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2014 Pilger, Nebraska, tornado family
Clockwise loop: Two tornadoes on the ground at EF4 intensity, Low-end EF4 damage to home near Stanton, A home in Pilger completely leveled, Home near Wakefield destroyed at EF4 intensity
Meteorological history
FormedJune 16, 2014, 2:38 pm. CDT (UTC−05:00)
DissipatedJune 16, 2014, 4:42 pm. CDT (UTC−05:00)
Duration2 hours and 4 minutes
EF4 tornado
on the Enhanced Fujita scale
Highest winds190 mph (310 km/h)
Overall effects
Fatalities2
Injuries20
Damage$20.32 million (2014 USD)
Areas affectedStanton, Pilger, Wakefield
Part of the Tornado outbreak of June 16-18, 2014 and tornadoes of 2014

On the afternoon and early evening of June 16, 2014, a powerful cyclical supercell struck northeast Nebraska, producing six violent tornadoes. The tornadoes impacted areas east of Norfolk, including the village of Pilger, which sustained major damage, as well as farmsteads near Stanton, Wisner, and Wakefield. This outbreak resulted in two fatalities, 20 injuries, and approximately $20.92 million in damages. The event was part of the Tornado Outbreak of June 16–18, 2014, and the supercell produced the year's third, fourth, fifth, and sixth violent tornadoes. The main Pilger tornado was tied as the strongest tornado of 2014, with wind speeds comparable to the Mayflower-Vilonia tornado.

The first tornado touched down in an open field near Stanton but quickly dissipated. A more significant tornado then formed near Stanton. This tornado traveled for approximately 12 miles, causing extensive damage to several farmsteads and sweeping away a few farmhouses before lifting north of Dewey. Shortly thereafter, the supercell produced two additional violent tornadoes, known as the Pilger twins. One of these tornadoes struck the village of Pilger directly, resulting in devastating damage. The other tornado in the Pilger twin leveled a farmhouse before dissipating east of Altona, Nebraska. Meanwhile, the main Pilger tornado continued to wreak havoc across farmlands before eventually being absorbed by the Wakefield tornado. The final violent tornado from the supercell swept away three farmhouses and inflicted significant damage on multiple other farmsteads before dissipating north of Wakefield. The sixth and last tornado produced by the supercell was weak and short-lived.[1]

Meteorological setup

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On June 13, 2014, the SPC noted the possibility of severe weather associated with potential mesoscale convective systems in the northern United States for June 16–18. However, the predictability of this event was too low for the SPC to designate areas at risk of severe weather.[2] The following day, the SPC revised their forecasts, indicating a slight risk for severe activity for areas around the confluence of the Big Sioux and Missouri rivers two days before the eventual tornado outbreak. The development of a low-pressure area and increasing atmospheric instability were expected to be contributing factors.[3] Forecasts remained relatively unchanged on June 15, though the probability for "significant severe weather" was predicted for a large area of northern Iowa and adjacent areas.[4]

The morning of June 16 was marked only by isolated storms in the Nebraska area with only marginal severe weather.[5] Beginning at around 0800 UTC, however, favorable conditions for severe weather, particularly for large hail, began to build across central Nebraska. Moisture from the Gulf of Mexico began to make its way into southern Nebraska and over Kansas, raising dew points over the region. In addition, the prevalence of altocumulus castellanus clouds was an indicator of additional severe weather later in the day.[6][7] The flow of moisture into the region was further enhanced by an eastward progressing warm front, and at 1200 UTC on June 16, the SPC once again issued a slight risk for severe weather for the eastern halves of South Dakota, Nebraska, and extending eastward into the western Great Lakes region.[8] This was followed shortly after by the day's first severe thunderstorm watch, issued for primarily eastern Nebraska in response to a developing line of supercells.[9][10] An hour later, the SPC upgraded some areas previously under a slight risk for severe weather to a moderate risk as a result of continuously increasing moisture content and CAPE in the atmosphere.[11] At 1613 UTC, the SPC issued the first of three public severe weather outlooks for the day, covering a region centered on Sioux City, Iowa.[12] A Particularly Dangerous Situation tornado watch was issued later that afternoon.

Tornado summary

[edit]
Confirmed tornadoes by Enhanced Fujita rating
EFU EF0 EF1 EF2 EF3 EF4 EF5 Total
0 2 0 0 0 4 0 6
Spots of EF4 damage along the path of the Stanton tornado.
Key
  EF0 65–85 mph
  EF1 86–110 mph
  EF2 111–135 mph
  EF3 136–165 mph
  EF4 166–190 mph
⎯ Center of the tornado

Stanton tornado

[edit]

The first tornado produced by the supercell was a brief, weak EF0 tornado that was recorded by multiple storm chasers in an open field south of Stanton. The tornado lasted two minutes, peaked at 100 yd (91 m), and traveled for 1.25 mi (2.01 km).[13] After that tornado dissipated, the storm spawned the first violent tornado, which touched down near 560th Ave, causing minor damage to trees along the road. It moved northeastward over open terrain with few damage indicators, although an area of snapped trees near 561st Ave received a high-end EF1 rating. The tornado continued to cause minimal EF0 damage to trees as it crossed the Elkhorn River. It then quickly intensified and reached EF2 strength as it crossed N-24 west of Stanton. An outbuilding was destroyed and power poles along N-24 were snapped. The tornado then weakened to EF1 strength, continuing to snap trees and power poles before rapidly intensifying to a much stronger high-end EF3 intensity as it struck a farmstead along 563rd 1/2 Avenue. A farmhouse was leveled, an outbuilding on this property was obliterated and swept away, and trees were snapped. During this time, the tornado reached its maximum width of 400 yards (370 m).[14][15]

Car that was thrown a quarter a mile away and was mangled and folded into a ball

The tornado then weakened to EF2 intensity as it struck another farmstead, causing major roof damage to the farmhouse, partial wall collapse, and the destruction of outbuildings. A semi-truck was overturned. The tornado then moved over open terrain with few damage indicators; this segment was rated EF0 as a result. As it reached 565th Road, the tornado abruptly became violent, leveling and sweeping away a home along 565th Road at low-end EF4 intensity with winds of 170 mph (270 km/h). Trees at this farmstead were snapped and debarked, an outbuilding was obliterated, and another home was also leveled and swept away. Two vehicles were thrown 0.25 mi (0.40 km) away, mangled, with one crushed into a ball. The tornado continued traveling northeastward, snapping multiple softwood trees, and became violent once more as it crossed 842nd Rd on Payne Creek. A well-built farmhouse was swept away at low-end EF4 intensity, with nearby trees severely debarked and an outbuilding destroyed. A car was thrown a quarter of a mile away, mangled and folded into a ball. Another nearby home suffered light roof damage. The tornado continued to move northeast, destroying a barn with low-end EF2 damage before dissipating northwest of Dewey.[15] The tornado traveled 12.21 miles, lasted 29 minutes, caused no injuries or fatalities, inflicted $2.25 million in damages, and had a maximum wind speed of 170 mph (274 km/h).[14][1]

Pilger twin tornadoes

[edit]
Path of the main Pilger tornado going right through the town.
Key
  EF0 65–85 mph
  EF1 86–110 mph
  EF2 111–135 mph
  EF3 136–165 mph
  EF4 166–190 mph
⎯ Center of the tornado

The supercell recycled and later produced its third tornado, which was also the second violent tornado of the day. At 4:00 p.m. CDT, the tornado touched down 5.5 miles southwest of Pilger on 570 Ave near Cedar Creek, causing minor damage to trees. It strengthened to high-end EF1 intensity on 837 Rd, snapping some trees and power poles, before quickly weakening back to EF0. The tornado continued northeast, regaining EF1 strength on 572 Ave, where it snapped trees and caused minor roof damage to an outbuilding. It then changed direction to north-northeast and intensified to low-end EF2 strength with winds of 112 mph (180 km/h). At this intensity, several outbuildings near Willers Cove North Dr were flattened, and additional trees were snapped. The tornado made a sharp northeast turn, crossing the Elkhorn River before entering Pilger.

St. John Lutheran Church completely leveled at 188 mph (303 km/h)

Alongside Highway 15 west of town, the tornado intensified further. An unanchored home was swept away at high-end EF3 intensity, and a feed store north of the home was leveled. An RV was completely wrecked and mangled, and trees were snapped. The tornado crossed S Murray St, rapidly intensifying to near high-end EF4 intensity. A well-constructed home on this street was swept away, and nearby homes were mostly leveled, leaving only a few interior walls standing. Homes near the intersection of W Black Hills Rd and S Murray St were flattened, trees were debarked, and mobile homes along W Elm St were obliterated. Debris was scattered, and a five-year-old girl was killed around this area.[16][17] The tornado continued its path of destruction, sweeping away a home along S Stanton St at near high-end EF4 intensity. An entire home was shifted off its foundation further upstream. On S Main St, a row of well-built homes was swept away with estimated wind speeds of 179 mph (288 km/h). The tornado then crossed Black Hills Trail Rd into downtown Pilger, where it weakened to mid-range EF3 strength. Multiple cars were thrown and heavily damaged, a couple of outbuildings were destroyed, and the town's grain silos were razed. The silos were replaced a few months later.[18] A church was destroyed, and a small business alongside N Main St suffered severe damage. The tornado then rapidly intensified to near high-end EF4 strength. On E 2nd St, another row of homes was flattened. Notably, a well-constructed home at the intersection of E 2nd St and N Monroe was completely swept off its foundation, receiving the highest damage rating in the town at 189 mph (304 km/h). The old and historic Wisner-Pilger Middle School on S 2nd St sustained major damage and was left unrecoverable; it was later demolished.[19][20][21] St. John Lutheran Church was leveled and partially swept away at near high-end EF4 intensity, leaving only the bell tower standing.[22][21] The tornado left Pilger, resulting in one fatality, two dozen injuries, and $14 million in damages.[23][24][15]

A home leveled by the second Pilger twin tornado

Around the same time that the main Pilger tornado was about to enter town, the supercell produced its fourth tornado, the third violent tornado of the day. This tornado touched down two miles south of Pilger at 4:13 p.m. CDT, causing light damage to many trees. It strengthened, snapping trees, collapsing the walls of several barns, and bringing down power lines. The tornado then weakened back to EF0 intensity, causing minimal damage to trees and an outbuilding.[25] Both the main tornado and the second tornado continued to expand in size as they moved through the rural farmlands of Cuming County. The main tornado struck a farmstead along Highway 12 at mid-range EF2 intensity, ripping away a large part of the roof and leveling an outbuilding across the road. It then reattained EF3 intensity, causing substantial tree damage and removing the roof from a home on U Rd. Meanwhile, the second tornado strengthened, destroying a barn at low-end EF2 strength and causing minor roof damage. It then weakened to EF1, snapping trees and demolishing another outbuilding. The main tornado destroyed a barn at low-end EF2 intensity on 412 Rd. As the second tornado intensified to EF3, it toppled and bent an electrical transmission line and destroyed a nearby outbuilding. At this point, both tornadoes were paralleling each other. Another home on 412 Rd sustained significant roof damage with winds of 122 mph (196 km/h). The second tornado crossed directly in front of the main tornado near X Rd, where it caused its most violent damage. A farmhouse was completely leveled with winds reaching 170 mph (274 km/h), and several barns on the farmstead were swept away. Trees in the area were debarked. As the second Pilger tornado moved north, the main tornado approached from the east, re-intensifying to low-end EF4 strength. It struck another farmstead at the intersection of X Rd and 412 Rd, sweeping away a farmhouse, lofting a car into the basement of the home, and destroying a barn. The second Pilger tornado maintained EF2 intensity as it demolished another barn. A 74-year-old man from Clarkson was killed when his car was flipped off the road by the tornado. The tornado then slightly strengthened to high-end EF2 intensity, causing severe damage to the exterior walls of a home before abruptly dissipating. The second Pilger tornado was on the ground for 17 minutes, traveled 11.5 miles, and had a peak width of 500 yards. It caused $1.12 million in damages, killed one person, and had maximum wind speeds of 170 mph (274 km/h).[26][27][28][1]

High-end EF4 damage done by the main Pilger tornado

The main Pilger tornado crossed X Rd and struck another farmstead, destroying barns and snapping more trees at EF1 strength. As it passed near St. Paul's Lutheran Cemetery, the tornado entered Wayne County, causing additional tree damage. It then rapidly intensified to high-end EF4 strength, obliterating a farmstead along 581st Ave. A well-built farmhouse on this property was swept clean off its foundation with estimated wind speeds of 191 mph (313 km/h). Numerous trees around the farmstead were snapped before the tornado moved northeast. The tornado made a sharp turn to the east, shrinking in size as the parent supercell began to recycle. The main Pilger tornado accelerated in speed and rapidly intensified to mid-range EF4 strength as it struck another farmstead on 848th Rd. The farmhouse was swept away with winds of 182 mph (293 km/h). As the tornado began its rope-out phase, it gained speed and interacted with the developing Wakefield tornado, experiencing a Fujiwhara effect. The main Pilger tornado became intense again, mangling a metal truss tower and blowing away an outbuilding on 849th Rd before being absorbed into the larger and stronger Wakefield tornado, which led to its dissipation.[29][15][30] The main Pilger tornado was on the ground for 39 minutes, traveled 18.41 miles, and reached a peak width of 500 yards. It caused $14 million in damages, resulted in one fatality, and injured 20 people. It was the strongest tornado in its family, with maximum wind speeds up to 190 mph (310 km/h).).[1][31]

Wakefield tornado

[edit]
A farmhouse that was swept away at 170 mph (274 km/h)

As the Pilger tornado was entering its roping-out phase, the supercell produced the fifth and final violent tornado, which touched down approximately 8 miles north of Wisner at 4:40 p.m. CDT. This tornado initially strengthened to EF1 intensity, leveling an outbuilding as it moved eastward. The tornado then made a sharp turn to the northeast, crossing Highway 16. As it continued its path, it intensified further, razing a barn and advancing northeast. During this time, the Pilger tornado was absorbed and dissipated into the Wakefield tornado, which had begun to take on a wedge shape. As the tornado continued along 849th Rd, it snapped wooden power poles and made a sharp turn to the northwest. It impacted another farmstead, where a farmhouse was ripped away, and several trees were snapped. The tornado maintained EF2 intensity as it moved northward. Along 851st Rd, it caused significant damage to barns, and another home on 852 Rd suffered extensive damage, with its roof blown off. Two additional homes located on 585th Ave and 853rd Rd experienced severe damage, either losing half of their roofs or having their roofs completely ripped off. Further north, the tornado struck another farmstead, leveling an outbuilding, causing significant roof loss to a metal building, and denting a grain silo. A two-story structure sustained minor damage, and a wooden power pole was snapped, indicating low-end EF2 strength.[15]

A farmhouse near Wakefield completely swept away

The tornado rapidly intensified to low-end EF4 strength as it impacted three farmsteads at the intersection of 585th Ave and 854th Rd. At the first farmstead on 585th Ave, the farmhouse was leveled, and a second, poorly built home on the same property was also destroyed. The second farmstead, located north of 854th Rd, sustained devastating damage. A well-built home was swept away, multiple trees were snapped, and another home on the same property lost half of its roof. The barn on this property was completely demolished, and a power pole on 854th Rd was snapped. The final farmstead at this intersection, located west of 585th Rd, had a poorly anchored home completely swept away. This home had questionable construction, and several trees on the property were snapped and debarked. The tornado briefly weakened to EF3 intensity before becoming violent once more. It swept away another home along 585th Ave, leveled an outbuilding, and damaged a grain bin, with additional tree snapping in the vicinity.[15]

As the tornado continued its northeast trajectory, it caused further tree damage and pockets of EF2-level damage. Several farmhouses east of Wakefield suffered significant roof damage before the tornado entered Dixon County. The tornado maintained EF1 intensity as it traveled along 586th Ave, snapping multiple trees and heavily damaging barns.[32] The tornado dissipated at 5:08 p.m. CDT after being on the ground 28 minutes covering 16.22 miles. It was the largest tornado produced by the supercell, with a peak width of 530 yards (485 meters). The tornado caused $3.05 million in damages, with no fatalities or injuries reported. Its maximum wind speeds were estimated at 170 mph (274 km/h).[32][1][33][15] 

Another brief and weak tornado touchdown near Hubbard and traveled for 0.26 miles.[34]

Aftermath

[edit]
Aerial imagery of near high-end EF4 damages in Pilger

75% of Pilger was heavily damaged or destroyed by the tornado.[23] Matthew 25: Ministries went to the village of Pilger and the surrounding areas to help with tornado relief donating products like tarps, blankets, etc.[35] All Hands and Hearts spent few weeks and they coordinated 2,943 volunteers to help remove debris.[36] In total, 18,000 volunteers came to Pilger and Stanton County to help with relief and the volunteers stayed for a few days.[37] American musician, Bret Michaels and his band drove to the village of Pilger on June 23, to assist with the clean up effort and help rebuild.[38][39] United Way opened up funding for Pilger for relief efforts.[40] Governor of Nebraska, Dave Heineman, declared a state of emergency for Pilger and the areas around the village and the National Guard came in to assist with emergency respondents, a shelter was opened up in Wisner-Pilger High School in Wisner, Governor Dave Heineman would later tour the village two days after the tornado.[41][42] LCMS Disaster Response donated $110,000 to St. John and other churches affected by the tornado, a year after it was destroyed, the St John Lutheran Church was rebuilt.[43][44] After the tornado, the population for Pilger dropped by -31.8% from 352 people to 240.

Pilger was getting a lot of help but other areas that got hit by the violent tornado like Cuming and Wayne counties didn't receive as much help with Wakefield only getting eight volunteers while Pilger received thousands of volunteers to help with the relief for the village, and the agricultural areas near Wakefield needs more volunteer to clean up the field from all the debris the tornado left.[45]

Multiple damaged structures were bulldozed and construction projects were placed to rebuild, the bank that was destroyed in Pilger announced that it'll rebuilt.[46]

Case studies

[edit]

Storm chasers Hank Schyma - known as Pecos Hank - Dr. Anton Seimon and Dr. Tracey Seimon, and Skip Talbot collaborated with a group of researchers to study the forward-moving speed of the Pilger tornado as it was roping out and interacting with the Wakefield tornado through a Fujiwara effect. Their findings suggested that the Pilger tornado achieved a record-setting forward motion of 94.6 mph. However, this forward ground speed has not been officially recognized by the National Weather Service.[47]

A year later, civil engineering professors at the University of Nebraska–Lincoln conducted an analysis of the damage caused by the Pilger tornado. Their research focused on how structural defects can make infrastructure more susceptible to the intense wind speeds of high-end tornadoes.[48]

In 2022, researchers Lanny Dean, David Moran, and Randy Hicks published a study based on a scientific field campaign. This study involved capturing video observations of the main Pilger tornado before it struck the village. The footage revealed detailed insights into the tornado’s core wind field and uncovered previously undocumented phenomena, including the presence of multiple sub-vortices. As many as nine sub-vortices were observed, indicating a multi-vortex tornado. These sub-vortices were seen appearing and disappearing within seconds or milliseconds.[49][50]

See also

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References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c d e US Department of Commerce, NOAA. "June 16, 2014 Pilger Tornado Event". weather.gov. Retrieved August 7, 2024.
  2. ^ Jewell, Ryan; Storm Prediction Center (June 13, 2014). "Day 4–8 Severe Weather Outlook Issued on Jun 13, 2014". Norman, Oklahoma: United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's National Weather Service. Retrieved June 21, 2014.
  3. ^ Jewell, Ryan; Storm Prediction Center (June 14, 2014). "Jun 14, 2014 0730 UTC Day 3 Severe Thunderstorm Outlook". Norman, Oklahoma: United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's National Weather Service. Retrieved June 21, 2014.
  4. ^ Bunting, Bill; Storm Prediction Center (June 15, 2014). "Jun 15, 2014 1730 UTC Day 2 Convective Outlook". Norman, Oklahoma: United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's National Weather Service. Retrieved June 21, 2014.
  5. ^ Smith, Bryan; Storm Prediction Center (June 16, 2014). "Jun 16, 2014 0100 UTC Day 1 Convective Outlook". Norman, Oklahoma: United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's National Weather Service. Retrieved June 21, 2014.
  6. ^ Grams, Jeremy S.; Corfidi, Stephen F.; Storm Prediction Center (June 16, 2014). "Mesoscale Discussion 1010". Storm Prediction Center Mesoscale Discussion. Norman, Oklahoma: United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's National Weather Service. Retrieved June 21, 2014.
  7. ^ National Weather Service. "ACCAS". National Weather Service Glossary of Terms. Norman, Oklahoma: United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved June 21, 2014.
  8. ^ Smith, Bryan; Storm Prediction Center (June 16, 2014). "Jun 16, 2014 1200 UTC Day 1 Convective Outlook". Norman, Oklahoma: United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's National Weather Service. Retrieved June 21, 2014.
  9. ^ Corfidi, Stephen F.; Storm Prediction Center (June 16, 2014). "Severe Thunderstorm Watch 301". Storm Prediction Center Mesoscale Discussion. Norman, Oklahoma: United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's National Weather Service. Retrieved June 21, 2014.
  10. ^ Grams, Jeremy S.; Corfidi, Stephen F.; Storm Prediction Center (June 16, 2014). "Mesoscale Discussion 1011". Storm Prediction Center Mesoscale Discussion. Norman, Oklahoma: United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's National Weather Service. Retrieved June 21, 2014.
  11. ^ Corfidi, Stephen F.; Marsh, Patrick; Storm Prediction Center (June 16, 2014). "Jun 16, 2014 1300 UTC Day 1 Convective Outlook". Norman, Oklahoma: United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's National Weather Service. Retrieved June 21, 2014.
  12. ^ Guyer, Jared L.; Corfidi, Stephen F.; Storm Prediction Center (June 16, 2014). "Severe Weather Outlook Issued At: 757 AM CDT". Storm Prediction Center Public Severe Weather Outlook. Norman, Oklahoma: United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's National Weather Service. Retrieved June 21, 2014.
  13. ^ Nebraska Event Report: EF0 Tornado. National Weather Service Weather Forecast Office in Omaha, Nebraska (Report). National Climatic Data Center. 2014. Retrieved May 31, 2015.
  14. ^ a b Nebraska Event Report: EF4 Tornado. National Weather Service Weather Forecast Office in Omaha, Nebraska (Report). National Climatic Data Center. 2014. Retrieved May 28, 2015.
  15. ^ a b c d e f g "ArcGIS Web Application". apps.dat.noaa.gov. Retrieved August 6, 2024.
  16. ^ "Tour the Nebraska Town Destroyed by Twin Tornadoes". ABC News. Retrieved August 7, 2024.
  17. ^ "Residents return to Pilger; Small Nebraska town hit by deadly tornado on Monday". Jamestown Sun. June 18, 2014. Retrieved August 7, 2024.
  18. ^ Gravlin, Kyle (November 8, 2014). "Pilger Co-Op's latest example of community rising from the rubble". KETV. Retrieved August 7, 2024.
  19. ^ Anderson, Clayton (June 20, 2024). "A decade after historic school building is destroyed in a tornado, Wisner-Pilger Schools reflects on district changes". ktiv.com. Retrieved August 7, 2024.
  20. ^ Roberts, Dave (July 1, 2014). "Pilger school leaders discuss future of tornado-stricken school". KETV. Retrieved August 7, 2024.
  21. ^ a b "Pilger, Nebraska: 10 Years since devastating twin tornadoes". SiouxlandProud | Sioux City, IA | News, Weather, and Sports. June 19, 2024. Retrieved August 7, 2024.
  22. ^ Ross, Paula Schlueter (June 17, 2014). "Nebraska church 'gone' after dual tornadoes". Reporter. Retrieved August 7, 2024.
  23. ^ a b Nebraska Event Report: EF4 Tornado. National Weather Service Weather Forecast Office in Omaha, Nebraska (Report). National Climatic Data Center. 2014. Retrieved May 31, 2015.
  24. ^ Payne, Michael Pearson,Indra Petersons,Ed (June 17, 2014). "Twin tornadoes tear through Nebraska town; 2 dead". CNN. Retrieved August 7, 2024.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  25. ^ "Storm Events Database - Event Details". ncdc.noaa.gov. Retrieved August 7, 2024.
  26. ^ Schanz, Jenn (June 17, 2014). "UPDATE: Pilger tornado victims identified". KLKN-TV. Retrieved August 7, 2024.
  27. ^ "EF4 Wisner Storm Events Database - Event Details". ncdc.noaa.gov. Retrieved August 7, 2024.
  28. ^ "EF2 Altona Storm Events Database - Event Details | National Centers for Environmental Information". www.ncdc.noaa.gov. Retrieved August 7, 2024.
  29. ^ "June 16, 2014 | The Stanton/Pilger/Wakefield Tornadoes". KMTV 3 News Now Omaha. June 15, 2023. Retrieved August 7, 2024.
  30. ^ "EF4 Wayne Storm Events Database - Event Details | National Centers for Environmental Information". www.ncdc.noaa.gov. Retrieved August 7, 2024.
  31. ^ Leins, Casey. "Twin tornadoes in Nebraska kill child devastate town". U.S.News & World Report.
  32. ^ a b "EF4 Wakefield Storm Events Database - Event Details | National Centers for Environmental Information". www.ncdc.noaa.gov. Retrieved August 7, 2024.
  33. ^ "EF1 Dixon Storm Events Database - Event Details | National Centers for Environmental Information". www.ncdc.noaa.gov. Retrieved August 7, 2024.
  34. ^ "EF0 Hubbard Storm Events Database - Event Details | National Centers for Environmental Information". www.ncdc.noaa.gov. Retrieved August 7, 2024.
  35. ^ Vicar, Nathan (June 18, 2014). "Matthew 25: Ministries provide supplies to Nebraska tornado victims". fox19.com. Retrieved August 7, 2024.
  36. ^ "Pilger Tornado Response | All Hands". October 5, 2015. Archived from the original on October 5, 2015. Retrieved August 7, 2024.
  37. ^ Mantonya and Wall, Kurt and Milan. "Chapter 4. Tornado Recovery in Pilger, Nebraska" (PDF).
  38. ^ "Humanitarian of the Year Bret Michaels Leading Support Efforts to Victims of Storms". Bret Michaels Official Web Site. December 13, 2021. Retrieved August 7, 2024.
  39. ^ "Bret Michaels to help in Pilger". Norfolk Daily News. June 19, 2014. Retrieved August 7, 2024.
  40. ^ "Pilger Relief & Rebuild". Heartland United Way. Retrieved August 7, 2024.
  41. ^ "Tornadoes whip Nebraska, killing two". Associated Press. June 18, 2014. Retrieved August 7, 2024.[unreliable source?]
  42. ^ "Governor Heineman Tours Pilger Devastation". SiouxlandProud | Sioux City, IA | News, Weather, and Sports. June 18, 2014. Retrieved August 7, 2024.
  43. ^ Drinnon, Roger (September 26, 2016). "Pilger sanctuary dedication, 101st anniversary — joy follows disaster". Reporter. Retrieved August 7, 2024.
  44. ^ "Pilger residents remember twin tornadoes 10 years later". SiouxlandProud | Sioux City, IA | News, Weather, and Sports. June 18, 2024. Retrieved August 7, 2024.
  45. ^ "Northeast Nebraska devastated from tornadoes". www.greatplainsumc.org. Retrieved August 7, 2024.
  46. ^ "Pilger, Nebraska "Reinvents" Itself – Heartland Center". heartlandcenter.info. Retrieved August 7, 2024.
  47. ^ "These Women Risk Their Lives to Photograph the Most Severe, Dangerous Storms America Has Ever Seen". Cosmopolitan. May 19, 2022. Retrieved August 7, 2024.
  48. ^ "Engineers study how Pilger tornado destroyed buildings | Nebraska Today". news.unl.edu. Retrieved August 7, 2024.
  49. ^ "In-Situ Video Observations and Analysis of the 16 June 2014 Pilger, Nebraska EF4 West Tornado" (PDF). June 2, 2022.
  50. ^ Dean, Lanny; Moran, David; Hicks, Randy (November 30, 2022). "In Situ Video Observations and Analysis of the 16 June 2014 Pilger, Nebraska EF4 west Tornado". e-Journal of Severe Storms Meteorology. 17 (3): 1–28. doi:10.55599/ejssm.v17i3.83. ISSN 1559-5404.
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