Jump to content

2010s in European political history

Add links
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

The political history of Europe during the 2010s covers political events which took place on the continent between 2010 and 2019.

History by country

[edit]

Albania

[edit]

The 2011 Albanian opposition demonstrations were a series of anti-government protests in cities around Albania following 18 months of political conflict over alleged electoral fraud by the opposition. Demonstartions were called for by parliamentary opposition parties, which include the Socialist Party and the Unity for Human Rights Party. The public outcry resulted in the resignation of the deputy prime minister. On 21 January, a protest in Tirana led to the killings of three demonstrators by the Republican Guard during a rally in front of Prime Minister Sali Berisha office, while fourth person died several days later.

Parliamentary elections were held in Albania on 23 June 2013.[1] The result was a victory for the Alliance for a European Albania led by the Socialist Party and its leader, Edi Rama.[2] Incumbent Prime Minister Sali Berisha of the Democratic Party-led Alliance for Employment, Prosperity and Integration conceded defeat on 26 June,[3] widely viewed as a sign of growing democratic maturity in Albania.[4]

The 2017 Albanian opposition protests were a series of anti-government protests, largely in Tirana, which centered around government corruption, the illicit drug situation in Albania,[5] fear of electoral fraud in the parliamentary elections, and alleged manipulation of the voting process by the Socialist government.[6][7] They were followed by the 2019 protests calling for the cancellation of the 2019 Albanian local elections, fresh elections, resignation of prime minister Edi Rama and his entire cabinet and the installation of a new technocrat government.[8]

Austria

[edit]

In the 2013 legislative election the Social Democratic Party of Austria and the Austrian People's Party lost 5 seats and 4 seats, respectively, but with a total of 99 seats they remained in majority. On 14 October 2013 the two parties began government formation talks with each other, which resulted in the grand coalition of the Second Faymann government that was appointed by President of Austria Heinz Fischer. On 17 May 2016, it was succeeded by the Kern government, following Faymann's resignation amidst the 2016 presidential election.

The First Kurz government was formed after the 2017 legislative election. Sebastian Kurz, chairman of the centre-right Austrian People's Party, known by its initials in German as ÖVP, reached an agreement on a coalition with the far-right Freedom Party of Austria (FPÖ), setting the stage for Kurz to become chancellor of Austria—the youngest head of government in Europe—for the first time.[9]

The Ibiza affair was a political scandal in Austria involving Heinz-Christian Strache, the former vice chancellor of Austria and leader of the Freedom Party (FPÖ), and Johann Gudenus, a deputy leader of the Freedom Party. The scandal caused the collapse of the Austrian governing coalition on 18 May 2019 and the announcement of an early election.[10][11]

Belarus

[edit]

The 2010 Belarusian protests were mass protest actions in Belarus against the results of the 2010 Belarusian presidential election, which took place on December 19, 2010, and were brutally dispersed. Between 10,000 and 60,000 people took part in the protest on October Square and Independence Square in Minsk. These were followed by the 2011 Belarusian protests. The 2017 Belarusian protests also followed later.

Belgium

[edit]

Following the Belgian general election held on 13 June 2010, a process of cabinet formation started in Belgium. The election produced a very fragmented political landscape, with 11 parties elected to the Chamber of Representatives, none of which won more than 20% of the seats. The Flemish-Nationalist New Flemish Alliance (N-VA), the largest party in Flanders and the country as a whole, controlled 27 of 150 seats in the lower chamber. The Francophone Socialist Party (PS), the largest in Wallonia, controlled 26 seats. Cabinet negotiations continued for a long time. On 1 June 2011, Belgium matched the record for time taken to form a new democratic government after an election, at 353 days, held until then by Cambodia in 2003–2004.[12]

On 11 October 2011, the final agreement for institutional reform was presented to the media. A government coalition was named on 5 December 2011 and sworn in after a total of 541 days of negotiations and formation on 6 December 2011,[13] and 589 days without an elected government[14] with Elio Di Rupo named Prime Minister of the Di Rupo I Government. It was the first time that the Belgian prime minister had been openly gay, as Di Rupo became the world's first male openly gay head of government (and second of any gender, after Iceland's Jóhanna Sigurðardóttir).[15] Elio Di Rupo also became the first native French-speaking prime minister since 1979 and the first prime minister from Wallonia since 1974 and first socialist prime minister since 1974.

The Michel I Government was the Federal Government of Belgium formed following the 2014 Belgian government formation and sworn in on 11 October 2014. The administration was a centre-right coalition of the New Flemish Alliance (N-VA), the Christian Democratic and Flemish (CD&V), the Open Flemish Liberals and Democrats (Open Vld) and the Reformist Movement (MR). The prime minister was Charles Michel. The government had an agenda of socio-economic reforms, especially through austerity measures, with its priorities being improving Belgium's economic competitiveness and reducing unemployment. It fell in December 2018 over the Global Compact for Migration. It was followed by the Michel II Government as a centre minority coalition cabinet of Christian Democratic and Flemish (CD&V), the Open Flemish Liberals and Democrats (Open Vld) and the Reformist Movement (MR). On 26 October 2019, it was announced that Sophie Wilmès would take over the role of Prime Minister from Michel on 1 November 2019, and form a new government as the first ever female Prime Minister of Belgium.[16]

Bosnia and Herzegovina

[edit]

Following the general election on 3 October 2010, a process of formation of Bosnia and Herzegovina's Council of Ministers had begun. The resulting election produced a fragmented political landscape without a coalition of a parliamentary majority more than a year after the election. The centre-left Social Democratic Party, the largest party in the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, and the Bosnian Serb autonomist Alliance of Independent Social Democrats, the largest party in Republika Srpska, each had 8 MPs of the total 42 MPs of the House of Representatives (28 from the Federation and 14 from Republika Srpska). Similarly, a crisis of government was also present at the local levels, as well as the Federal entity. In late 2011, the Council of Ministers (i.e. the national government) had been solved, however the country remained in a situation of perpetual political crisis, especially the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina. After months of dysfunction and arguments about legality, the entity's short-lived Federal Government had collapsed in February 2013.

The 2014 unrest in Bosnia and Herzegovina was a series of demonstrations and riots that began in the northern town of Tuzla on 4 February 2014 but quickly spread to multiple cities in Bosnia and Herzegovina, including Sarajevo, Zenica, Mostar, Jajce, and Brčko,[17][18] among others, for social reasons and with the aim of overthrowing the government.[19][20] The riots were the most violent scenes the country had seen since the end of the Bosnian War in 1995.[18][21] The rioting largely took place in the entity of Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, and the same level of unrest or activism did not occur in Republika Srpska.[22]

Bulgaria

[edit]

Following the 2013 Bulgarian protests against the Borisov cabinet of Prime Minister Boyko Borisov over government austerity measures encouraged by the European Union and the International Monetary Fund during the recession[23] and high utility bills, the Borisov government resigned and brought forward the Bulgarian parliamentary election, 2013, which saw a very low voter turnout.[24] Though Borisov's party Citizens for European Development of Bulgaria (GERB) won a plurality with 97 deputies in the National Assembly, it could not form a government and gave up its mandate. The Bulgarian Socialist Party (BSP) led the government under technocratic Prime Minister Plamen Oresharski.[25] The left-wing government of Plamen Oresharski was approved by the 120 members of the BSP and the Movement for Rights and Freedoms.[26] Outside support to the Oresharski Government was also given by nationalist party Ataka,[27] dubbed by some sources as the "hidden coalition partner",[28] or Siderov's "golden finger",[29] and regarded as a key instrument for allowing the Parliament to proceed with its functions,[30] until June 2014.[31]

Croatia

[edit]

Croatia finished accession (membership) negotiations on 30 June 2011 and signed the Treaty of Accession on 9 December 2011, setting it on course to become the bloc's 28th member state. A referendum on the EU accession of the Republic of Croatia was held on 22 January 2012. The EU accession referendum passed with 66.27% votes cast in support, 33.13% against the proposed joining of the EU and 0.60% invalid or blank votes; it also passed in all Croatian counties. The ratification process was concluded on 21 June 2013, and entry into force and accession of Croatia to the EU took place on 1 July 2013.[32]

France

[edit]

François Hollande was elected to the presidency on 6 May 2012 during the second round with 51.6% of the vote, defeating incumbent Nicolas Sarkozy. During his tenure, Hollande legalised same-sex marriage by passing Bill no. 344, reformed labour laws and credit training programmes, withdrew combat troops present in the Afghanistan military intervention[33][34] and concluded an EU directive on the protection of animals in laboratory research through a Franco-German contract. Hollande led the country through the January and November 2015 Paris attacks, as well as the 2016 Nice truck attack.

The 2017 French presidential election caused a radical shift in French politics, as the prevailing parties of The Republicans and Socialists failed to make it to the second round of voting, with far-right Marine Le Pen and political newcomer Emmanuel Macron instead facing each other.[35] Macron ended up winning both the presidency, as well as a legislative majority with his newfound party La République En Marche! At the age of 39, Macron became the youngest president in French history. In 2018–19, his leadership was challenged by the populist Yellow vests movement, which also rejected traditional parties.[36]

Hungary

[edit]

The Őszöd speech which was followed by mass protests led Fidesz to winning a supermajority in the 2010 election. In 2011, the new Hungarian constitution was adopted in the parliament and in 2012 it became effective, although it was subject to controversies due to its consolidation of power to Fidesz. The party's majority of seats remained after the 2014 election, and following the escalation of the migrant crisis, Fidesz began using right-wing populist and anti-immigrant rhetoric.

Because of Orbán's curtailing of press freedom, erosion of judicial independence and undermining of multiparty democracy, many political scientists and watchdogs consider Hungary to have experienced democratic backsliding during Orbán's tenure.[37][38][39] Orbán's attacks on the European Union while accepting its money and funneling it to his allies and family have also led to characterizations of his government as a kleptocracy.[40] Orbán defends his policies as "illiberal democracy."[41][42]

Italy

[edit]

The 2013 Italian general election led to a major change in the country's political landscape, as the traditional center-right and center-left parties were challenged by the new Five Star Movement, a populist party led by comedian Beppe Grillo.[43] None of the three main alliances – the centre-right led by Silvio Berlusconi, the centre-left led by Pier Luigi Bersani and the Five Star Movement – won an outright majority in Parliament. After a failed attempt to form a government by Bersani, then-secretary of the Democratic Party (PD), and Giorgio Napolitano's re-election as President, Enrico Letta, Bersani's deputy, received the task of forming a grand coalition government. The Letta Cabinet consisted of the PD, Berlusconi's The People of Freedom (PdL), Civic Choice (SC), the Union of the Centre (UdC) and others.[44]

Following the election of Matteo Renzi as Secretary of the PD in December 2013, there were persistent tensions culminating in Letta's resignation as prime minister in February 2014. Subsequently, Renzi formed a government based on the same coalition (including the NCD), but in a new fashion.[45] The new Prime Minister had a strong mandate from his party and was reinforced by the PD's strong showing in the 2014 European Parliament election[46] and the election of Sergio Mattarella, a fellow Democrat, as president in 2015. While in power, Renzi implemented several reforms, including a new electoral law (which would later be declared partially unconstitutional by the Constitutional Court), a relaxation of labour and employment laws (known as Jobs Act) with the intention of boosting economic growth, a thorough reform of the public administration, the simplification of the civil trial, the recognition of same-sex unions (not marriages) and the abolition of several minor taxes.[47][48] As a result of the Libyan civil war, a major problem faced by Renzi was the high level of illegal immigration to Italy. During his tenure, there was an increase in the number of immigrants rescued at sea being brought to southern Italian ports, prompting criticism from the M5S, FI and Northern League (LN),[49][50] and causing a loss of popularity for Renzi.[51]

In the 2018 Italian general election, no political group or party won an outright majority, resulting in a hung parliament.[52] In the election, the right-wing alliance, in which Matteo Salvini's League (LN) emerged as the main political force, won a plurality of seats in the Chamber of Deputies and in the Senate, while the anti-establishment Five Star Movement (M5S) led by Luigi Di Maio became the party with the largest number of votes. The centre-left coalition, led by Matteo Renzi, came third.[53] As a result, protracted negotiations were required before a new government could be formed. On 31 May 2018, following 88 days of negotiations and several impasses, law professor Giuseppe Conte was appointed as the prime minister with support from the League and the Five Star Movement, even though not having run for the Italian Parliament. Matteo Salvini of the League and Luigi Di Maio of the Five Star Movement were also appointed as vice premiers,[54] thus forming the 66th Italian government since World War II.[55] The formation of a new government avoided the possibility of immediate new elections.[56] The coalition government was formed between the Lega Nord and Five Star Movement, becoming the first fully populist government in Western Europe.[43]

During the 2019 Italian government crisis, Deputy Prime Minister Salvini announced a motion of no confidence against Conte, after growing tensions within the majority. Salvini's move came right after a vote in the Senate regarding the progress of the Turin–Lyon high-speed railway, in which the Lega voted against an attempt of the M5S to block the construction works. Many political analysts believe the no confidence motion was an attempt to force early elections to improve Lega's standing in Parliament, ensuring Salvini could become the next Prime Minister. On 20 August, following the parliamentary debate in which Conte harshly accused Salvini of being a political opportunist who "had triggered the political crisis only to serve his personal interest", the Prime Minister resigned his post to President Sergio Mattarella. This provoked the resignation of Prime Minister Giuseppe Conte,[57] and resulted in the formation of a new cabinet led by Conte himself.[58]

Russia

[edit]

Russia re-elected Vladimir Putin as the president in 2012 Russian presidential election. The election was marred by claims of fraud, contributing to the 2011–2013 Russian protests.[59] Under Putin, Russia engaged in a more aggressive foreign policy, with the 2014 Annexation of Crimea and intervention in Ukraine following the 2014 Ukrainian revolution, the 2015 intervention in the Syrian Civil War, and interference in the 2016 United States elections.

Spain

[edit]

Since the 2008–2014 Spanish financial crisis began, Spain had had one of the highest unemployment rates in Europe, reaching a eurozone record of 21.3%.[60][61] The number of unemployed people in Spain stood at 4,910,200 at the end of March 2011, up about 214,000 from the previous quarter,[62] while the youth unemployment rate stands at 43.5%, the highest in the European Union.[63] In September 2010 the government approved a sweeping overhaul of the labour market designed to reduce unemployment and revive the economy.[64][65] Large trade unions such as CCOO and Unión General de Trabajadores (UGT), among other minor ones, rejected the plan because it made it easier and cheaper for employers to hire and fire workers. Trade unions called for the first general strike in a decade, on 29 September 2010.[66]

The anti-austerity movement in Spain, also referred to as the 15-M Movement[67] and the Indignados Movement,[68] was a series of protests, demonstrations, and occupations against austerity policies in Spain that began around the local and regional elections of 2011 and 2012.[69][68] First starting on 15 May 2011, many of the subsequent demonstrations spread through various social networks such as Real Democracy NOW (Spanish: Democracia Real YA) and Youth Without a Future (Spanish: Juventud Sin Futuro).[70] According to RTVE, the Spanish public broadcasting company, between 6.5 and 8 million Spaniards participated in these events.[71]

Catalonia

[edit]

The 2009–2011 Catalan independence referendums, a series of non-binding and unofficial referendums, "popular votes" (consultes populars), took place in municipalities around Catalonia. In them voters indicated whether they supported Catalan independence from Spain. The first such referendum took place in Arenys de Munt on 13 September 2009: there followed votes in Sant Jaume de Frontanyà on 12 December and in 166 other municipalities on 13 December. Another vote ensued in April 2011 in Barcelona. Provisional figures for the 13 December vote suggest a turnout of around 200,000 (30% of those eligible to vote).

The 2012 Catalan independence demonstration was a protest march which occurred in central Barcelona in Catalonia, Spain, on 11 September 2012 during the National Day of Catalonia.[72][73][74] Many newspapers and other news agencies described it as a "historic" demonstration and considered it to be the biggest protest march ever held in Catalonia since the restoration of democracy in Spain,[75][76][77][78][79][80] surpassing other major demonstrations, including the 2010 Catalan autonomy protest.[81][82]

A non-binding Catalan self-determination referendum was held on Sunday, 9 November 2014, to gauge support on the political future of Catalonia. While also referred to as "Catalan independence referendum",[83][84][85] the vote was rebranded as a "participation process" by the Government of Catalonia, after a "non-referendum popular consultation" on the same topic and for the same date had been suspended by the Constitutional Court of Spain.[86]

The 2017–2018 Spanish constitutional crisis started after the law intending to allow the 2017 Catalan independence referendum was denounced by the Spanish government under Prime Minister Mariano Rajoy and subsequently suspended by the Constitutional Court until it ruled on the issue.[87][88] Some international media outlets have described the events as "one of the worst political crises in modern Spanish history".[89]

The Catalan independence referendum of 2017 was held on 1 October 2017 in the Spanish autonomous community of Catalonia, passed by the Parliament of Catalonia as the Law on the Referendum on Self-determination of Catalonia and called by the Generalitat de Catalunya.[90][91][92] It was declared unconstitutional[93][94][95] on 7 September 2017 and suspended by the Constitutional Court of Spain after a request from the Spanish government, who declared it a breach of the Spanish Constitution.[96][97][98] Additionally, in early September the High Court of Justice of Catalonia had issued orders to the police to try to prevent it, including the detention of various persons responsible for its preparation.[99][100][101] Due to alleged irregularities during the voting process as well as to the use of force by the National Police Corps and Civil Guard, international observers invited by the Generalitat declared that the referendum failed to meet the minimum international standards for elections.[102][103][104]

On 27 October, the Catalan parliament voted in a secret ballot to unilaterally declare independence from Spain, with most deputies of the opposition boycotting a vote considered illegal for violating the decisions of the Constitutional Court of Spain, as the lawyers of the Parliament of Catalonia warned.[105][106][107] As a result, the government of Spain invoked the Constitution to remove the regional authorities and enforce direct rule the next day,[108][109][110] with a regional election being subsequently called for 21 December 2017 to elect a new Parliament of Catalonia.[111] Puigdemont and part of his cabinet fled to Belgium after being ousted,[112] as the Spanish Attorney General pressed for charges of sedition, rebellion and misuse of public funds against them.[113][114][115]

The trial of Catalonia independence leaders began on 12 February 2019 in the Supreme Court of Spain, in which 12 people were tried, including the previous vice president Oriol Junqueras of the regional government and most of the cabinet as well as political activists Jordi Sànchez and Jordi Cuixart and the former Speaker of the Parliament of Catalonia Carme Forcadell. Nine of the 12 accused received prison sentences for the crimes of sedition; of them, four were also found guilty of misuse of public funds. Their sentences ranged from 9 to 13 years. The remaining three accused were found guilty of disobedience and were sentenced to pay a fine but received no prison term. The court dismissed the charges of rebellion.[116] The verdict delivered by the Supreme Court sparked multiple protests across the region.

United Kingdom

[edit]
See also: Premiership of David Cameron, Premiership of Theresa May, and Premiership of Boris Johnson

Following the 2010 general election, negotiations led to David Cameron becoming prime minister as the head of a coalition government with the Liberal Democrats – the youngest holder of the office since the 1810s and the first coalition government in the country's history since World War II.[117][118] His premiership was marked by the effects of the Great Recession; these involved a large deficit in government finances that his government sought to reduce through austerity measures. His administration passed the Health and Social Care Act and the Welfare Reform Act, which introduced large-scale changes to healthcare and welfare. He also enforced stricter immigration policies,[119] introduced reforms to education and oversaw the 2012 London Olympics. The government privatised the Royal Mail and some other state assets, and legalised same-sex marriage in England and Wales. The Scottish National Party (SNP) became dominant in Scotland over the decade, with a referendum on Scottish independence held in 2014, returning a negative result.

When the Conservatives secured an unexpected majority in the 2015 general election, Cameron remained as prime minister, this time leading a Conservative-only government. Meanwhile, the Conservative's coalition partner, the Liberal Democrats, saw their worst result in the party's modern history. Also in 2015, the Labour Party elected Jeremy Corbyn as its leader, who was considered the most left-wing leader of the party since Michael Foot (1980–83).[120] Cameron's second ministry was dominated by the 2016 referendum on the UK's continuing membership of the EU. Cameron introduced the referendum in order to fulfill a manifesto pledge, but campaigned on the side of the "remain" vote, along with most of the other major parties. Some members of the Conservatives, as well as the Democratic Unionist Party (DUP) and UK Independence Party (UKIP), campaigned to "leave." The "leave" vote unexpectedly won, and a few hours later Cameron announced he would resign.[121] A leadership election was held and Cameron was succeeded by Theresa May.[121][122]

May became the UK's second female prime minister after Margaret Thatcher, as well as the first woman to hold two of the Great Offices of State. She began the process of withdrawing the UK from the European Union, triggering Article 50 in March 2017. The following month, she announced a snap general election, with the aims of strengthening her hand in Brexit negotiations and campaigning on "strong and stable" leadership.[123][124] This election resulted in a hung parliament, in which the Conservatives actually losing seats, despite the party winning its highest vote share since 1983. The loss of an overall majority prompted her to enter a confidence and supply arrangement with the DUP of Northern Ireland to support a minority government. After versions of her draft withdrawal agreement were rejected by Parliament three times, she resigned in 2019 and was succeeded by Boris Johnson, her former Foreign Secretary. Following further defeats in Parliament, Johnson prorogued parliament, an act deemed illegal by the Supreme Court. Johnson then called a snap election in 2019, where he campaigned on a platform to "Get Brexit Done." The Conservatives won the largest majority in the House of Commons since the 1987 election, leading to the passing of a Brexit deal early in the next decade.[125]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "Country Profile: Albania". IFES Election Guide. Retrieved 5 July 2013.
  2. ^ Robinson, Matt (25 June 2013). "Albanians hand Socialists a landslide, wait on PM to concede". Reuters. Retrieved 5 July 2013.
  3. ^ "Berisha jep dorëheqjen". Top Channel. 26 June 2013. Retrieved 7 July 2013.
  4. ^ Koleka, Benet (26 June 2013). "Albanian leader concedes defeat, soothes fears of poll dispute". Yahoo. Archived from the original on 28 June 2013. Retrieved 5 July 2013.
  5. ^ "Albania: Europe's cannabis paradise - Europe - DW - 02.01.2017". DW.COM.
  6. ^ "Albanian protesters rally, pitch tent to demand free elections". 18 February 2017 – via Reuters.
  7. ^ "Albania Opposition Ignores EU Call to End Protests". 23 February 2017.
  8. ^ "Protesters in Albania again demand Prime Minister Rama quit". Deutsche Welle. DW News. 9 July 2019.
  9. ^ "Kurz Set to Become Austrian Chancellor, Backed by Nationalists". Bloomberg. 18 December 2017. Retrieved 18 December 2017.
  10. ^ "Austria chancellor calls for snap election after corruption scandal". BBC News. 18 May 2019. Archived from the original on 18 May 2019. Retrieved 18 May 2019.
  11. ^ Bennhold, Katrin; Schuetze, Christopher F. (18 May 2019). "Austrian Leader Calls for Snap Election After Far-Right Vice Chancellor Resigns". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 18 May 2019. Retrieved 18 May 2019.
  12. ^ "La Belgique sans gouvernement: le Cambodge a fait mieux". L'Echo. 30 March 2011. Retrieved 4 April 2011.
  13. ^ "New government sworn in at Laken Castle". FlandersNews.be. 6 December 2011. Archived from the original on 7 December 2011.
  14. ^ Belgium ends record-breaking government-free run. CNN, 2011-12-06.
  15. ^ Jackson, Patrick (2 December 2011). "Profile: Belgium's Elio Di Rupo". BBC News. Retrieved 8 December 2011.
  16. ^ "Sophie Wilmès (MR) wordt nieuwe premier in lopende zaken: "Alles aan doen om de stabiliteit te verzekeren"" [Sophie Wilmès (MR) to become new Prime Minister of caretaker cabinet: "Give it all to ensure stability"] (in Dutch). vrt.be. 26 October 2019. Retrieved 27 October 2019.
  17. ^ "Oko 50 ljudi okupilo se na protestima u Prijedoru" [About 50 people gathered to protest in Prijedor] (in Bosnian). BA: Avaz. 8 February 2014. Archived from the original on 21 February 2014. Retrieved 8 February 2014.
  18. ^ a b "Mirni protesti u Bijeljini" [Peaceful protests in Bijeljina] (in Croatian). BA: Haber. 9 February 2014. Archived from the original on 22 February 2014. Retrieved 9 February 2014.
  19. ^ "Thousands turn out for second day of Bosnian anti-government protests". EuroNews. 7 February 2014. Archived from the original on 7 February 2014. Retrieved 7 February 2014.
  20. ^ "Dismal outlook in Bosnia prompts violent protest". DW. DE. 7 February 2014. Retrieved 7 February 2014.
  21. ^ "Solidarity with the workers and youth of Bosnia and Hercegovina! US and EU hands off Bosnia!". Rakovsky Center. 10 February 2014. Archived from the original on 23 September 2015. Retrieved 25 November 2021.
  22. ^ "Who is behind Bosnia's riots?". Al Jazeera. 10 February 2014.
  23. ^ "ITUC Frontlines Report 2012: Section on Bulgaria". Novinite. 10 October 2012. Retrieved 10 October 2012.
  24. ^ Kotseva, Antonia (30 December 2013). "Събитията от 2013 г., които ще оставят белези" (in Bulgarian). novinite.bg. Retrieved 22 November 2015.
  25. ^ Nekov 2013, p. 391.
  26. ^ "2nd LD Writethru: Bulgarian parliament elects new government|chinadaily.com.cn". Archived from the original on 3 December 2013. Retrieved 16 November 2013.
  27. ^ "Mass rallies grip Bulgarian politics". Retrieved 5 July 2015.
  28. ^ "Тежката равносметка за годината на "Орешарски", протести, скандали, трудно работещ парламент..." (in Bulgarian). Bulgariautre.bg. 24 July 2014. Retrieved 26 August 2014.
  29. ^ Smilov, Daniel (12 June 2020). "Протестите от 14 юни 2013: да видим каква е България седем години по-късно" (in Bulgarian). dw.com. Retrieved 11 July 2020.
  30. ^ Nekov 2013, p. 46.
  31. ^ "Сидеров поиска незабавна оставка на кабинета и избори на 20 юли (видео + обновена)" (in Bulgarian). novini.bg. 11 June 2014. Archived from the original on 14 June 2014. Retrieved 15 June 2014.
  32. ^ "EU Summit: Accession Treaty with Croatia to be signed in 2011". eu2011.hu. 27 June 2011. Archived from the original on 30 June 2011. Retrieved 30 June 2011.
  33. ^ Chrisafis, Angélique (13 January 2013). "Mali: high stakes in 'Hollande's war'". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 2 February 2013.
  34. ^ Fouquet, Helene (26 January 2012). "Socialist Hollande Pledges Tax Breaks End, Eased Pension Measure". Bloomberg. Retrieved 6 May 2012.(subscription required)
  35. ^ Beauchamp, Zack (May 5, 2017). "Macron vs. Le Pen: the French presidential election, explained". Vox. Retrieved January 13, 2020.
  36. ^ Nossiter, Adam (December 5, 2018). "How France's 'Yellow Vests' Differ From Populist Movements Elsewhere". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved January 13, 2020.
  37. ^ Lee, Frances E. (3 September 2019). "Populism and the American Party System: Opportunities and Constraints". Perspectives on Politics. 18 (2): 371. doi:10.1017/s1537592719002664. ISSN 1537-5927.
  38. ^ "What to do when Viktor Orban erodes democracy". The Economist. Retrieved 17 December 2017.
  39. ^ Kingsley, Patrick (10 February 2018). "As West Fears the Rise of Autocrats, Hungary Shows What's Possible". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 10 February 2018.
  40. ^ "The EU is tolerating—and enabling—authoritarian kleptocracy in Hungary". The Economist. 5 April 2018. ISSN 0013-0613. Retrieved 5 July 2021.
  41. ^ "Full text of Viktor Orbán's speech at Băile Tuşnad (Tusnádfürdő) of 26 July 2014". The Budapest Beacon. 30 July 2014.
  42. ^ "Hungarian PM sees shift to illiberal Christian democracy in 2019 European vote". Reuters. 28 July 2018. Retrieved 29 July 2020. Hungarian Prime Minister Viktor Orban said on Saturday that European parliament elections next year could bring about a shift toward illiberal "Christian democracy" in the European Union that would end the era of multiculturalism.
  43. ^ a b Garzia, Diego (April 16, 2019). "The Italian election of 2018 and the first populist government of Western Europe". West European Politics. 42 (3): 670–680. doi:10.1080/01402382.2018.1535381. hdl:1814/69628. ISSN 0140-2382. S2CID 158503952.
  44. ^ Dionisi, Brenda (9 May 2013). "It's a governissimo!". The Florentine. Archived from the original on 10 December 2014. Retrieved 24 September 2013.
  45. ^ "Renzi: con 47, 8 anni di media, è il governo più giovane di sempre". Corriere Della Sera. 21 February 2014. Retrieved 23 February 2014.
  46. ^ "UPDATE 2-Renzi's triumph in EU vote gives mandate for Italian reform". Reuters. 26 May 2014. Retrieved 9 June 2015.
  47. ^ "Italy Prime Minister Mattro Renzi on Senate Reform". Bloomberg. 29 September 2015. Retrieved 29 September 2015.
  48. ^ "Renzi Gives Italians Lower Taxes, Higher Cash Use to Back Growth". Bloomberg.com. Bloomberg. 15 October 2015. Retrieved 15 October 2015.
  49. ^ "Italy PM Renzi attacks northern regions for refusing migrants". BBC News. 8 June 2015
  50. ^ "Italy coastguard: 3,000 migrants rescued in one day in Mediterranean". The Guardian. 23 August 2015.
  51. ^ "L'analisi del sondaggista: "Con l'immigrazione, Renzi perde tra i 2 e i 4 milioni di voti"" (in Italian). Ilgiornale.it. 25 August 2015. Retrieved 4 March 2018.
  52. ^ Sala, Alessandro (3 April 2018). "Elezioni 2018: M5S primo partito, nel centrodestra la Lega supera FI".
  53. ^ "Elezioni politiche: vincono M5s e Lega. Crollo del Partito democratico. Centrodestra prima coalizione. Il Carroccio sorpassa Forza Italia". 4 March 2018.
  54. ^ Jason Horowitz, Italy’s Populist Parties Win Approval to Form Government, New York Times (May 31, 2018).
  55. ^ Jamie McGeever, Populism surge intensifies spotlight on economic, market orthodoxy, Reuters (June 1, 2018).
  56. ^ "L'analisi/19 marzo: Di Maio si apre a dialogo, Colle dà tempo ma a luglio è deadline - Politica". 11 March 2018.
  57. ^ Borrelli, Silvia Sciorilli (August 20, 2019). "Italian PM Conte resigns". POLITICO.
  58. ^ "Governo, Conte annuncia i ministri: Gualtieri all'Economia, Lamorgese all'Interno, Di Maio agli Esteri. Fraccaro sottosegretario alla presidenza dopo lite tra il premier e il capo politico M5S". la Repubblica. September 4, 2019.
  59. ^ Barry, Ellen; Schwirtz, Michael (March 5, 2012). "Observers Detail Fraud in Russian Election Won by Putin". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved January 10, 2020.
  60. ^ "Spain unemployment hits record high". BBC News. 2013-04-25. Retrieved 2020-06-08.
  61. ^ Alomon, Kyle (14 July 2011). "Who's got the highest (and lowest) unemployment rates?". www.cnn.com. Retrieved 2 June 2020.
  62. ^ "Unemployment in Spain rises sharply to 21.3 percent". EITB. Archived from the original on 3 May 2011. Retrieved 30 May 2011.
  63. ^ "El desempleo juvenil alcanza en España su mayor tasa en 16 años". La Voz de Galicia. Retrieved 30 May 2011.
  64. ^ Buck, Tobias (18 December 2013). "OECD hails Spain's labour market reform". www.ft.com. Retrieved 2020-06-13.
  65. ^ Donadio, Rachel; Fuchs, Dale (2010-02-17). "Spanish Premier Insists Economic Recovery Is Near". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2020-06-13.
  66. ^ "Spain overhauls labour market, as unions plan general strike". Yahoo!. Archived from the original on 18 July 2011. Retrieved 30 May 2011.
  67. ^ "Tahrir Square in Madrid: Spain's Lost Generation Finds Its Voice". Der Spiegel. Retrieved 7 July 2011.
  68. ^ a b Rainsford, Sarah (14 October 2011). "Spain's 'Indignants' lead international protest day". BBC. Retrieved 15 October 2011.
  69. ^ Vanden, Harry E.; Funke, Peter N.; Prevost, Gary (2017-03-16). The New Global Politics: Global Social Movements in the Twenty-First Century. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-1-315-52228-9.
  70. ^ Alcaide, Soledad (17 May 2011). "Movimiento 15-M: los ciudadanos exigen reconstruir la política (15-M Movement: citizens demand political reconstruction)". El País. Archived from the original on 22 May 2011. Retrieved 22 May 2011.
  71. ^ "Ipsos Public Affairs' statistic about Spanish protests". RTVE. Retrieved 5 August 2011.
  72. ^ Khazan, Olga (11 September 2012). "Catalonia rallies for independence on 'Catalan National Day'". The Washington Post. Retrieved 14 September 2012.
  73. ^ "Catalonia 'National Day' protest in Barcelona". Euro News. 12 September 2012. Archived from the original on 15 September 2012. Retrieved 14 September 2012.
  74. ^ Goodman, Al (12 September 2012). "Throngs push Catalan independence amid Spain's economic crisis". Madrid. CNN. Retrieved 15 September 2012.
  75. ^ "Catalanes realizan manifestación histórica para reclamar su independencia" (in Spanish). Semana.com. 11 September 2012. Archived from the original on 24 November 2012. Retrieved 15 September 2012.
  76. ^ "La prensa internacional reconoce la histórica manifestación de la Diada" (in Spanish). La Vanguardia.com. 12 September 2012. Retrieved 15 September 2012.
  77. ^ Reino, Cristian (12 September 2012). "Una manifestación histórica exige la independencia de Cataluña" (in Spanish). Barcelona. HOY.es. Retrieved 15 September 2012.
  78. ^ "Cataluña acoge hoy una manifestación independentista histórica" (in Spanish). Barcelona. Ine.es. 12 September 2012. Retrieved 15 September 2012.
  79. ^ "1,5 milions de persones demanen la independència de Catalunya en una manifestació rècord" (in Catalan). Barcelona. 324. 11 September 2012. Retrieved 13 September 2012.
  80. ^ "Empieza la lucha por capitalizar la histórica manifestación de Barcelona" (in Spanish). GARA. 13 September 2012. Archived from the original on 16 September 2012. Retrieved 15 September 2012.
  81. ^ Rico, Jose; Julve, Rafa (12 September 2012). "Goleada independentista, la mayor manifestación en BCN" (in Spanish). elPeriódico.com. Retrieved 15 September 2012.
  82. ^ "Catalan protesters rally for greater autonomy in Spain". BBC News. 10 July 2010. Retrieved 17 September 2012.
  83. ^ "Catalonia president signs independence referendum decree". BBC News. 27 September 2014. Retrieved 27 September 2014.
  84. ^ Moffett, Matt. "Catalan Leader Signs Decree for Independence Referendum". WSJ. Retrieved 27 September 2014.
  85. ^ "Catalonian leader orders referendum on independence from Spain". Reuters. 27 September 2014. Retrieved 27 September 2014.
  86. ^ "Non-referendum popular consultation on the political future of Catalonia 2014". Generalitat de Catalunya. Archived from the original on 6 October 2014. Retrieved 22 October 2014.
  87. ^ "Spain Catalonia: Court blocks independence referendum". BBC News. 8 September 2017. Retrieved 9 September 2017.
  88. ^ Strange, Hannah (7 September 2017). "Spain's constitutional court suspends Catalan referendum law". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 9 September 2017.
  89. ^ Stothard, Michael (20 September 2017). "Spanish national police raid Catalan government headquarters". Financial Times. Madrid. Retrieved 20 September 2017.
  90. ^ Giles, Ciaran; Parra, Aritz (17 October 2017). "Spain: Top court officially rules Catalan referendum illegal". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved 20 October 2017.
  91. ^ "El gobierno de Cataluña convocó para el 1 de octubre el referéndum de autodeterminación". Infobae (in Spanish). 6 September 2017. Retrieved 20 October 2017.
  92. ^ Jones, Sam (6 September 2017). "Catalonia to hold independence vote despite anger in Madrid". The Guardian. Retrieved 16 October 2017.
  93. ^ "Why the referendum on Catalan independence is illegal". The Economist. 26 September 2017.
  94. ^ "How to Stage an Illegal Referendum". Bloomberg.com. 20 September 2017.
  95. ^ Alandete, David (10 October 2017). "Independence in Catalonia – now what?". El País.
  96. ^ "Spain Catalonia: Court blocks independence referendum". BBC News. 8 September 2017. Retrieved 18 October 2017.
  97. ^ "Recurso de inconstitucionalidad n.º 4334-2017, contra la Ley del Parlamento de Cataluña 19/2017, de 6 de septiembre, del Referéndum de Autodeterminación" (PDF) (in Spanish). Agencia Estatal Boletín Oficial del Estado. 6 September 2017. Retrieved 5 October 2017.
  98. ^ Duarte, Esteban (11 September 2017). "Catalan Separatists Plot Show of Force in Battle With Madrid". Bloomberg. Retrieved 13 September 2017.
  99. ^ Carranco, Rebeca; García, Jesús (21 September 2017). "La justicia desmonta la organización del referéndum ilegal de Cataluña". El País (in Spanish).
  100. ^ "Una juez ordena a Google eliminar la aplicación sobre el referéndum catalán". Reuters (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 2017-10-05.
  101. ^ "Catalonia's Superior Court also orders Catalan Police to close off planned polling stations". El Nacional.
  102. ^ Colomé, Jordi Pérez (3 October 2017). "La misión de observadores concluye que el referéndum no cumple los "estándares internacionales"". El País (in Spanish). "La Misión debe concluir que el referéndum, tal y como se hizo, no puede cumplir con los estándares internacionales" The Mission must conclude that the referendum, as it was done, can not meet international standards
  103. ^ "Did the referendum comply with basic voting regulations?". El País. 3 October 2017.
  104. ^ Gallego-Díaz, Soledad (5 October 2017). "Mediaciones e instituciones". Hoy por hoy (in European Spanish). Cadena SER.
  105. ^ "Un Parlament semivacío consuma en voto secreto la rebelión contra el Estado". El Mundo (in Spanish). 27 October 2017. Retrieved 27 October 2017.
  106. ^ "Los letrados del Parlament advierten de que la votación de la DUI es ilegal". 20 minutos (in Spanish). 27 October 2017. Retrieved 28 October 2017.
  107. ^ "PPC, PSC y Ciudadanos abandonarán el Parlament si se vota la resolución de Junts pel Sí y la CUP". La Vanguardia (in Spanish). 27 October 2017. Retrieved 28 October 2017.
  108. ^ "Catalan crisis: Regional MPs debate Spain takeover bid". BBC. 26 October 2017. Retrieved 27 October 2017.
  109. ^ "Catalan crisis: Spain PM Rajoy demands direct rule". BBC. 27 October 2017. Retrieved 27 October 2017.
  110. ^ "Catalonia's longest week". BBC News. 4 November 2017. Retrieved 7 November 2017.
  111. ^ "Catalonia independence: Rajoy dissolves Catalan parliament". BBC News. Barcelona, Madrid. 27 October 2017. Retrieved 27 October 2017.
  112. ^ "Sacked Catalan leader 'in Belgium'". BBC News. 30 October 2017. Retrieved 31 October 2017.
  113. ^ Guindal, Carlota (30 October 2017). "La Fiscalía se querella contra Puigdemont y el Govern por rebelión y sedición". La Vanguardia (in Spanish). Retrieved 30 October 2017.
  114. ^ Jones, Sam (30 October 2017). "Spanish prosecutor calls for rebellion charges against Catalan leaders". The Guardian. Barcelona. Retrieved 30 October 2017.
  115. ^ "Catalan independence: Spain high court summons dismissed leader". BBC News. 31 October 2017. Retrieved 31 October 2017.
  116. ^ "Spain court gives Catalan leaders long jail terms". BBC. 14 October 2019.
  117. ^ "TIMELINE-UK coalition government's first year in power". Reuters. May 10, 2011. Retrieved January 26, 2020.
  118. ^ Hough, Andrew (11 May 2010). "David Cameron becomes youngest Prime Minister in almost 200 years". The Daily Telegraph. London. Archived from the original on 13 May 2010. Retrieved 11 May 2010.
  119. ^ Morris, Nigel (22 May 2014). "David Cameron sticks to his guns on immigration reduction pledge even while numbers rise". The Independent. London, England: Independent Print Ltd. Archived from the original on 2022-05-01. Retrieved 5 July 2014.
  120. ^ "Who is Jeremy Corbyn: The Most Left-Wing Leader of the Labour Party". InsideOver. Retrieved January 26, 2020.
  121. ^ a b "EU referendum: UK votes to leave in historic referendum". BBC News. 24 June 2016. Retrieved 24 June 2016.
  122. ^ Stewart, Heather; Mason, Rowena; Syal, Rajeev (24 June 2016). "David Cameron resigns after UK votes to leave European Union". The Guardian. London, England. PM announces resignation following victory for leave supporters after divisive referendum campaign
  123. ^ Crace, John (9 July 2018). "Political crises don't come much bigger than Brexit". GQ. Retrieved 10 July 2018.
  124. ^ "General election 2017: Why did Theresa May call an election?". BBC News. 9 June 2017. Archived from the original on 5 September 2017. Retrieved 4 September 2017.
  125. ^ "The world this week – Blue Wave: Biggest Conservative win since 1987". France 24. December 14, 2019. Retrieved January 26, 2020.

Bibliography

[edit]
Retrieved from "https://wiki.riteme.site/w/index.php?title=2010s_in_European_political_history&oldid=1254285570"