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The '''2008 Zimbabwean cholera outbreak''' is an ongoing [[cholera]] [[epidemic]] in [[Zimbabwe]] that began in August 2008, swept across the country<ref name=failing>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/7771184.stm|title=Failing Zimbabwe: Reporter round-up|date=10 Dec 2008|publisher=BBC|accessdate=2008-12-10}}</ref> and spread to [[Botswana]], [[Mozambique]], [[South Africa]] and [[Zambia]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/7768740.stm|title=PM urges Zimbabwe cholera action|date=6 Dec 2008|publisher=BBC|accessdate=2008-12-06}}</ref><ref name=Milliband>{{cite news|url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/africa/article5294534.ece|title=Miliband backs African calls for end of Mugabe|date=5 Dec 2008|publisher=The Times (UK)|accessdate=2008-12-05}}</ref> By 18 December 2008 there had been 20,581 reported cases, of whom 1,123 died.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/7789263.stm|title=Zimbabwe cholera outbreak widens|date=18 Dec 2008|publisher=BBC|accessdate=2008-12-18}}</ref> The [[Government of Zimbabwe|Zimbabwean government]] declared the outbreak a [[national emergency]] and requested [[international aid]].<ref name= "Zimbabwe declares national emergency over cholera">{{cite news|url=http://www.reuters.com/article/worldNews/idUSTRE4B31T420081204?feedType=RSS&feedName=worldNews&rpc=69&pageNumber=2&virtualBrandChannel=0|title=Zimbabwe declares national emergency over cholera|date=Dec 4, 2008|publisher=Reuters|accessdate=2008-12-04}}</ref>
The '''2008 Zimbabwean cholera outbreak''' is an ongoing [[cholera]] [[epidemic]] in [[Zimbabwe]] that began in August 2008, swept across the country<ref name=failing>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/7771184.stm|title=Failing Zimbabwe: Reporter round-up|date=10 Dec 2008|publisher=BBC|accessdate=2008-12-10}}</ref> and spread to [[Botswana]], [[Mozambique]], [[South Africa]] and [[Zambia]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/7768740.stm|title=PM urges Zimbabwe cholera action|date=6 Dec 2008|publisher=BBC|accessdate=2008-12-06}}</ref><ref name=Milliband>{{cite news|url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/africa/article5294534.ece|title=Miliband backs African calls for end of Mugabe|date=5 Dec 2008|publisher=The Times (UK)|accessdate=2008-12-05}}</ref> By 18 December 2008 there had been 20,581 reported cases, of whom 1,123 died.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/7789263.stm|title=Zimbabwe cholera outbreak widens|date=18 Dec 2008|publisher=BBC|accessdate=2008-12-18}}</ref> The [[Government of Zimbabwe|Zimbabwean government]] declared the outbreak a [[national emergency]] and requested [[international aid]].<ref name= "Zimbabwe declares national emergency over cholera">{{cite news|url=http://www.reuters.com/article/worldNews/idUSTRE4B31T420081204?feedType=RSS&feedName=worldNews&rpc=69&pageNumber=2&virtualBrandChannel=0|title=Zimbabwe declares national emergency over cholera|date=Dec 4, 2008|publisher=Reuters|accessdate=2008-12-04}}</ref>


Hi max!


'''I AM SORRY'''''
'''I AM SORRY'''''

Revision as of 17:10, 23 December 2008

A map showing the spread of cholera in and around Zimbabwe as of 6 December 2008, using data from several sources.[1][2][3] Wards where cholera cases have been reported are marked in orange.

The 2008 Zimbabwean cholera outbreak is an ongoing cholera epidemic in Zimbabwe that began in August 2008, swept across the country[4] and spread to Botswana, Mozambique, South Africa and Zambia.[5][6] By 18 December 2008 there had been 20,581 reported cases, of whom 1,123 died.[7] The Zimbabwean government declared the outbreak a national emergency and requested international aid.[8]

Hi max!

I AM SORRY

Italic text

Causes

An open drain in Kuwadzana township, Harare in 2004. By 2008 drains such as this were carrying sewage from burst sewage pipes and faeces washed out of the neighbouring areas as the urban sanitation system collapsed. This contributed to the rapid spread of the cholera outbreak.

The principal cause of the outbreak is lack of access to safe water in urban areas. This is due to the collapse of the urban water supply,[9] sanitation[10] and garbage collection systems,[11] along with the onset of the rainy season leading to contaminated faeces being washed into water sources,[12] as well as providing readily available but contaminated water.[13] Due to a shortage of purification chemicals, the capital city of Harare stopped receiving piped water on 1 December 2008.[14] By that date, many suburbs had not had any water supply for much longer.[15] On 4 December 2008, the Zimbabwe deputy minister for water and infrastructural development stated that there were only sufficient treatment chemicals in stock nationally for twelve weeks supply.[16] The collapse of these systems has frequently been blamed on the current economic crisis.[17][18] Attempts have also been made to attribute the blame to colonial rule, although Zimbabwe had become a fully independent nation 28 years earlier, in 1980.[19] Many households cannot even afford sufficient fuel to boil all of their water.[20]

The cholera epidemic in Zimbabwe has had an unusually high fatality rate. According to Oxfam, "this is due to the fact Zimbabweans are seriously weakened by hunger, HIV and AIDS".[20]

A major contributing factor to the severity of the outbreak is the collapse of Zimbabwe's public health system, declared a national emergency on 4 December 2008.[21] By the end of November 2008, three of Zimbabwe's four major hospitals had shut down, along with the Zimbabwe Medical School, and the fourth major hospital had two wards and no operating theatres working.[22][23] Zimbabwean hospitals still open by December 2008 lacked medicines and staff. Due to hyperinflation, hospitals were not able to buy basic drugs and medicines, and the resources of even internationally–funded emergency clinics are stretched.[13] The ongoing political and economic crisis also contributed to the emigration of the doctors and people with medical knowledge.[24] Some victims were travelling to Botswana and other neighbouring countries for treatment.[17]

Impact

The spread of cholera in Zimbabwe: (top) The number of cases recorded in the most infected centres and districts, and in the remainder of each province of Zimbabwe as of 17 December 2008. (bottom) Total number of reported cases. Since totals for many districts are not updated daily, so the first occurence of a case may represent the date of the reporting of that case, not the date of infection. Data sources: United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs[10][14][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35] and International Federation of the Red Cross and Red Crescent.[1][36]

The outbreak began in Chitungwiza on 27 August 2008, with the first case in Harare reported four days later. The next district to report cholera was Kariba on 21 September 2008, with Makonde following on 3 October 2008.[28] Thereafter, the disease spread to reach all but one of Zimbabwe's ten provinces.[11]

The number of infected cases reported by the United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs escalated from 30 on 1 September 2008[37] to 15,572 by 10 December.[26] It was argued by some agencies that the reported number of cases probably under–estimated the extent of the outbreak, since many people were unlikely to have reached the clinics or treatment where the numbers were recorded. The head of the British Department for International Development in Harare said

"there are probably twice as many people with cholera as turn up for treatment"[38]

Official estimates of fatalities have run from 484 to 800, since the outbreak in August 2008,[39] with an upper estimate of 3,000 from an anonymous senior official in the Ministry of Health and Child Welfare.[15] Fatality rates varied from 2.5% in Harare to 18% in Chitungwiza. [40]In Harare, the crisis reached the extent that the city council offered free graves to cholera victims.[12] On 4 December, Oxfam estimated that by the end of March 2009, some 60,000 would be infected.[18] By 7 December, Oxfam had revised their estimate to 60,000 cases by the end of January 2009 and a 10% fatality rate,[20] with UNICEF giving a similar estimate.[41] On 4 December 2008, the Zimbabwe government declared the outbreak to be a national emergency.[21]

Politicisation

As the outbreak and health crisis grew worse, American and British leaders cited the crisis as further proof that it was, in their view, "well past time for (President) Robert Mugabe to leave"[42] and that Zimbabwe had become a failed state.[43] The Zimbabwe government and state media responded by blaming the outbreak on European and American sanctions[44] and accused Britain of plotting an invasion under the cover of the outbreak.[45] Information minister Sikhanyiso Ndlovu blamed the cholera deaths on Western sanctions, saying "the cholera issue has been used to drive a wedge among us".[46] On December 12, Ndlovu repeated his accusation, and claimed that the cholera outbreak was actually a "serious biological–chemical weapon" attack by the United Kingdom, which Ndlovu asserted was trying to commit genocide.[47] Said Ndlovu:

"Cholera is a calculated, racist, terrorist attack on Zimbabwe by the unrepentant former colonial power, which has enlisted support from its American and Western allies so that they can invade the country."[48][49]

In the meantime, a senior ZANU–PF official argued that the government and party leadership was more focussed on the forthcoming ZANU–PF conference than on the current crisis.[50] On 11 December 2008, President Robert Mugabe made a speech screened on national television in which he said:

"I am happy to say our doctors have been assisted by others and WHO (the World Health Organization)... so now that there is no cholera... Because of cholera, Mr Brown wants a military intervention... Bush wants military intervention because of cholera... There is no cause for war any more. The cholera cause doesn’t exist any more."[51][52]

However, reports from the WHO contradicted Mugabe’s view and indicate a growing death toll. According to the WHO, as of 8th December nearly 800 people had died of cholera and more than 16,000 cases were being treated.[51] Later that same day, Zimbabwean visas were denied to six French aid workers, including three crisis management specialists, two epidemiologists and a water treatment expert.[53] Britain's Africa minister, Mark Malloch–Brown dismissed Mugabe's claim that the Zimbabwe cholera crisis is over, commenting as follows:

"I don't know what world he [Mugabe] is living in. There is a raging humanitarian crisis in Zimbabwe as well as an economic crisis and still there is no representative government able to lead the country out of this disaster.."[54]

The French foreign ministry and USAID also contradicted Mugabe's statements and called on him on allow aid to reach the people in need.[54][43]

Response

Assistance has been made available by numerous international agencies,[13] and funding for water, sanitation and hygiene programmes, epidemic response and the provision of essential drugs has come through from several governments and trans–governmental organisations:

Government or Agency Amount Date
Australia Government of Australia AUS$8,000,000 for food and emergency aid 2 December 2008 .[55]
Botswana Government of Botswana US$300,000 3 December 2008 [56]
France Government of France €200,000 for water purification tablets and distribution points
Water treatment equipment 		4 December 2008 [57]
11 December 2008 [58]
Germany Government of Germany €1,000,000 to the Red Cross 8 December 2008 [59]
Namibia Government of Namibia US$165,000 of medical supplies 7 December 2008.[60]
Netherlands Government of the Netherlands €5,000,000 for medication, drinking water and water purification tablets December 2008.[61]
South Africa Government of South Africa Emergency food and medicine 4 December 2008 [62][42]
Switzerland Government of Switzerland US$820,000 to an emergency aid programme and logistical support for UN agencies 9 December 2008 [63]
United Kingdom Government of United Kingdom £3,000,000 November 2008 [9]
United States USAID US$6,200,000 for health, water and sanitation programmes 11 December 2008 [43]
African Union African Union US$100,000 11 December 2008 [64]
European Union European Commission €9,000,000 3 December 2008 [65]
World Health Organisation US$340,000 of medication and supplies 4 December 2008 [66]
Giving Children Hope and
File:World Vision.png World Vision 		US$500,000 of medication 2 December 2008 [67]
Red Cross over 13 tons of medical supplies 4 December 2008 [66]

By 7 December, UNICEF had secured sufficient international donor funding to provide sufficient water treatment chemicals for three weeks water supply for Harare and had arranged a shipment of chemical sufficient for four months supply.[20] UNICEF distributed 360,000 litres of water per day in Harare, as well as handing out soap and buckets.[38] Notwithstanding the contributions received, UNICEF indicated on 9 December 2008 that US$17,500,000 was needed to respond properly to the outbreak.[68] As of 15 December, following agreement with the Zimbabwe government, the World Health Organization was procuring medical supplies to roll out a response plan to run health centres.[69]

Spread beyond Zimbabwe

Spread of cholera within southern Africa, as of 10 December 2008.
Key:
█ Deaths recorded
█ Infections recorded

The cholera outbreak spread to towns in Botswana, Mozambique, South Africa and Zambia bordering Zimbabwe.[6][10] The outbreak spread to the Zimbabwean migrant worker community in Limpopo and Mpumalanga provinces of South Africa[70] and cholera bacteria were detected in the Limpopo River on 3 December 2008.[68] Dr. Anthony Turton, who had earlier warned of the risk of cholera in South Africa and wrote a report that recommended that the South African government increase its spending on water treatments lest a cholera outbreak occur in the country, was suspended by the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research for having made "inappropriate statements to the media".[71] By 12 December 2008 11 deaths and 859 infections had been recorded in South Africa.[40] The South African government set up medical facilities and drinking water supplies at the Beitbridge border post.[72] On 10 December 2008, the Limpopo Provincial Government declared Vhembe District Municipality, which borders Zimbabwe at Beitbridge, Matabeleland South province, a disaster area.[52]

In Mozambique, 4 deaths were reported in Mossurize District in Manica Province, which borders Zimbabwe.[73] The spread of the outbreak to Zimbabwe's other neighbouring countries was slower than in South Africa, with one death recorded in Kafue District in Zambia and none in Botswana or Namibia by 9 December 2008.[31]

References

Template:Wikinewspar2

  1. ^ a b International Federation of the Red Cross and Red Crescent (2008-12-03). "Zimbabwe: Cholera, 3 December 2008" (PDF). ReliefWeb. Retrieved 2008-12-04. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  2. ^ World Health Organisation (2008-12-01). "Zimbabwe: Areas affected by cholera and anthrax outbreaks (September–November 2008)" (PDF). World Health Organisation. Retrieved 2008-12-04. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  3. ^ World Health Organisation (2008-12-03). "Zimbabwe: Areas affected by cholera outbreaks (September;ndash;November 2008), showing showing locations of cholera treatment units, 3 December 2008" (PDF). Reuters. Retrieved 2008-12-04. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  4. ^ "Failing Zimbabwe: Reporter round-up". BBC. 10 Dec 2008. Retrieved 2008-12-10.
  5. ^ "PM urges Zimbabwe cholera action". BBC. 6 Dec 2008. Retrieved 2008-12-06.
  6. ^ a b "Miliband backs African calls for end of Mugabe". The Times (UK). 5 Dec 2008. Retrieved 2008-12-05.
  7. ^ "Zimbabwe cholera outbreak widens". BBC. 18 Dec 2008. Retrieved 2008-12-18.
  8. ^ "Zimbabwe declares national emergency over cholera". Reuters. Dec 4, 2008. Retrieved 2008-12-04.
  9. ^ a b "Zimbabwe's cholera epidemic hits 10,000". Reuters. 01 Dec 2008. Retrieved 2008-12-02. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  10. ^ a b c "Zimbabwe in collapse". Radio Netherlands Worldwide. 03 Dec 2008. Retrieved 2008-12-03. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  11. ^ a b "ZIMBABWE: Cholera feeds off a perfect storm". IRIN. 27 November 2008 2008. Retrieved 2008-12-03. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  12. ^ a b "Zimbabwe says cholera epidemic may spread with rain". Reuters. 30 November 2008. Retrieved 2008-12-03.
  13. ^ a b c "Zimbabwe: coping with the cholera outbreak". 26 November 2008. Retrieved 2008-12-03.
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  15. ^ a b "3,000 dead from cholera in Zimbabwe". The Independent (UK). 26 November 2008. Retrieved 2008-12-03.
  16. ^ "Zimbabwe appeals for donor help on cholera". Reuters. 04 Dec 2008. Retrieved 2008-12-04. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  17. ^ a b "Capital lacks clean water, cholera kills hundreds in Zimbabwe". CNN. December 1, 2008. Retrieved 2008-12-02.
  18. ^ a b "Cholera death rate multiplies in Zimbabwe's economic crisis". Financial Times (UK). 03 Dec 2008. Retrieved 2008-12-04. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  19. ^ "Water woes a creation of racist Rhodesia". The Sunday Mail. 6 December 2008. Retrieved 2008-12-07.
  20. ^ a b c d "Zimbabwe's cholera victims 'ten times more likely to die'". Telegraph (UK). 07 Dec 2008. Retrieved 2008-12-08. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  21. ^ a b "Zimbabwe declares cholera outbreak a national emergency". AFP. 04 Dec 2008. Retrieved 2008-12-04. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  22. ^ "The death throes of Harare's hospitals". BBC. 7 November 2008. Retrieved 2008-12-03.
  23. ^ "Zimbabwe's Medical School Closes". Radio VOP. 19 November 2008. Retrieved 2008-12-03.
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  32. ^ Daily Cholera Update, United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs, 10 December 2008
  33. ^ Daily Cholera Update, United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs, 15 December 2008
  34. ^ United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (2008-12-17). "Daily Cholera Update". United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs. Retrieved 2008-12-18. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  35. ^ United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (2008-12-18). "Daily Cholera Update". United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs. Retrieved 2008-12-21. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  36. ^ Zimbabwe: Cholera Outbreak. International Federation of the Red Cross and Red Crescent, 11 November 2008
  37. ^ "Zimbabwe, Harare: Residents Slam ZINWA After Fatal Cholera Outbreak". Sanitation Updates. 8 Sept 2008. Retrieved 2008-12-10. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  38. ^ a b "Health clinics overwhelmed by cholera cases in Zimbabwe". The Times (UK). 10 Dec 2008. Retrieved 2008-12-10.
  39. ^ "Cholera outbreak kills 484 in Zimbabwe". Financial Times (UL). 2 Dec 2008. Retrieved 2008-12-02.
  40. ^ a b "Zimbabwe health cluster weekly bulletin No. 2 - 12 Dec 2008". World Health Organisation. 12 Dec 2008. Retrieved 2008-12-16.
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  42. ^ a b "Zimbabwe crashes". Independent Online (South Africa). 07 Dec 2008. Retrieved 2008-12-07. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  43. ^ a b c "Zimbabwe neighbors should seal borders-US official". Reuters. 11 Dec 2008. Retrieved 2008-12-12.
  44. ^ "Calls mount for Mugabe to resign". Al Jazeera. 07 Dec 2008. Retrieved 2008-12-07. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  45. ^ "Britain plots Zimbabwe invasion — Mugabe spokesman". Reuters. 07 Dec 2008. Retrieved 2008-12-07. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  46. ^ "Zim Cholera 'Is Beyond Control'". Sky News (UK). 9 Dec 2008. Retrieved 2008-12-10.
  47. ^ "Zimbabwe blames cholera on Britain". Al Jazeera. 12 Dec 2008. Retrieved 2008-12-12.
  48. ^ "Zimbabwe: Cholera is genocide by UK". CNN. 12 Dec 2008. Retrieved 2008-12-12.
  49. ^ "UK caused cholera, says Zimbabwe". BBC. 12 Dec 2008. Retrieved 2008-12-12.
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  51. ^ a b "Zimbabwe cholera is over — Mugabe". BBC. 11 Dec 2008. Retrieved 2008-12-11.
  52. ^ a b "Mugabe: 'There is no cholera in Zimbabwe'". The Times (UK). 11 Dec 2008. Retrieved 2008-12-11.
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  54. ^ a b "UK dismisses Mugabe's claim that Zimbabwe cholera crisis is over". The Guardian (UK). 11 Dec 2008. Retrieved 2008-12-12.
  55. ^ "Cholera Outbreak Hits Zimbabwe as Australia Increases Aid". Christian Today. 2 December 2008. Retrieved 2008-12-02.
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  57. ^ "Humanitarian assistance to Zimbabwe". France-Diplomatie. 4 Dec 2008. Retrieved 2008-12-05.
  58. ^ "Zimbabwe : la France envoie du matériel à Harare". Government of France via ReliefWeb. 12 Dec 2008. Retrieved 2008-12-13.
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  61. ^ "More aid for Zimbabwe epidemic : media". The Zimbabwean. 14 Dec 2008. Retrieved 2008-12-14.
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  63. ^ "Zimbabwe cholera crisis blamed on government". Swissinfo. 9 Dec 2008. Retrieved 2008-12-14.
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