoing criminal trials and trials in family and child protection matters while adjourning most pending cases to later dates.
First Nations
On March 19, the Pimicikamak Cree Nation in northern Manitoba restricted entry to essential travellers, and Chief David Monias said the Sayisi Dene and others are doing the same.
As of March 19, the Council of the Haida Nation said it was discouraging all non-resident travel to the islands "for the time being."[241]
On March 27, Wasauksing First Nation declared a state of emergency with Gimaa (chief) Wally Tabobondung announcing the creation of a response team and the state of emergency via YouTube video. In an update posted on May 16, the chief and council announced they had installed cameras with facial and licence plate recognition technology at local checkpoints to identify outsiders entering the territory. Cottagers leasing property on the territory had been barred from entering until June 6. As of June 6, anyone entering the Wasauksing must have a tag issued by the band government and provide information for a centralized registry. Re-opening occurred in phases. As of an update posted on June 21, the state of emergency had been extended an additional 90 days.[242]
On October 1, in anticipation of the "Second Wave," Tk’emlups te Secwepemc Secwépemc First Nation instituted a mandatory face mask policy in indoor spaces where physical distancing was not possible, including hallways, staircases, and shared vehicles.[243]
As of October 8, the infection rate in Indigenous communities had been one-third of the infection rate in non-Indigenous communities, according to an update from Indigenous Services Minister Marc Miller. Miller praised Indigenous leadership and with Indigenous Services Canada's Chief Medical Officer Dr. Tim Wong, encouraging Indigenous people to remain vigilant and safe.[244]
First Nations communities were prioritized amongst others in the first phase of vaccinations against the virus.[245]
Economic impact
| This article needs to be updated. (January 2021) |
The COVID-19 pandemic had a deep impact on the Canadian economy, leading it into a recession. The government's social distancing rules had the effect of limiting economic activity in the country. Companies started mass layoffs of workers, and Canada's unemployment rate was 13.5 percent in May 2020, the highest it has been since 1976.[246]
Many large-scale events that planned to take place in 2020 in Canada were cancelled or delayed. This includes all major sporting and artistic events.[247] Canada's tourism and air travel sectors were hit especially hard due to travel restrictions.[248] Some farmers feared a labour shortfall and bankruptcy.[249]Pandemic by province or territory
- Alberta
- British Columbia
- Manitoba
- New Brunswick
- Newfoundland and Labrador
- Northwest Territories
- Nova Scotia
- Nunavut
- Ontario
- Prince Edward Island
- Quebec
- Saskatchewan
- Yukon
COVID-19 testing
| This section needs to be updated. The reason given is: Information needs to be updated to better reflect developments since April–May/reopenings/new surges. (October 2020) |
COVID-19 testing can be used to track the prevalence and spread, to diagnose individuals for treatment, to identify infections for isolation and contact tracing, to screen at-risk populations, to clear exposed healthcare workers to return to work, and to identify individuals with potential immunity. The World Health Organization says that jurisdictions should aim to test every suspected case of COVID-19.[250] Since health care is under provincial jurisdiction, almost all testing is conducted by the provinces and territories rather than the federal government. On April 23, Trudeau identified broader testing as key to reopening the country, mentioning the target of 60,000 tests per day set by Dr. Theresa Tam, but warned that up to 120,000 per day may be required.[251] As of late April, approximately 20,000 tests per day were being performed in Canada.[252] Total numbers of tests conducted for the provinces and Canada show that over 800,000 Canadians have been tested as of early May 2020. The displayed chart shows the testing rates per capita in the provinces and territories from March to May 2020.
Role of the Government of Canada
Federal approval and regulation of diagnostic tests
Only COVID-19 tests approved by Health Canada can be imported or sold in Canada.[254] Since this is usually a lengthy process, on March 18, the Minister of Health Hajdu issued an interim order to allow expedited access to COVID-19-related medical devices for use by healthcare providers, including diagnostic test kits.[255] The same day, the first commercial tests were approved, RT-PCR tests from Roche and Thermo Fisher.[256] Another 13 diagnostic products have since been approved, all based on Nucleic Acid tests.[256] As of April 30, 21 diagnostic device applications were listed as submitted by Health Canada.[254]
National Microbiology Lab
Canada's National Microbiology Lab in Winnipeg performs diagnostic testing for and research into COVID-19.[257] Samples from suspected cases early in the pandemic were sent by provinces and territories to this national lab for testing, either as the sole test or as a check of an in-province test result.[258] The lab diagnosed the first confirmed case in Canada on January 27, 2020.[259] Since then, provinces and territories have established their own testing capacity but have occasionally sent samples to the national lab for a second test as a check.[260]
Federal facilitation of testing
Provinces faced COVID-19 testing backlogs due to a shortage of supplies, including the chemical reagents required to complete the tests.[261] In late April, the federal government arranged for a cargo flight from China that delivered the equivalent of about six to nine months of production for one particular raw material for the 20-odd raw materials needed by supplier LuminUltra to supply reagent kits for RT-PCR machines.[262]
Types of COVID-19 tests
Virus-RNA tests
Health Canada identified nucleic acid-based testing as "the gold standard used in Canada and abroad, for the diagnosis of active COVID-19 infection in patients with symptoms."[263] The predominant type of testing is used in RT-PCR. They use a carefully produced and validated swab to collect a sample from a person's throat, back of the nose, or front of the nose. The swab is put inside a sealed container containing a medium that preserves the virus, which is sent to test-processing centres in the corresponding province or territory. At the centres, highly skilled technicians use large commercial machines from a variety of manufactures to process tens to hundreds batches of samples at a time. The test chemically strips the RNA from the sample then mixes it with a test kit containing chemical reagents designed to detect RNA signatures of SARS-CoV-2. The sample is cycled between a set of temperatures to amplify the chemical RNA signature. This leads to processing times that range from 4 to 24 hours.[264] The actual RT-PCR test is 99 percent accurate. However, false-negative results are estimated to occur 8 to 10 percent of the time due to poor swabbing technique. They may be as high as 30 percent, depending on how long after symptom onset the test was performed.[265][266]
Virus-RNA test reagent kits
LuminUltra Technologies Ltd. of Fredericton produced reagent test kits to use with automated RT-PCR machines. On April 15, Trudeau announced that the company would be "ramping up production ... to meet the weekly demand in all provinces."[261] The company announced the same day that it would provide "500,000 urgently needed COVID-19 tests per week to the Canadian federal government for use across Canada."[262]
Canadian-made viral RNA test systems
Spartan Bioscience of Ottawa signed contracts with the federal government and the provinces of Alberta, Quebec, and Ontario to supply virus-RNA testing systems that process a single swab sample in 30 to 60 minutes.[267] Together the contracts were for over one million swab test kits, and at least 250 handheld devices.[268][267] On April 13, Health Canada approved this test, but on May 3 the test was recalled due to unreliable results.[269]
Precision Biomonitoring of Guelph signed a Letter of Intent on March 31 with the federal government to co-develop a novel point-of-care test kit for COVID-19, which is now pending an authorization from Health Canada.[270] Their 1.2 kg battery-operated mobile device performs nine tests per hour and takes 60 minutes to produce a result.[271]
Bio-ID Diagnostics of Edmonton developed a direct 24-hour virus test that could be scaled to 20,000 samples per day. Since it is based on sequencing DNA it avoids false positives, and it detects a low concentration of the virus, substantially reducing false negatives in asymptomatic individuals.[265]
On October 5, Health Canada approved a portable PCR test – the Hyris bCUBE —which was based on technology developed at the University of Guelph and can process tests in 90 minutes.[272][273]
Serological testing for antibodies
These blood tests look for antibodies to the SARS-CoV-2 virus and range in complexity from laboratory tests to at-home kits similar to pregnancy tests.[274] Antibodies do not form immediately upon infection, so these tests are not well-suited for detecting a current infection. However, they can potentially identify those who have been infected in the past.[274] Health Canada has been evaluating several antibody tests.[263] Health Canada deemed that "Serological tests are not appropriate for early diagnosis of COVID-19, largely due variability in the time required after infection to develop antibodies."[263] On May 12, 2020, Health Canada announced the first antibody test approved for use, a laboratory test from DiaSorin, an Italian multinational biotechnology company.[275] Health Canada wrote that the trial would "contribute to a better understanding of whether people who have been infected are immune to the virus."[275]
Research and population immunity
Health Canada posts "studies will be required to determine how long the antibodies remain detectable, whether for weeks, months or years" and "the relationship between antibodies and immunity to future viral infection."[263] Nonetheless, many countries are conducting or planning large-scale testing to determine the population's proportion that are potentially immune. As of April 20, the WHO estimated that the most affected countries had at most 2 to 3 percent of people infected.[276] On April 23, 2020, Trudeau created a COVID-19 Immunity Task Force of researchers, including Dr. Tam, Dr. David Naylor, and Dr. Mona Nemer, to coordinate monitoring of immunity and vulnerability to COVID-19 in the Canadian population.[277] The taskforce will oversee national antibody surveys over the next two years in which will test one million Canadians.[251] Researchers at Sinai Health's Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute in Toronto are developing a robotic system that can process mass numbers of antibody tests.[278]
Canadian-made antibody tests
MedMira of Halifax developed one of the first rapid detection kits for HIV and has now developed a COVID-19 antibody test that takes three minutes from taking the blood drop specimen.[279]
Plantform Corp. of Guelph applied for funding from the National Research Council to develop an antibody test for COVID-19.[280]
Rapid antigen testing
Tests for antigens, proteins that are part of the virus's surface, were first approved by Health Canada on October 6, when it approved and ordered 20.5 million units of one manufactured by Abbott Laboratories as a point-of-care test.[281] They can produce results faster than PCR tests (around 20 minutes)[281] but are generally less accurate than PCR tests. Abbott states that they are designed for preliminary results and not intended "as the sole basis for treatment or other management decisions." Deputy Chief Public Health Officer Howard Njoo stated these tests could be deployed in workplaces and communal living environments.[281]
Canadian-made rapid antigen tests
Sona Nanotech of Halifax was developing point-of-care COVID-19 antigen test kits that provide results in 5–15 minutes with an anticipating cost to be less than $50. If successful, the project will yield 20,000 test kits available per week, with the potential to scale up to 1 million test kits per week.[270][282]
Statistics
As of 15 April 2023, total COVID-19 death statistics by Canadian province were: Ontario: 15,786; Quebec: 18,164; British Columbia: 5,007; Alberta: 5,584; Manitoba: 2,319; Saskatchewan: 1,880; Nova Scotia: 773; New Brunswick: 762; Newfoundland and Labrador: 316; Prince Edward Island: 90; Northwest Territories: 22; Yukon: 31; and Nunavut: 7. In Canada, the total number of COVID-19 deaths as of this date was approximately 51,921.[283]
National maps
-
Total cases per 100,000 inhabitants by province/territory -
Total deaths per 100,000 inhabitants by province/territory
.svg)
.svg)
By age
| Classification | Cases | Hospitalizations | ICU | Deaths | Lethality | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | % | 1 person in | ||
| All | 4,222,297 | 100.00 | 193,686 | 100.0 | 29,844 | 100.00 | 46,029 | 100.00 | 1.090 | 91,7 | |
| Age | ≥80 | 278,723 | 6.60 | 57,001 | 29.43 | 3,522 | 11.80 | 27,939 | 60.70 | 10.024 | 10.0 |
| 70–79 | 213,126 | 5.05 | 39,557 | 20.42 | 6,948 | 23.28 | 9,875 | 21.46 | 4.633 | 21.6 | |
| 60–69 | 335,533 | 7.95 | 31,466 | 16.25 | 7,567 | 25.36 | 4,889 | 10.62 | 1.457 | 68.6 | |
| 50–59 | 525,706 | 12.45 | 22,161 | 11.44 | 5,434 | 18.21 | 2,061 | 4.48 | 0.392 | 255.1 | |
| 40–49 | 670,066 | 15.87 | 14,094 | 7.28 | 2,914 | 9.76 | 720 | 1.56 | 0.107 | 930.6 | |
| 30–39 | 711,908 | 16.86 | 12,999 | 6.71 | 1,774 | 5.94 | 335 | 0.73 | 0.047 | 2,125.1 | |
| 20–29 | 744,245 | 17.63 | 8,634 | 4.46 | 933 | 3.13 | 144 | 0.31 | 0.019 | 5,168.3 | |
| 12-19 | 329,592 | 7.80 | 2,350 | 1.21 | 244 | 0.82 | 25 | 0.05 | 0.008 | 13,183.7 | |
| 0–11 | 413,408 | 9.79 | 5,424 | 2.80 | 508 | 1.70 | 41 | 0.09 | 0.010 | 10,083.1 | |
| Source: Public Health Agency of Canada [284] Note: The PHAC's stopped providing updates on this data (age, hospitalizations, ICUs) on November 23, 2022. *******It must be noted that the number of confirmed cases provided in this table (4,222,297 as of November 23 was *******4.38% lower than in the other official count (4,411,430 cases as of November 23). The number of deaths in this *******table (46,029 of November 23) was 4.13% lower than in the other official count (47,971 deaths as of November 23). *******These serious discrepancies in official reports were never addressed by the PHAC or any other relevant authorities. | |||||||||||
Deaths
| All | 46,029 | 100.00% |
|---|---|---|
| 50+ | 44,764 | 97.25% |
| 30-49 | 1,055 | 2.29% |
| 0-29 | 210 | 0.46% |
| 80+ | 60.70% | 82.15% | 92.77% | 97.25% | 98.82% | 99.54% | 99.86% | 100.00% |
| 70-79 | ||||||||
| 60-69 | ||||||||
| 50-59 | ||||||||
| 40-49 | ||||||||
| 30-39 | ||||||||
| 20-29 | ||||||||
| 0-19 | ||||||||
Assessments of responses to the pandemic
In her October 2023 report, the Chief Public Health Officer of Canada—Dr. Teresa Tam cited the 2022 Lancet Commission report which described how COVID-19 had an uneven impact on vulnerable groups revealing stark disparities in how different segments of society were affected, highlighting pre-existing inequalities and vulnerabilities. The most impacted groups included essential workers, elderly population, indigenous communities, homeless individuals, racial and ethnic minorities, people with disabilities, those with mental health or substance abuse issues.[285]: 8 [286] The Lancet report stressed the importance of equity-focused resilience to address these disparities. Dr. Tam said it was crucial to prioritize equity in resilience-building efforts to ensure fair distribution of social and economic safeguards, safe and stable housing, and access to culturally appropriate healthcare.[286][285] She listed key insights learned from the pandemic, including recognizing and addressing inequalities in impact and access, understanding community-specific challenges, leveraging cross-sector collaboration, and empowering trusted local organizations. Future responses would include incorporate health promotion into emergency plans, prioritizing community involvement throughout the planning cycle, and focusing on equity in emergency management research and technology.[285]
Policy Options—a magazine published by the Institute for Research on Public Policy—published a report that assessed Canada's response to the pandemic in March 2024.[287][288]
See also
- 2020 in Canada
- 2021 in Canada
- 2022 in Canada
- 2022–2023 mpox outbreak in Canada
- COVID-19 pandemic by country and territory
- COVID-19 pandemic in North America
- Canada convoy protests
- National responses to the COVID-19 pandemic
- Healthcare in Canada
- Nursing home care in Canada
.svg){kind=small}
References
- ^ Marchand-Senécal, Xavier; Kozak, Rob; Mubareka, Samira; Salt, Natasha; Gubbay, Jonathan B; Eshaghi, Alireza; Allen, Vanessa; Li, Yan; Bastien, Natalie; Gilmour, Matthew; Ozaldin, Omar; Leis, Jerome A (March 9, 2020). "Diagnosis and Management of First Case of COVID-19 in Canada: Lessons applied from SARS". Clinical Infectious Diseases. ciaa227 (16): 2207–2210. doi:10.1093/cid/ciaa227. PMC 7108147. PMID 32147731.
- ^ "75% of Canadians were infected by virus by spring 2023". Retrieved January 26, 2024.
- ^ "Demographics: COVID-19 vaccination coverage in Canada - Canada.ca". July 21, 2023.
- ^ "Tracking every case of COVID-19 in Canada". Health Infobase Canada. Retrieved April 16, 2023.
- ^ Canada, Public Health Agency of (April 19, 2020). "COVID-19 daily epidemiology update". aem. Retrieved January 13, 2022.
- ^ Slaughter, Graham (March 5, 2020). "Canada confirms first 'community case' of COVID-19: Here's what that means". CTVNews. Archived from the original on March 8, 2020. Retrieved March 14, 2020.
- ^ McQuigge, Michelle (March 25, 2020). "The Quarantine Act explained, as isolation becomes mandatory for some". CTV News. Retrieved April 4, 2021.
- ^ Kestler-D'Amours, Jillian (November 15, 2020). "COVID-19 counts continue to rise as Canada approaches 300,000 cases". CTV News. Retrieved April 4, 2021.
- ^ "Justin Trudeau's address to the nation: 'The second wave is underway' [Full transcript] - Macleans.ca". Maclean's.
- ^ "CERB ends for millions of Canadians, new EI program takes its place - NEWS 1130". citynews1130.com.
- ^ a b Lowrie, Morgan (March 22, 2021). "Cases of COVID-19 variants on the rise in Canada, fuelling concerns over third wave". CTV News.
- ^ Ross, Selena (March 31, 2021). "Three Quebec cities to go into special lockdown, with four regions reversed to red zones". Montreal.
- ^ Ross, Shane (April 13, 2021). "May 3 targeted as new date for reopening of Atlantic bubble". CBC News.
- ^ Aiello, Rachel (December 10, 2020). "What we know about where Canada's first COVID-19 vaccines are going". CTV News.
- ^ Jones, Ryan Patrick (December 23, 2020). "Health Canada approves Moderna COVID-19 vaccine". CBC News.
- ^ "Canada approves AstraZeneca's COVID-19 vaccine". Global News. Retrieved March 10, 2021.
- ^ Jones, Ryan Patrick (March 5, 2021). "Health Canada approves 4th COVID-19 vaccine as Pfizer agrees to accelerate deliveries". CBC News.
- ^ Thompson, Nicole (May 12, 2021). "More provinces are limiting the use of the AstraZeneca vaccine". CTV News. Retrieved August 5, 2021.
- ^ Tasker, John Paul (June 29, 2021). "Johnson & Johnson COVID-19 vaccine is in limbo with no additional Canadian shipments planned". CBC News. Retrieved August 5, 2021.
- ^ "To avoid 15,000 daily COVID-19 cases next month, Canada urged to increase vaccination rates, uphold public health measures". The Globe and Mail.
- ^ "90% of Canada's COVID-19 cases are among unvaccinated, feds say - National". Global News. July 2021. Retrieved August 12, 2024.
- ^ "'We're in big trouble': Doctors worry Canada's fourth wave of COVID-19 could be biggest yet | Globalnews.ca". Global News.
- ^ "Vaccine passports coming, Furey says, as N.L. reports 5 new cases". CBC News. September 7, 2021.
- ^ Austen, Ian (September 3, 2021). "Vaccine Passports Roll Out, and So Do Unruly Anti-Vaccine Protests". The New York Times. Archived from the original on September 3, 2021.
- ^ Secretariat, Treasury Board of Canada (August 13, 2021). "Government of Canada to require vaccination of federal workforce and federally regulated transportation sector". canada.ca.
- ^ "Prime Minister announces mandatory vaccination for the federal workforce and federally regulated transportation sectors" (Press release). Prime Minister of Canada. October 6, 2021. Archived from the original on November 5, 2021. Retrieved November 6, 2021.
- ^ Harris, Sophie (February 17, 2022). "Several provinces are dropping vaccine passports, but some businesses aren't on board". CBC National.
- ^ "Demographics: COVID-19 vaccination coverage in Canada". Public Health Agency of Canada. 2024. Retrieved August 12, 2024.
- ^ "Novel Coronavirus Information Center". Elsevier Connect. Archived from the original on January 30, 2020. Retrieved March 15, 2020.
- ^ Reynolds, Matt (March 4, 2020). "What is coronavirus and how close is it to becoming a pandemic?". Wired UK. ISSN 1357-0978. Archived from the original on March 5, 2020. Retrieved March 5, 2020.
- ^ a b "Crunching the numbers for coronavirus". Imperial News. March 13, 2020. Archived from the original on March 19, 2020. Retrieved March 15, 2020.
- ^ "High consequence infectious diseases (HCID); Guidance and information about high consequence infectious diseases and their management in England". Government of the United Kingdom. Archived from the original on March 3, 2020. Retrieved March 17, 2020.
- ^ "World Federation Of Societies of Anaesthesiologists – Coronavirus". wfsahq.org. Archived from the original on March 12, 2020. Retrieved March 15, 2020.
- ^ "Viral Respiratory Outcomes". BC Centre for Disease Control. Retrieved October 31, 2023.
- ^ "Respiratory virus statistics". Government of Alberta. Retrieved October 6, 2023.
- ^ "Community Respiratory Illness Surveillance Program (CRISP) Situation Report". Government of Saskatchewan. Retrieved October 11, 2024.
- ^ "COVID-19 and Seasonal Influenza". Government of Manitoba. Retrieved November 21, 2022.
- ^ "Ontario Respiratory Virus Tool". Public Health Ontario. Retrieved September 9, 2023.
- ^ "Portrait des cas confirmés répartis par région, groupe d'âge et sexe". Government of Quebec. Retrieved February 5, 2024.
- ^ "New Brunswick Respiratory Watch". Retrieved September 12, 2023.
- ^ "Respiratory Illness Summary 2023-2024". Government of Prince Edward Island. Retrieved September 26, 2023.
- ^ "Nova Scotia Respiratory Watch Report". Government of Nova Scotia. Retrieved November 23, 2023.
- ^ "Respiratory Activity Dashboard". Government of Newfoundland and Labrador. Retrieved November 29, 2023.
- ^ "Read the respiratory surveillance report". Government of Yukon. Retrieved October 6, 2023.
- ^ "Cabin Radio". dba Cabin Radio. Retrieved October 28, 2022.
- ^ "Nunatsiaq News". Nortext Publishing Corporation. Retrieved September 9, 2022.
- ^ "Coronavirus disease (COVID-19): Outbreak update". Government of Canada. Retrieved April 16, 2020.
- ^ "Archived: WHO Timeline - COVID-19". World Health Organization. Archived from the original on April 29, 2020. Retrieved June 20, 2020.
- ^ Favaro, Avis (January 7, 2020). "Canadian health authority warns travelers over mysterious illness sickening dozens in China". CTV News. Archived from the original on August 22, 2020. Retrieved May 16, 2020.
- ^ a b "Coronavirus disease (COVID-19): Outbreak update". Public Health Agency of Canada. March 15, 2020. Archived from the original on January 25, 2020. Retrieved February 26, 2020.
- ^ "Canada to screen central China travelers for virus at 3 airports". Globalnews.ca. Corus Entertainment. January 17, 2020. Archived from the original on January 18, 2020. Retrieved January 22, 2020.
- ^ "China reports 4 more cases of new strain of coronavirus". CBC News. January 18, 2020. Archived from the original on January 18, 2020. Retrieved January 18, 2020.
- ^ "Coronavirus 2019-nCoV – Professionnels de la santé – MSSS". Government of Quebec (in French). January 28, 2020. Archived from the original on January 27, 2020. Retrieved January 29, 2020.
- ^ "Several people in Canada being monitored for signs of coronavirus: Health minister". CTV News. January 23, 2020. Archived from the original on January 24, 2020. Retrieved January 23, 2020.
- ^ Walsh, Marieke (April 22, 2020). "Canada cut number of stockpile storage locations for critical medical supplies by one third in past two years". The Globe and Mail. Retrieved February 22, 2022.
- ^ "Trudeau vows Canada's PPE stockpile policies will be overhauled to prevent waste - National | Globalnews.ca". Global News. Retrieved February 22, 2022.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m "COVID-19 Tracker Canada - Vaccination Tracker". covid19tracker.ca.
- ^ https://covid-19-newfoundland-and-labrador-gnl.hub.arcgis.com/
- ^ "Ontario Confirms First cases of covid-19 UK variant". Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved July 13, 2021.
- ^ "Alberta Covid-19 Cases January 8". Global News. Retrieved July 13, 2021.
- ^ "Third variant detected in Canada prompting concern from health experts". CTV News. February 8, 2021. Retrieved July 13, 2021.
- ^ "Double Mutanat Covid-19 Confirmed cases in BC". Global News. Retrieved July 13, 2021.
- ^ "Vaccine outcomes". Government of Alberta. Retrieved July 13, 2021.
- ^ Nasreen, Sharifa; He, Siyi; Chung, Hannah; Brown, Kevin A.; Gubbay, Jonathan B.; Buchan, Sarah A.; Wilson, Sarah E.; Sundaram, Maria E.; Fell, Deshayne B.; Chen, Branson; Calzavara, Andrew; Austin, Peter C.; Schwartz, Kevin L.; Tadrous, Mina; Wilson, Kumanan; Kwong, Jeffrey C.; Investigators, on behalf of the Canadian Immunization Research Network (CIRN) Provincial Collaborative Network (PCN) (July 3, 2021). "Effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccines against variants of concern, Canada". medRxiv 10.1101/2021.06.28.21259420v1.
- ^ Fisman, David; Tuite, Ashleigh (May 10, 2024). "Progressive Increase in Virulence of Novel SARS-CoV-2 Variants in Ontario, Canada". medrxiv. doi:10.1101/2021.07.05.21260050. S2CID 235756602. Retrieved May 10, 2024.
- ^ "Tracking variants of the novel coronavirus in Canada". Ctvnews.ca. May 25, 2024. Retrieved May 25, 2024.
- ^ Office of the Governor General of Canada (April 5, 2020), Message from Her Majesty The Queen to the people of Canada on the COVID-19 pandemic, Queen's Printer for Canada, archived from the original on August 6, 2022, retrieved August 6, 2022
- ^ "Table of Contents: Canadian Pandemic Influenza Preparedness: Planning Guidance for the Health Sector". Canada.ca. December 8, 2006. Archived from the original on March 10, 2020. Retrieved March 15, 2020.
- ^ "Federal/Provincial/Territorial Public Health Response Plan for Biological Events". Canada.ca. April 4, 2018. Archived from the original on March 6, 2020. Retrieved March 15, 2020.
- ^ "Canada's COVID-19 plans could include closing schools, cancelling events, but we're 'not there yet' - National". Globalnews.ca. February 27, 2020. Archived from the original on February 28, 2020. Retrieved March 15, 2020.
- ^ Boynton, Sean (March 18, 2020). "Coronavirus: Health minister signs order for faster access to COVID-19 test kits". Global News. Archived from the original on March 20, 2020. Retrieved March 20, 2020.
- ^ "Health Canada expedites access to COVID-19 diagnostic laboratory test kits and other medical devices". Health Canada news release. March 18, 2020. Archived from the original on March 20, 2020. Retrieved March 21, 2020.
- ^ "Trudeau announces $1B coronavirus response fund for provinces, territories". Global News. Archived from the original on March 12, 2020. Retrieved March 11, 2020.
- ^ "Government of Canada funds 49 additional COVID-19 research projects". Government of Canada news release. March 19, 2020. Archived from the original on March 19, 2020. Retrieved March 19, 2020.
- ^ Fife, Robert (March 20, 2020). "Ottawa announces COVID-19 funds for industry to produce medical equipment". The Globe and Mail. Archived from the original on March 21, 2020. Retrieved March 20, 2020.
- ^ "Feds launch ad campaign urging social distancing, hygiene during COVID-19 crisis". CTV News. March 22, 2020. Archived from the original on March 27, 2020.
- ^ "Coronavirus: Wearing non-medical masks will help others but not you, Tam says". Global News. Archived from the original on April 17, 2020. Retrieved May 4, 2020.
- ^ "Health Canada approves first antigen rapid test for coronavirus". Global News.
- ^ "'Another layer of protection': Feds now recommend three-layer masks with filters". CTV News. November 3, 2020.
- ^ "Ottawa's top doctor says it is time to learn to live with COVID-19". November 2, 2020.
- ^ a b "Coronavirus: Ontario Nurses' Association calls work conditions in care homes 'unfathomable'". Global News. Archived from the original on April 21, 2020. Retrieved April 20, 2020.
- ^ "Nearly half of Canada's COVID-19 deaths linked to long-term care facilities: Tam". Global News. Archived from the original on April 13, 2020. Retrieved April 20, 2020.
- ^ Aiello, Rachel (April 16, 2020). "COVID-19 impact on seniors' homes 'far more severe' than feared: PM". CTV News. Archived from the original on April 20, 2020. Retrieved April 20, 2020.
- ^ Aiello, Rachel (April 13, 2020). "Nearly half of known COVID-19 deaths in Canada linked to long-term care homes: Tam". CTV News. Archived from the original on April 19, 2020. Retrieved April 20, 2020.
- ^ "'Recipe for disaster': Why advocates say long-term care homes need more than new national guidelines". CTV News. April 14, 2020. Archived from the original on April 19, 2020. Retrieved April 20, 2020.
- ^ Bilefsky, Dan (April 17, 2020). "How Can It Happen Here? The Shocking Deaths in Canada's Long-Term Care Homes". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on April 19, 2020. Retrieved April 20, 2020.
- ^ Weeks, Carly (April 28, 2020). "Long-term care home staff, residents struggling with restrictive COVID-19 policies". The Globe and Mail. Archived from the original on April 30, 2020. Retrieved May 2, 2020.
- ^ "Long-term care homes with the most coronavirus deaths in Canada". Global News. Archived from the original on April 21, 2020. Retrieved April 20, 2020.
- ^ "Trudeau looks to support long-term care workers, boost wages for essential workers". Global News. Archived from the original on April 19, 2020. Retrieved April 20, 2020.
- ^ "Feds to deploy over 100 soldiers to Quebec's long-term care homes". Daily Hive. April 17, 2020.
- ^ Pugliese, David (April 22, 2020). "Canadian military asked to provide medical personnel to help Ontario long-term care homes". Ottawa Citizen.
- ^ "Pandemic COVID-19 all countries: avoid non-essential travel outside Canada". Government of Canada website. March 14, 2020. Archived from the original on March 14, 2020. Retrieved March 15, 2020.
- ^ Dunham, Jackie (March 25, 2020). "Travellers returning home must enter mandatory self-isolation: health minister". CTV News. Archived from the original on March 25, 2020. Retrieved March 25, 2020.
- ^ a b Harris, Kathleen (March 16, 2020). "Canada to bar entry to travellers who are not citizens, permanent residents or Americans". CBC News. Archived from the original on July 19, 2020. Retrieved March 16, 2020.
- ^ a b Aiello, Rachel (March 16, 2020). "Canada restricting who can enter the country due to COVID-19: PM Trudeau". CTV News. Archived from the original on March 16, 2020. Retrieved March 16, 2020.
- ^ Dickson, Jane (March 18, 2020). "Canada-U.S. border to close except for essential supply chains". The Globe and Mail. Archived from the original on March 19, 2020. Retrieved March 18, 2020.
- ^ "Canada-U.S. border closing to non-essential travel at midnight, irregular migrants to be turned away". toronto.citynews.ca. March 20, 2020. Archived from the original on March 21, 2020. Retrieved March 20, 2020.
- ^ a b "Canadians demand to know why they can fly — but still not drive — to the U.S." CBC News. August 31, 2021. Retrieved October 1, 2022.
- ^ Ljunggren, David (April 16, 2020). "Canada to keep border restrictions with U.S. for a 'significant' time, Trudeau says". Financialpost. Archived from the original on April 23, 2020. Retrieved April 16, 2020.
- ^ "Canada-U.S. agree to extend border restrictions by 30 days: sources". CTV News. April 17, 2020. Archived from the original on April 18, 2020. Retrieved April 17, 2020.
- ^ a b c "The ArriveCAN app is about to become optional. Will anyone use it?". CBC News. September 24, 2022. Retrieved October 1, 2022.
- ^ Patel, Raisa (March 28, 2020). "No more domestic travel by plane or train for those showing coronavirus symptoms, Trudeau says". CBC News. Archived from the original on March 28, 2020. Retrieved March 28, 2020.
- ^ "Coronavirus: Air travellers required to wear non-medical masks under new rules". Global News. Archived from the original on April 17, 2020. Retrieved April 17, 2020.
- ^ Aiello, Rachel (October 2, 2020). "Canada changing travel restrictions to allow more families to reunite". CTVNews.
- ^ "The 'Atlantic bubble' has held off COVID-19, but is it worth the cost to civil liberties?". Nationalpost.
- ^ Flanagan, Ryan (January 6, 2021). "What air travellers entering Canada need to know about the new COVID-19 rules". CTV News. Retrieved February 11, 2021.
- ^ "Trudeau suspending Caribbean vacation travel; will require all incoming air travellers to quarantine in hotels". CP24. January 29, 2021. Retrieved February 11, 2021.
- ^ "'Now is just not the time to be flying': PM Trudeau announces new travel restrictions". CTVNews. January 29, 2021. Retrieved February 11, 2021.
- ^ "Mandatory hotel quarantine for international travellers to take effect on February 22". dailyhive.com. Retrieved October 1, 2022.
- ^ Isai, Vjosa (July 19, 2021). "Canada will reopen its border with the U.S. and hopes to allow others in by early September". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved October 1, 2022.
- ^ "The U.S. land border is open. Here's what you need to know". CBC News. November 8, 2021. Retrieved October 1, 2022.
- ^ Alonso, Melissa (October 6, 2021). "Canada issues Covid-19 vaccine mandate for travelers 12 or older on trains and planes". CNN. Retrieved October 7, 2021.
- ^ "Vaccination mandate for cross-border truckers takes effect on Saturday, hampering industry with driver shortage". CTV News Ottawa. January 12, 2022. Retrieved October 1, 2022.
- ^ Scott, Mark (February 6, 2022). "Ottawa truckers' convoy galvanizes far-right worldwide". POLITICO. Retrieved October 1, 2022.
- ^ Tunney, Catharine (February 14, 2022). "Federal government invokes Emergencies Act for first time ever in response to protests". CBC News. Retrieved February 14, 2022.
- ^ Gallant, Jacques (February 14, 2022). "The Emergencies Act has been invoked. What does that mean?". The Star. Retrieved February 14, 2022.
- ^ "Here are Canada's rules for fully vaccinated travellers as of April 1". CTVNews. April 1, 2022. Retrieved October 1, 2022.
- ^ "Canada to remove all COVID travel restrictions from Oct 1". Reuters. September 26, 2022. Retrieved October 1, 2022.
- ^ "Canada has dropped COVID-19 travel restrictions, mask mandates". Canadian Press. Retrieved October 1, 2022 – via Global News.
- ^ "COVID-19: Negative test to be required from travellers from China, Hong Kong, Macao". leaderpost. Retrieved January 1, 2023.
- ^ Harris, Kathleen (March 12, 2020). "Trudeau, wife Sophie in self-isolation awaiting COVID-19 test as premiers conference is called off". CBC News. Archived from the original on March 13, 2020. Retrieved March 12, 2020.
- ^ "Parliament suspended 5 weeks amid COVID-19 concerns after passing trade deal, spending bills". CBC News. March 13, 2020. Archived from the original on March 14, 2020. Retrieved March 15, 2020.
- ^ "Bank of Canada lowers interest rate". Financialpost. March 13, 2020. Archived from the original on March 13, 2020. Retrieved March 13, 2020.
- ^ "Bank of Canada lowers overnight rate target to ¾ percent". bankofcanada.ca (Press release). Bank of Canada. March 13, 2020. Archived from the original on March 13, 2020. Retrieved March 13, 2020.
- ^ "Bank of Canada lowers overnight rate target to ¼ percent". bankofcanada.ca (Press release). Bank of Canada. March 27, 2020. Archived from the original on March 27, 2020. Retrieved March 27, 2020.
- ^ "Bank of Canada: Key interest rate cut to lowest level". ctvnews.ca. March 27, 2020. Archived from the original on March 27, 2020. Retrieved March 27, 2020.
- ^ "Coronavirus: Here's what's happening in Canada and the world Thursday". CBC News. March 19, 2020. Archived from the original on March 19, 2020. Retrieved March 19, 2020.
- ^ "Trudeau's $82B coronavirus support package gets royal assent, officially passes". globalnews.ca. March 25, 2020. Archived from the original on March 25, 2020. Retrieved March 25, 2020.
- ^ Canada, Employment and Social Development (May 12, 2016). "Canada Child Benefit". aem.
- ^ "Tax Measures Under Canada's COVID-19 Economic Response Plan | McCarthy Tétrault". Mccarthy.ca. December 18, 2020. Retrieved November 6, 2021.
- ^ "Nearly 5.4 million receiving emergency federal aid". ctvnews.ca. April 13, 2020. Archived from the original on April 14, 2020. Retrieved April 14, 2020.
- ^ Aiello, Rachel (April 15, 2020). "Essential workers to get salary top-up, eligibility for emergency benefit expanded: PM". CTV News. Archived from the original on April 19, 2020. Retrieved April 20, 2020.
- ^ "Coronavirus: Parliament adopts COVID-19 wage subsidy bill". Global News. Archived from the original on April 23, 2020. Retrieved April 20, 2020.
- ^ "How to apply for the government's $25-billion CEBA business loan program". Financialpost. April 14, 2020. Archived from the original on April 19, 2020. Retrieved April 20, 2020.
- ^ "PM Trudeau touts loan program, will return to Commons Saturday". CTV News. April 10, 2020. Archived from the original on April 19, 2020. Retrieved April 20, 2020.
- ^ "PM Trudeau announces $9B in new COVID-19 funding for students". ctvnews.ca. April 22, 2020. Archived from the original on April 22, 2020. Retrieved April 22, 2020.
- ^ "Federal deficit could top $252 billion, says budget officer". Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. April 30, 2020. Archived from the original on July 30, 2020. Retrieved May 1, 2020.
- ^ "Coronavirus: Trudeau says over 240,000 Canadians applied for new CRB". globalnews.ca. October 13, 2020.
- ^ "Canada Revenue Agency: How to Extend Your Recovery Benefits Beyond 26 Weeks". Yahoo!. September 28, 2020.
- ^ Allen, Nathan (June 10, 2020). "Vaughan Headquartered Sterling Industries Awarded Contracts from Federal, Ontario and Alberta Governments For 27 Million PPE Face Shields". Toronto Area's York Region. Archived from the original on November 17, 2023. Retrieved January 25, 2024.
- ^ Industries, Sterling (June 9, 2020). "Sterling Industries Awarded Contracts from Federal, Ontario and Alberta Governments For 27 Million PPE Face Shields". GlobeNewswire News Room (Press release). Archived from the original on November 17, 2023. Retrieved January 25, 2024.
- ^ "Medical Device Contract Manufacturing". Sterling Industries. Archived from the original on February 17, 2024. Retrieved January 25, 2024.
- ^ "Exclusive: Canada gets Biomerieux formula for free to produce virus testing chemicals". Reuters. April 23, 2020. Archived from the original on April 27, 2020. Retrieved May 1, 2020.
- ^ "Ottawa unveils plan to harness industry to ramp up production of COVID-19 medical gear |". CBC News. Archived from the original on March 21, 2020. Retrieved March 20, 2020.
- ^ Platt, Brian (March 20, 2020). "COVID-19: Trudeau announces plan to 'mobilize industry' to produce medical supplies". Nationalpost. Retrieved March 20, 2020.
- ^ "Many Canadians used virtual medical care during COVID-19, poll suggests". Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. June 8, 2020.
- ^ "Virtual Healthcare in Canada". Elicare. Retrieved February 28, 2021.
- ^ "Prime Minister announces virtual care and mental health tools for Canadians". Justin Trudeau, Prime Minister of Canada. May 3, 2020.
- ^ Joannou, Ashley (September 3, 2021). "Alberta reinstates mask mandate and liquor curfew, implements financial incentive for unvaccinated amid surge in COVID-19 cases". Edmonton Journal.
- ^ "Alberta's mask mandate comes to an end". Calgary. February 28, 2022. Retrieved April 16, 2022.
- ^ Black, Matthew (March 17, 2020). "'The situation is very serious': Alberta to declare a state of public health emergency over COVID-19". CTV News. Archived from the original on March 20, 2020. Retrieved March 20, 2020.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Bogart, Nicole (August 25, 2020). "Mask mandates, class caps: Back to school rules by province". CTV News. Archived from the original on September 18, 2020. Retrieved September 9, 2020.
- ^ Ramsay, Caley (July 31, 2020). "COVID-19: Here's where you have to wear a mask in Alberta". Global News. Retrieved October 10, 2020.
- ^ "Alberta adds COVID-19 measures, vaccine passport in effort to prevent health-care system's collapse". September 15, 2021.
- ^ Heidenrich, Phil (February 8, 2022). "COVID-19: Kenney announces Alberta vaccine passport program ending at midnight". Global News.
- ^ Schmunk, Rhianna (August 24, 2021). "B.C. reinstates province-wide mask mandate for indoor public spaces". CBC News.
- ^ "B.C. bars, clubs must close; restaurants to either close or move to takeout and delivery". CBC News. March 17, 2020. Archived from the original on March 19, 2020. Retrieved March 20, 2020.
- ^ Ghoussoub, Michelle (March 20, 2020). "B.C. announces 77 new coronavirus cases, bringing total to 348, as restaurants close province-wide". CBC News. Archived from the original on March 22, 2020. Retrieved March 23, 2020.
- ^ "ORDER OF THE PROVINCIAL HEALTH OFFICER: FOOD AND LIQUOR SERVING PREMISES" (PDF). May 15, 2020. Retrieved November 15, 2020.
- ^ "B.C. brings in sweeping new measures to control COVID-19, including mandatory masks | CBC News". Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved November 19, 2020.
- ^ "B.C. allows outdoor gatherings of up to 10 people but asks they stick to the same group". Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. March 11, 2021. Retrieved March 11, 2021.
- ^ Ghoussoub, Michelle; Larsen, Karin (March 29, 2021). "B.C. implements sweeping restrictions on indoor dining, group fitness for 3-week 'circuit breaker'". CBC News. Retrieved April 9, 2021.
- ^ Zussman, Richard (March 18, 2020). "B.C. declares state of emergency in response to coronavirus pandemic". Global News. Archived from the original on March 19, 2020. Retrieved March 20, 2020.
- ^ "Proof of vaccination and the BC Vaccine Card". September 13, 2021. Retrieved September 15, 2021.
- ^ Dickson, Courtney (March 10, 2022). "Mask requirements to be lifted Friday in B.C., vaccine cards remain in place until April 8". Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved March 10, 2022.
- ^ "SECOND PHASE OF RESTORING SAFE SERVICES PLAN TO BEGIN JUNE 1". Province of Manitoba. May 27, 2020. Archived from the original on June 11, 2020. Retrieved June 2, 2020.
- ^ Gowriluk, Caitlyn (March 20, 2020). "Bingo halls, gyms ordered to close as Manitoba declares state of emergency over coronavirus". CBC News. Archived from the original on March 21, 2020. Retrieved March 20, 2020.
- ^ "COVID-19 BULLETIN #33". Province of Manitoba. March 27, 2020. Archived from the original on March 28, 2020. Retrieved March 28, 2020.
- ^ "Masks mandatory, gatherings limited to 10 in Winnipeg, surrounding areas as of Monday". Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved October 10, 2020.
- ^ "COVID-19 vaccine cards no longer required starting Tuesday at most places in Manitoba". CBC News. February 28, 2022.
- ^ "New Brunswick now under state of emergency". The Chronicle Herald. March 19, 2020. Archived from the original on March 20, 2020. Retrieved March 20, 2020.
- ^ Alert Level Guidance (January 14, 2022). "COVID-19 Alert System". Archived from the original on December 3, 2021.
- ^ "Restricted entry: Special Measures Order (Amendment No.11)" (PDF). gov.nl.ca. April 29, 2020. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 1, 2020. Retrieved May 2, 2020.
- ^ "Restrict gathering: Special Measures Order (Amendment No.3)" (PDF). gov.nl.ca. March 31, 2020. Archived from the original (PDF) on April 28, 2020. Retrieved May 2, 2020.
- ^ "Restaurants: Special Measures Order" (PDF). gov.nl.ca. March 24, 2020. Archived from the original (PDF) on April 28, 2020. Retrieved May 2, 2020.
- ^ "Masks are now mandatory in New Brunswick's indoor public places". CTV News. October 8, 2020. Retrieved October 10, 2020.
- ^ "Mandatory masks in N.L.: Here's when you'll need them, and when you won't | CBC News". Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved October 10, 2020.
- ^ "N.L. restores mask mandate amid rise in COVID-19 cases, reports four new cases". CityNews Halifax. Retrieved January 13, 2022.
- ^ "Gatherings and Contacts". COVID-19. Retrieved January 13, 2022.
- ^ "2022 reopening plan newfoundland" (PDF). Government of Newfoundland and Labrador. February 24, 2022.
- ^ Northwest Territories reinstates mask mandate over growing COVID-19 cases Archived February 14, 2022, at the Wayback Machine CTV News
- ^ Williams, Ollie (March 18, 2020). "NWT declares public health emergency over coronavirus". Cabin Radio. Archived from the original on March 20, 2020. Retrieved March 20, 2020.
- ^ "Information on JK-12 Schools". ece.gov.nt. Education, Culture and Employment - Government of Northwest Territories. Archived from the original on April 2, 2020. Retrieved April 2, 2020.
- ^ "N.W.T. to lift most COVID-19 restrictions March 1, all restrictions by April". CBC News. February 25, 2022.
- ^ Chisholm, Cassidy (March 15, 2020). "N.S. schools, daycares closing for 2 weeks after March Break amid COVID-19 outbreak". CBC News. Archived from the original on March 19, 2020. Retrieved March 20, 2020.
- ^ April, Alan (March 22, 2020). "N.S. declares State of Emergency, identifies 7 more cases of COVID-19". CTV Atlantic. Archived from the original on March 22, 2020. Retrieved March 22, 2020.
- ^ "What it means for Nova Scotians". Novel coronavirus (COVID-19). Communications Nova Scotia. January 30, 2020. Archived from the original on June 27, 2020. Retrieved June 28, 2020.
- ^ Scotia, Communications Nova (May 11, 2018). "Province Announces Mandatory Masks in Indoor Public Places". News Releases. Retrieved October 10, 2020.
- ^ "Nova Scotia to require proof of vaccination for non-essential activities". September 8, 2021. Retrieved September 15, 2021.
- ^ Scotia, Communications Nova (January 30, 2020). "Coronavirus (COVID-19): restrictions and guidance". Coronavirus (COVID-19). Retrieved February 7, 2022.
- ^ "Nunavut declares state of public health emergency". CBC News. March 18, 2020. Archived from the original on March 25, 2020. Retrieved March 20, 2020.
- ^ "COVID-19 Department of Health Services update | Government of Nunavut".
- ^ Davidson, Sean (April 16, 2021). "Ontario extends stay-at-home order, restricts interprovincial travel as province loses battle against COVID-19". CTV News Toronto. Retrieved April 16, 2021.
- ^ Casaletto, Lucas (December 11, 2020). "York Region, Windsor-Essex to join Toronto and Peel under provincial lockdown Monday - 680 NEWS". 680 News. Retrieved December 16, 2020.
- ^ Jones, Allison (March 17, 2020). "'This is not a provincial shutdown': Ford declares a State of Emergency in Ontario". CTV News. The Canadian Press. Archived from the original on March 20, 2020. Retrieved March 20, 2020.
- ^ "'Declaration of emergency". CTV News. Government of Ontario. March 17, 2020. Archived from the original on February 28, 2020. Retrieved March 26, 2020.
- ^ Rocca, Ryan; Shah, Maryam (March 28, 2020). "Ontario government bans gatherings of more than 5 people in bid to stop coronavirus spread". Global News. Global News. Archived from the original on March 29, 2020. Retrieved March 29, 2020.
- ^ Dillman, Martha (July 17, 2020). "Moving into Stage 3? Here's what you need to know". Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. Archived from the original on July 21, 2020. Retrieved July 25, 2020.
- ^ "Ontario Implementing Additional Measures at Indoor dining to Help Limit the Spread of COVID-19". Ontario.ca. July 31, 2020. Archived from the original on August 12, 2020. Retrieved August 12, 2020.
- ^ "COVID-19: reopening child care centres". ontario.ca. Archived from the original on July 30, 2020. Retrieved July 25, 2020.
- ^ "Reopening Ontario in stages - What can open in Stage 3". ontario.ca. Archived from the original on July 24, 2020. Retrieved July 25, 2020.
- ^ Frisk, Adam (March 16, 2020). "P.E.I declares 'public health emergency' amid COVID-19 pandemic". CTV News. Archived from the original on March 19, 2020. Retrieved March 20, 2020.
- ^ Toolkit, Web Experience (November 17, 2020). "Masks to become mandatory in Prince Edward Island". princeedwardisland.ca. Retrieved November 21, 2020.
- ^ "P.E.I. tightens COVID-19 restrictions to slow spread of Omicron variant, returns to single-household gatherings". Atlantic. January 18, 2022. Retrieved January 18, 2022.
- ^ Toolkit, Web Experience (February 8, 2022). "Moving On - Transition Plan to Living with COVID-19". www.princeedwardisland.ca. Retrieved April 16, 2022.
- ^ "Morrison urges caution, tolerance as mask mandate nears end on P.E.I." CBC News. May 4, 2022.
- ^ "Measures in force". quebec.ca. Retrieved March 10, 2021.
- ^ Kovac, Adam (January 6, 2020). "Quebec issues province-wide curfew starting Saturday in effort to combat surging COVID-19 cases". CTV News Montreal. Retrieved January 6, 2020.
- ^ Authier, Philip (March 12, 2020). "Quebec shuts down as Premier François Legault declares an emergency". The Gazette. Montreal. Archived from the original on March 20, 2020. Retrieved March 20, 2020.
- ^ "Coronavirus: Quebec government bans public gatherings of all sizes". Global News. Archived from the original on March 23, 2020. Retrieved March 23, 2020.
- ^ "Réduction au minimum des services et activités non-prioritaires". March 24, 2020. Archived from the original on March 24, 2020. Retrieved March 24, 2020.
- ^ "Conférence de presse de Mme Geneviève Guilbault, vice-première ministre et Mme Danielle McCann, ministre de la Santé et des Services sociaux". Assemblée nationale du Québec (in French). March 28, 2020. Archived from the original on March 30, 2020. Retrieved March 28, 2020.
- ^ "Today's coronavirus news: Ontario reporting 554 cases of COVID-19, 4 deaths; Trudeau pledges additional $400M in humanitarian aid to fight COVID-19". Toronto Star. September 29, 2020. Retrieved September 29, 2020.
- ^ "Quebec makes masks mandatory in indoor public spaces | CBC News". Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved October 10, 2020.
- ^ Kovac, Adam (December 14, 2020). "Quebec heads into 18-day lockdown; non-essential businesses to close from Dec. 25 to Jan. 11". CTV News Montreal. Retrieved December 18, 2020.
- ^ Wilson, Steven (September 16, 2021). "Province Reinstates Mask Mandate and Prepares Vaccine Passport Policy". West Central Online.
- ^ "Here's what the expiry of Saskatchewan's public health order means for you". Regina. February 28, 2022. Retrieved April 16, 2022.
- ^ Hill, Katherine; Solomon, Michaela (March 18, 2020). "COVID-19: Sask. declares state of emergency, additional measures, after announcing 8 new cases". CTV News. Archived from the original on March 19, 2020. Retrieved March 20, 2020.
- ^ Davis, Austin. "COVID-19: Sask. police can enforce emergency orders". Leader Post. Archived from the original on March 24, 2020. Retrieved March 23, 2020.
- ^ Shahab, Saqib (March 26, 2020), Public Health Order (PDF), Government of Saskatchewan, archived (PDF) from the original on March 28, 2020, retrieved March 28, 2020
- ^ "Masks mandatory in more indoor public places, curfew on alcohol sales coming Monday, province says | CBC News". Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved November 13, 2020.
- ^ Quon, Alexander (February 8, 2022). "Sask. to end COVID-19 proof of vaccination policy on Feb. 14, mandatory masking to remain until end of month". CBC News.
- ^ MacIntyre, Chris (March 18, 2020). "Yukon's chief medical officer of health declares public health emergency". APTN News. Archived from the original on March 20, 2020. Retrieved March 20, 2020.
- ^ "Current COVID-19 situation". yukon.ca. March 31, 2020. Archived from the original on April 11, 2020. Retrieved April 12, 2020.
- ^ "Masks now mandatory in all indoor public spaces". yukon.ca. December 1, 2020. Retrieved December 17, 2020.
- ^ Authier, Philip (March 13, 2020). "Quebec shuts down as Premier François Legault declares an emergency". The Gazette. Montreal. Archived from the original on April 9, 2020. Retrieved April 10, 2020.
- ^ "CCLA LIVE COVID-LIBERTY UPDATES". Canadian Civil Liberties Association. March 20, 2020. Archived from the original on April 24, 2020. Retrieved April 10, 2020.
- ^ "New Order Makes Self-Isolation Mandatory for Individuals Entering Canada". Government of Canada. March 25, 2020. Archived from the original on April 9, 2020. Retrieved April 10, 2020.
- ^ a b "What are the coronavirus rules in my province? A quick guide to what's allowed and open, or closed and banned". The Globe and Mail. April 1, 2020. Archived from the original on April 9, 2020. Retrieved April 10, 2020.
- ^ "Schools closed, public gatherings restricted in global effort to fight COVID-19 pandemic". CBC News. Associated Press. March 12, 2020.
- ^ Gilson, Patrick John (March 13, 2020). "Several Ontario Universities Are Now Cancelling Classes Due To COVID-19". Narcity. Archived from the original on September 24, 2020. Retrieved March 13, 2020.
- ^ Fletcher, Tanya (March 19, 2020). "COVID-19 shut down B.C. schools – so why are daycares still open?". CBC News. Archived from the original on April 16, 2020. Retrieved April 10, 2020.
- ^ "Ontario orders all non-essential businesses to shut down". CTV News Toronto. March 23, 2020. Archived from the original on March 25, 2020. Retrieved April 10, 2020.
- ^ "14 new COVID-19 cases in Sask. as province limits gatherings to 10 people". Regina. March 25, 2020. Archived from the original on March 26, 2020. Retrieved April 10, 2020.
- ^ "COVID-19: Ontario and Quebec order non-essential businesses closed after spike in coronavirus totals | National Post". Nationalpost. March 24, 2020. Archived from the original on March 18, 2021. Retrieved April 10, 2020.
- ^ April, Allan (March 24, 2020). "P.E.I. to reopen liquor store, offer Sobeys gift cards to laid-off workers". CTV News. Archived from the original on April 14, 2020. Retrieved April 10, 2020.
- ^ George-Cosh, David (April 7, 2020). "Ontario's pot shops to reopen with delivery, click-and-collect options". BNN Bloomberg. Archived from the original on April 10, 2020. Retrieved April 10, 2020.
- ^ Flanagan, Ryan (March 26, 2020). "Emergency benefits: What each province is offering during the COVID-19 pandemic". Archived from the original on April 10, 2020. Retrieved April 10, 2020.
- ^ "COVID-19 and the courts: March 20 update". canadianlawyermag.com. Archived from the original on March 21, 2020. Retrieved March 21, 2020.
- ^ "Supreme Court of Canada postpones carbon tax hearing". Business in Vancouver. March 17, 2020. Archived from the original on March 20, 2020. Retrieved March 20, 2020.
- ^ Johnson, Kelsey (March 19, 2020). "First Nations close borders over coronavirus, using 'isolation as a strength'". The Globe and Mail. Reuters. Archived from the original on March 19, 2020. Retrieved March 19, 2020.
- ^ Strength of Two Buffalo (August 8, 2020). "State of emergency extended in Wasauksing First Nation". MuskokaRegion.com. Retrieved October 13, 2020.
- ^ Peters, James (October 1, 2020). "Tk'emlups te Secwepemc to make masks mandatory in preparation for second COVID-19 wave". CFJC Today. Retrieved October 26, 2020.
- ^ Pashagumskum, Jamie (October 8, 2020). "Indigenous services advises First Nations communities to stay the course ahead of a second wave of COVID-19". APTN National News. Retrieved October 13, 2020.
- ^ Reaburn, Adam (December 27, 2020). "Some First Nations communities to receive Moderna Vaccine this week".
- ^ "Canada Actually Added Jobs In May: StatCan". HuffPost. June 5, 2020. Retrieved July 13, 2020.
- ^ "Quebec calls for cancellation of all sports, festivals and cultural events until Aug. 31". montreal.ctvnews.ca. April 10, 2020. Retrieved July 13, 2020.
- ^ Rieger, Sarah (March 16, 2020). "WestJet to suspend all international flights". CBC News. Archived from the original on March 17, 2020. Retrieved March 17, 2020.
- ^ "The pandemic is creating a season of anxiety in hard-hit farm sectors". Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. May 6, 2020.
- ^ "Laboratory testing strategy recommendations for COVID-19, Interim Guidance 21 March 2020" (PDF). World Health Organization. Archived (PDF) from the original on May 3, 2020. Retrieved May 1, 2020.
- ^ a b "Trudeau bets on COVID-19 blood tests for now as Canada ramps up long effort for a vaccine". Toronto Star. April 23, 2020. Archived from the original on April 30, 2020. Retrieved May 1, 2020.
- ^ "COVID-19 update: Canada closing on 50,000 known cases. Nursing homes account for 79% of deaths | National Post". Nationalpost. April 28, 2020. Archived from the original on February 11, 2021. Retrieved May 1, 2020.
- ^ Berry, Isha; Soucy, Jean-Paul R.; Tuite, Ashleigh; Fisman, David (April 14, 2020). "Open access epidemiologic data and an interactive dashboard to monitor the COVID-19 outbreak in Canada". CMAJ. 192 (15): E420. doi:10.1503/cmaj.75262. ISSN 0820-3946. PMC 7162433. PMID 32392510.
- ^ a b "Diagnostic devices for use against coronavirus (COVID-19): List of applications received". aem. April 30, 2020. Archived from the original on May 1, 2020. Retrieved May 1, 2020.
- ^ "Health Canada expedites access to COVID-19 diagnostic laboratory test kits and other medical devices". gcnws. March 18, 2020. Archived from the original on March 20, 2020. Retrieved May 1, 2020.
- ^ a b "COVID-19: List of authorized diagnostic devices for use against coronavirus". aem. April 30, 2020. Archived from the original on May 1, 2020. Retrieved May 1, 2020.
- ^ "Coronavirus disease (COVID-19): Outbreak update". aem. May 1, 2020. Archived from the original on January 25, 2020. Retrieved May 1, 2020.
- ^ "Man who flew to Toronto from China is Canada's first coronavirus case". CP24. Archived from the original on February 29, 2020. Retrieved January 26, 2020.
- ^ "One confirmed, one presumptive case of coronavirus in Ontario; numbers will likely grow, health leaders warn". The Globe and Mail. January 27, 2020. Archived from the original on July 3, 2020. Retrieved May 28, 2020.
- ^ Fox, Chris (January 31, 2020). "Woman who initially tested negative now has Ontario's third confirmed case of novel coronavirus". CP24. Archived from the original on March 31, 2020. Retrieved May 1, 2020.
- ^ a b "Fredericton company gets federal contract to supply COVID-19 test chemicals for country". CBC News. April 15, 2020. Archived from the original on September 24, 2020.
- ^ a b Blanchfield, Mike (April 23, 2020). "Key COVID-19 testing chemical reaches Canada from China". National Observer. Archived from the original on April 27, 2020. Retrieved May 1, 2020.
- ^ a b c d "Health officials expect more coronavirus cases, but say risk of outbreak in Canada remains low". CBC News. January 26, 2020. Archived from the original on February 5, 2020. Retrieved January 26, 2020.
- ^ "cobas® 8800 System". diagnostics.roche.com. Archived from the original on May 2, 2020. Retrieved April 27, 2020.
- ^ a b "Canadian company says its coronavirus test could enhance screening". Global News. Archived from the original on April 29, 2020. Retrieved May 1, 2020.
- ^ von Stackleberg, Marina (April 15, 2020). "False negative COVID-19 tests caused by testing too early, faulty swab technique: microbiologist". CBC News. Archived from the original on May 3, 2020.
- ^ a b "Ontario orders close to one million Spartan Bioscience portable COVID-19 test kits". Toronto Star. April 13, 2020. Archived from the original on April 27, 2020. Retrieved May 1, 2020.
- ^ "News - Spartan Bioscience Inc". spartanbio.com. Archived from the original on May 6, 2020. Retrieved May 1, 2020.
- ^ "Rapid test for COVID-19 recalled after Health Canada expresses concerns". Archived from the original on May 3, 2020. Retrieved May 4, 2020.
- ^ a b "Partnerships with Canadian industry to fight the COVID-19 pandemic". Government of Canada. March 31, 2020. Archived from the original on April 26, 2020.
- ^ "Guelph company shifts focus and creates a 60-minute COVID-19 test". GuelphToday.com. April 27, 2020. Archived from the original on May 12, 2020. Retrieved May 1, 2020.
- ^ Banger, Chase (October 5, 2020). "Health Canada approves rapid COVID-19 test based on Guelph research". Kitchener. Retrieved October 6, 2020.
- ^ "Rapid testing becoming the new focus in the fight against COVID-19". Coronavirus. September 28, 2020. Retrieved October 6, 2020.
- ^ a b "COVID-19 community spread in Ontario has likely reached its peak, new modelling shows". April 20, 2020. Archived from the original on May 1, 2020. Retrieved May 1, 2020.
- ^ a b "Health Canada approves serological test to detect COVID-19 antibodies". Archived from the original on May 13, 2020. Retrieved May 13, 2020.
- ^ Boseley, Sarah (April 20, 2020). "WHO warns that few have developed antibodies to Covid-19". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Archived from the original on May 1, 2020. Retrieved May 1, 2020.
- ^ "Prime Minister announces new support for COVID-19 medical research and vaccine development". Archived from the original on May 1, 2020.
- ^ "COVID-19 roundup: Made-in-Canada solutions". The Logic. April 7, 2020. Archived from the original on April 30, 2020. Retrieved May 1, 2020.
- ^ Laroche, Jean (April 17, 2020). "N.S. research company develops antibody test for COVID-19". Archived from the original on September 24, 2020.
- ^ "Guelph, Ont., company to develop blood test for COVID-19 immunity". Global News. Archived from the original on April 29, 2020. Retrieved May 1, 2020.
- ^ a b c "Health Canada approves first rapid antigen COVID-19 test, feds plan to buy 20 million". CBC News. October 6, 2020. Retrieved October 6, 2020.
- ^ "Coronavirus – Sona Nanotech". Archived from the original on April 24, 2020. Retrieved May 1, 2020.
- ^ COVID deaths by province or territory Canada 2023. Statista (Report). Retrieved August 12, 2024.
- ^ "Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): Epidemiology update". Public Health Agency of Canada. October 22, 2022. Retrieved October 22, 2022.
- ^ a b c Full report: The Chief Public Health Officer of Canada's Report on the State of Public Health in Canada 2023. October 24, 2023. Retrieved August 12, 2024.
- ^ a b "The Lancet Commission on lessons for the future from the COVID-19 pandemic". The Lancet. September 2022. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(22)01585-9. Retrieved August 12, 2024.
- ^ Breton, Charles; Yoon Han, Ji; McLaughlin, David; Woodward, Caroline (March 2024). Resilient Institutions: Learning from Canada's COVID-19 Pandemic (Report). Montreal: Institute for Research on Public Policy (IRPP Report). p. 80. ISSN 2817-8114. Retrieved August 12, 2024.
- ^ Craig, Chris (September 16, 2020). 2020 Pandemic: Resilient Canadian Higher Education Institutions Will Integrate OER (PDF).
External links
