Jump to content

1996 Summer Olympics: Difference between revisions

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Browse history interactively
← Previous editNext edit →
Content deleted Content added
VisualWikitext
No edit summary
Line 53: Line 53:


===Cost===
===Cost===
The Atlanta Olympics followed the financial model established by the [[1984 Summer Olympics|1984 Olympic Games]] in [[Los Angeles]]. The cost to stage the Games was [[United States dollar|US$]]1.8&nbsp;billion. Governmental{{Clarify||which government? federal, state or city?|date=May 2010}} funds were used for security, and around $500 Million of taxpayer money was used on the physical infrastructure including streetscaping, road improvements, Centennial Olympic Park, expansion of airport, improvements in public transportation, and redevelopment of public housing projects<ref>{{cite web|title=The Olympic Legacy in Atlanta – [1999&#93; UNSWLJ 38; (1999) 22(3) University of New South Wales Law Journal 902|url=http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/journals/UNSWLJ/1999/38.html#Heading21|work=|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/5heLTjqoP|archivedate=2009-06-19|deadurl=no|accessdate=2009-06-16}}</ref> but neither paid for the actual Games and the new Venues themselves.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.nytimes.com/1996/08/04/weekinreview/so-you-want-to-hold-an-olympics.html?pagewanted=print|title=So, You Want to Hold an Olympics |accessdate=2008-08-17 |date=1996-08-04 |last=Applebome |first=Peter |publisher=The New York Times}}</ref> To pay for the games, Atlanta relied on commercial sponsorship and ticket sales, resulting in a profit of $10 million.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.china.org.cn/english/sports/111340.htm |title=Beijing Olympiad: Profit or Loss? |accessdate=2008-08-17 |publisher=China Internet Information Center| archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20080917161938/http://www1.china.org.cn/english/sports/111340.htm| archivedate= 17 September 2008 <!--DASHBot-->| deadurl= no}}</ref>
The Atlanta Olympics followed the financial model established by the [[1984 Summer Olympics|1984 Olympic Games]] in [[Los Angeles]]. The cost to stage the Games was [[United States dollar|US$]]1.8&nbsp;billion. Governmental{{Clarify||which government? federal, state or city?|date=May 2010}} funds were used for security, and around $500 Million of taxpayer money was used on the physical infrastructure including streetscaping, road improvements, Centennial Olympic Park, expansion of airport, improvements in public transportation, and redevelopment of public housing projects<ref>{{cite web|title=The Olympic Legacy in Atlanta – [1999&#93; UNSWLJ 38; (1999) 22(3) University of New South Wales Law Journal 902|url=http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/journals/UNSWLJ/1999/38.html#Heading21|work=|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/5heLTjqoP|archivedate=2009-06-19|deadurl=no|accessdate=2009-06-16}}</ref> but ne ither paid for the actual Games and the new Venues themselves.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.nytimes.com/1996/08/04/weekinreview/so-you-want-to-hold-an-olympics.html?pagewanted=print|title=So, You Want to Hold an Olympics |accessdate=2008-08-17 |date=1996-08-04 |last=Applebome |first=Peter |publisher=The New York Times}}</ref> To pay for the games, Atlanta relied on commercial sponsorship and ticket sales, resulting in a profit of $10 million.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.china.org.cn/english/sports/111340.htm |title=Beijing Olympiad: Profit or Loss? |accessdate=2008-08-17 |publisher=China Internet Information Center| archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20080917161938/http://www1.china.org.cn/english/sports/111340.htm| archivedate= 17 September 2008 <!--DASHBot-->| deadurl= no}}</ref>


===Criticisms===
===Criticisms===

Revision as of 13:13, 11 May 2012

Olympic rings
Part of a series on
1996 Summer Olympics

The 1996 Summer Olympics, officially known as the Games of the XXVI Olympiad and unofficially known as the Centennial Olympics, was an international multi-sport event which was celebrated in 1996 in Atlanta, Georgia, United States.

Host city selection

Main article: Bids for the 1996 Summer Olympics
File:Atlanta1996 bid.png
Atlanta's bid logo

Atlanta was selected on September 18, 1990, in Tokyo, Japan, over Athens, Belgrade, Manchester, Melbourne, and Toronto at the 96th IOC Session. Atlanta's bid to host the Summer Games that began in 1987 was considered a long-shot, since the U.S. had hosted the Summer Olympics just 12 years earlier in Los Angeles. Atlanta's main rivals were Toronto, whose front running bid that began in 1986 seemed almost sure to succeed after Canada had held a successful 1988 Winter Olympics in Calgary and Melbourne, Australia, who hosted the 1956 Summer Olympics and felt that the Olympic Games should return to Australia. The Athens bid was based on sentiment, the fact that these Olympic Games would be the 100th Anniversary of the first Summer Games in Greece in 1896.

1996 Summer Olympics bidding results[1]
City NOC Name Round 1 Round 2 Round 3 Round 4 Round 5
Atlanta  United States 19 20 26 34 51
Athens  Greece 23 23 26 30 35
Toronto  Canada 14 17 18 22 —
Melbourne  Australia 12 21 16 — —
Manchester  United Kingdom 11 5 — — —
Belgrade  FR Yugoslavia 7 — — — —

Effect on the city

Many consider the Games to be instrumental in transforming Atlanta into the cosmopolitan city it is today. The Games also resulted in many modern infrastructure improvements. One example is the mid-rise dormitories built for the Olympic Village, which became the first residential housing for Georgia State University (Georgia State Village), and is now used by the Georgia Institute of Technology (North Avenue Apartments). Another example is Centennial Olympic Stadium, which by design was later converted into the baseball-specific Turner Field for the Atlanta Braves after the Games concluded, as there was no long-term need for a track and field venue in the city. Centennial Olympic Park, which was built for the events, is the city's lasting memorial of the games. The park initiated a revitalization of the surrounding area, and now serves as the hub for Atlanta's newly-emerging tourist district.

Cost

The Atlanta Olympics followed the financial model established by the 1984 Olympic Games in Los Angeles. The cost to stage the Games was US$1.8 billion. Governmental[clarification needed] funds were used for security, and around $500 Million of taxpayer money was used on the physical infrastructure including streetscaping, road improvements, Centennial Olympic Park, expansion of airport, improvements in public transportation, and redevelopment of public housing projects[2] but ne ither paid for the actual Games and the new Venues themselves.[3] To pay for the games, Atlanta relied on commercial sponsorship and ticket sales, resulting in a profit of $10 million.[4]

Criticisms

The Flair Monument, erected in remembrance of the games
File:Atlanta Olympics 1996 Postcard..jpg
Atlanta 1996 Postcard

Atlanta's heavy reliance on corporate sponsorship caused many to consider the Games to be overly commercialized. Coca-Cola, whose corporate headquarters is in Atlanta, received criticism for being the exclusive drink offered in Olympic venues. [citation needed] In addition, the city of Atlanta was found to have been competing with the IOC for advertising and sponsorship dollars. The city licensed street vendors who sold certain products over others, and therefore provided a presence for companies who were not official Olympic sponsors.[5][6] In defense, the organizing committee stated the heavy corporate sponsorship was part of America's culture of capitalism.[5]

A report prepared by European Olympic officials after the Games was critical of Atlanta's performance in several key issues, including the level of crowding in the Olympic Village, the quality of available food, the accessibility and convenience of transportation, and the Games' general atmosphere of commercialism.[7] The opening ceremony, featuring 500 cheerleaders and 30 pickup trucks, was also seen as "garish" by some observers and considered questionable in taste by many foreign visitors, and many American spectators claim it had nothing to do with American culture.[8]

The Atlanta Olympics were marred by the Centennial Olympic Park bombing on July 27. Security Guard Richard Jewell discovered the pipe bomb and immediately notified law enforcement and helped evacuate as many people as possible from the area before it exploded. Although Jewell's quick actions are credited for saving many lives, the bombing killed spectator Alice Hawthorne, wounded 111 others, and caused the death of Melih Uzunyol by heart attack. Eric Robert Rudolph was charged with and confessed to this bombing as well as several others. He is now in a federal prison in Colorado serving a sentence of life imprisonment.

At the closing ceremony, IOC President Juan Antonio Samaranch said in his closing speech, "Well done, Atlanta" and simply called the Games "most exceptional." This broke precedent for Samaranch, who had traditionally labeled each Games "the best Olympics ever" at each closing ceremony, a practice he resumed at the subsequent Games in Sydney in 2000.[9]

Songs and themes

The Olympiad's official theme, "Summon the Heroes," was written by John Williams, making it the third Olympiad for which he has composed. The song "The Power of the Dream", composed by Kenneth "Babyface" Edmonds and David Foster, with words by Linda Thompson was performed in the opening ceremony by Céline Dion accompanied by David Foster on the piano, the Atlanta Symphony Orchestra and the Centennial Choir (Morehouse College Glee Club, Spelman College Glee Club and the Atlanta Symphony Orchestra Chorus). Gladys Knight sang "Georgia on My Mind", Georgia's official state song, at the opening ceremony. The closing ceremony featured Gloria Estefan singing "Reach", the official theme song of the 1996 Olympics. At the closing of the ceremony Trisha Yearwood performed the Olympics song "The Flame" just before the torch was extinguished.

Mascot

File:Mascot Izzy.jpg
Mascot Izzy
Main article: Izzy (Mascot)

The mascot for the Olympiad was an abstract, animated character named Izzy. In contrast to the standing tradition of mascots of national or regional significance in the city hosting the Olympiad, Izzy was an amorphous, fantasy figure.

Highlights

File:Opening Ceremony Atlanta 96.jpg
The opening ceremony
File:Atlanta 1996 logo.jpg
Diving event
Women's 100 m hurdles at the Olympic stadium
Andre Agassi, Olympic champion in tennis

A record 197 nations, all current IOC member nations, took part, with a record 79 of them winning at least one medal. Palestine was allowed to compete in the Olympics for the first time. Also for the first time, Olympic medals were won by the athletes from Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Burundi, Ecuador, Georgia, Hong Kong, Kazakhstan, Moldova, Mozambique, Slovakia, Tonga, Ukraine, and Uzbekistan. Softball, beach volleyball and mountain biking debuted on the Olympic program, together with women's soccer/football and lightweight rowing.

Opening ceremony

Muhammad Ali lit the Olympic torch during the opening ceremonies of the games and received a replacement gold medal for his boxing victory in the 1960 Summer Olympics. For the torch ceremony, more than 10,000 Olympic torches were manufactured by the American Meter Company and electroplated by Erie Plating Company. Each torch weighed about 3.5 pounds (1.6 kg) and was made primarily of aluminum, with a Georgia pecan wood handle and gold ornamentation.[10][11]

Slovene gymnast Leon Štukelj arose at the opening ceremony as one of the oldest living sportsmen in the world (age 97).

Gymnastics

Lilia Podkopayeva became an all-around olympic champion in women's gymnastics. Podkopayeva also won a second gold medal in the floor exercise final and a silver on the beam — becoming the only female gymnast since Nadia Comăneci to win an individual event gold after winning the all-round title in the same Olympics. Kerri Strug of the United States women's gymnastics team vaulted with an injured ankle and landed on one foot. The US women's gymnastics team won its first gold medal. Shannon Miller of the United States won the gold medal on the balance beam event, the first time an American Gymnast had won an individual gold medal outside of a contested Olympic games. The mostly US audience was in hindsight heavily critizised for being extremely loud to a point where several Russian and Romanian gymnasts could barely hear their music during the floor routine. Also it was noted that the audience was "hostile" towards athletes rivaling the US for the team gold, deliberately cheering only for the US team when gymnasts of other countries were about to perform.

The Spanish team won the first gold medal of the new competition by women's rhythmic group all-around. The team was formed by Estela Giménez, Marta Baldó, Nuria Cabanillas, Lorena Guréndez, Estíbaliz Martínez and Tania Lamarca.

Swimming

Amy Van Dyken won four gold medals in the Olympic swimming pool, the first American woman to win four titles in a single Olympiad. Penny Heyns,swimmer of South Africa, won the Gold Medals in both the 100 metres and 200 metres breaststroke events. Michelle Smith of Ireland won three gold medals and a bronze in swimming. She remains her nation's most decorated Olympian. However, her victories were overshadowed by doping allegations even though she did not test positive in 1996. She received a four-year suspension in 1998 for tampering with a urine sample, though her medals and records were allowed to stand.

Weightlifting

Naim Süleymanoğlu became the first weightlifter to win three gold medals.

Track and field

Donovan Bailey of Canada won the men's 100 m, setting a new world record of 9.84 seconds at that time. He also anchored his team's gold in the 4x100 m relay. Michael Johnson won gold in both the 200 m and 400 m, setting a new world record of 19.32 seconds in the 200 m. Johnson afterward began disputing Bailey's unofficial title as the "world's fastest man", which later culminated in a 150-metre race between the two to settle the issue. Marie-José Pérec equaled Johnson's performance, although without a world record, by winning the rare 200 m/400 m double.

Carl Lewis won his 4th long jump gold medal at the age of 35.

Cycling professionals were admitted to the Olympics, with five-time Tour de France winner Miguel Indurain winning the inaugural individual time trial event.

National firsts

Deon Hemmings became the first woman to win an Olympic gold medal for Jamaica and the English-speaking West Indies.

Lee Lai Shan won a gold medal in sailing, the only Olympic medal that Hong Kong ever won as a British colony (1952–1997). This meant that for the only time, the colonial flag of Hong Kong was raised to the accompaniment of the British national anthem God Save the Queen, as Hong Kong's sovereignty was later transferred to China in 1997.

The US women's soccer team won the gold medal in the first ever women's soccer event.

Spain won gold at the inaugural rhythmic gymnastics groups competition defeating the favorite and reigning world champion Bulgaria who had won the World Championship less than a month before.

Other

Kurt Angle of the United States won the gold medal in 100 kg (220 lb) freestyle wrestling. He competed with a broken neck. After the '96 Olympic Games he pursued a career in "Sports Entertainment" style wrestling competing for both World Wrestling Entertainment and Total Nonstop Action Wrestling. Alexander Karelin won his third Olympic gold medal as a Greco-Roman wrestler.

Andre Agassi won the gold medal in men's tennis, which would eventually make him the first man and second player overall (after his wife, Steffi Graf) to win what is referred to as the Golden Slam, which consists of an Olympic gold medal and victories in the singles tournaments held at professional tennis' four major events (Australian Open, French Open, Wimbledon, and US Open).

Deng Yaping of China won two gold medals in Women singles and doubles of table tennis. She also won these two titles in the 1992 Barcelona Olympics.

Venues

Main article: Venues of the 1996 Summer Olympics

Carleyrae Weber was the host of the 1996 olympics. Events of the Atlanta Games were held in a variety of areas. A number were held within the Olympic Ring, a 3 mi (4.8 km) circle from the center of Atlanta. Others were held at Stone Mountain, about 20 miles (32 km) outside of the city. To broaden ticket sales, other events, such as soccer, occurred in various cities in the southeast (see below).[12][13]

Inside the Olympic Ring

The Morris Brown College Stadium.
Georgia Tech Aquatic Center
Boxing event at the 1996 games
The Olympic flag waves at the 1996 games

Elsewhere in metropolitan Atlanta

Other venues

After the Olympics, Centennial Olympic Stadium was converted into Turner Field, which became home of the Atlanta Braves baseball team for the 1997 season. Once the Braves moved, Atlanta-Fulton County Stadium was demolished, and the site became a parking lot for Turner Field; the Omni was demolished that same year to make way for Philips Arena on its site. The only other Olympic venue to be closed since has been the Miami Orange Bowl, demolished in 2008 for the Florida Marlins' new baseball stadium to be built on its site.

Sports

Calendar

 ●  Opening ceremony     Event competitions  ●  Event finals     Exhibition gala  ●  Closing ceremony
Date July August
19th
Fri		 20th
Sat		 21st
Sun		 22nd
Mon		 23rd
Tue		 24th
Wed		 25th
Thu		 26th
Fri		 27th
Sat		 28th
Sun		 29th
Mon		 30th
Tue		 31st
Wed		 1st
Thu		 2nd
Fri		 3rd
Sat		 4th
Sun
Archery ● ● ● ●
Athletics ● ● ● ●
● ● 		● ●
● ● ● 		● ●
● ● ●
● ● ● 		● ●
● ● ● 		● ●
● ● 		● ● ●
● ● ● 		● ● ●
● ● ●
● ● ● 		●
Badminton ● ● ●
● ●
Baseball ●
Basketball ● ●
Boxing ● ● ●
● ● ● ● 		● ●
● ● ●
Canoeing ● ● ● ● ● ●
● ● ● 		● ● ●
● ● ● ●
Cycling ● ● ● ● ● ● ●
● ● 		● ● ● ● ●
Diving ● ● ● ●
Equestrian ● ● ● ● ● ●
Fencing ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●
Field hockey ● ●
Football (soccer) ● ●
Gymnastics ● ● ● ● ●
● ● 		● ● ●
● ● ● ● 		● ●
Handball ● ●
Judo ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●
Modern pentathlon ●
Rowing ● ● ●
● ● ● ● 		● ● ●
● ● ● ●
Sailing ● ●
● ● 		● ● ● ● ● ●
Shooting ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●
● ● 		● ●
● ● 		●
Softball ●
Swimming ● ●
● ● 		● ●
● ● ● 		● ● ●
● ● ● 		●
● ● 		● ●
● ● ● 		● ●
● ● ● 		● ●
● ●
Synchronized swimming ●
Table tennis ● ● ● ●
Tennis ● ● ● ●
Volleyball ● ● ● ●
Water polo ●
Weightlifting ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●
Wrestling ● ● ●
● ● ● 		● ●
● ● 		●
● ● 		● ● ●
● ● 		● ●
Total gold medals 16 13 17 10 15 10 15 20 24 22 10 16 17 19 29 18
Ceremonies ● ●
Date 19th
Fri		 20th
Sat		 21st
Sun		 22nd
Mon		 23rd
Tue		 24th
Wed		 25th
Thu		 26th
Fri		 27th
Sat		 28th
Sun		 29th
Mon		 30th
Tue		 31st
Wed		 1st
Thu		 2nd
Fri		 3rd
Sat		 4th
Sun
July August

Participating nations

Participants at Summer olympics 1996
Blue = Participating for the first time. Green = Have previously participated. Yellow square is host city (Atlanta)
Number of athletes

A total of 197 nations were represented at the 1996 Games, and the combined total of athletes was about 10,318.[14] Twenty-four countries made their Olympic debut this year, including eleven of the ex-Soviet countries that competed as part of the Unified Team in 1992. Russia competed independently for the first time since 1912, when it was the Russian Empire. The Federal Republic of Yugoslavia competed as Yugoslavia.

The 14 countries making their Olympic debut were: Azerbaijan, Burundi, Cape Verde, Comoros, Dominica, Guinea-Bissau, Macedonia, Nauru, Palestine, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, São Tomé and Príncipe, Tajikistan and Turkmenistan.

The 10 countries making their Summer Olympic debut (after competing at the 1994 Winter Olympics in Lillehammer) were: Armenia, Belarus, Czech Republic, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, Slovakia, Ukraine and Uzbekistan. The Czech Republic and Slovakia attended the games as independent nations for the first time since the breakup of Czechoslovakia, while the rest of the nations that made their Summer Olympic debut were formerly part of the Soviet Union.

Broadcast rights

Medal table

Main article: 1996 Summer Olympics medal table
File:Medaile Atlanta-01.jpg
An olympic medal from the Atlanta games

These are the top ten nations that won medals at these Games. The host nation, United States, is highlighted.

1  United States 44 32 25 101
2  Russia 26 21 16 63
3  Germany 20 18 27 65
4  China 16 22 12 50
5  France 15 7 15 37
6  Italy 13 10 12 35
7  Australia 9 9 23 41
8  Cuba 9 8 8 25
9  Ukraine 9 2 12 23
10  South Korea 7 15 5 27

Disqualifications

Five athletes were disqualified for using banned drugs. A few of these athletes were reinstated since the drug they took had been declared illegal only a week before the Olympics.

See also

{{{inline}}}

Notes

  1. ^ IOC Vote History
  2. ^ "The Olympic Legacy in Atlanta – [1999] UNSWLJ 38; (1999) 22(3) University of New South Wales Law Journal 902". Archived from the original on 2009-06-19. Retrieved 2009-06-16. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  3. ^ Applebome, Peter (1996-08-04). "So, You Want to Hold an Olympics". The New York Times. Retrieved 2008-08-17.
  4. ^ "Beijing Olympiad: Profit or Loss?". China Internet Information Center. Archived from the original on 17 September 2008. Retrieved 2008-08-17. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  5. ^ a b McGill's master of the rings
  6. ^ Olympic bid smacks into $10M hurdle – fact mentioned in the 5th paragraph
  7. ^ "Olympic Games: Maligned Atlanta meets targets". The Independent. United Kingdom. 1996-11-15. Archived from the original on 2010-10-25. Retrieved 2010-10-25.
  8. ^ "From Garish to Grand on Opening Night Day". CNN. Retrieved 2010-04-03.
  9. ^ ESPN.com (2000-10-01). "Samaranch calls these Olympics 'best ever'". Retrieved 2009-03-13.
  10. ^ Erie Times-News, "Erie Company's Olympic Work Shines", June 10, 1996, by Greg Lavine
  11. ^ Plating and Surface Finishing Magazine, August 1996 Issue
  12. ^ Burbank, Matthew (2001). Olympic Dreams: The Impact of Mega Events on Local Politics. Lynne Rienner Publishers. p. 97. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  13. ^ "Centennial Olympic Games" (PDF). la84foundation.org. Retrieved 12 October 2009.
  14. ^ Olympics OFFICIAL Recap
  15. ^ Singapore Television Tweleve Ident – Premiere 12 (1995)

References

  • "Atlanta 1996". Olympics.com. International Olympic Committee.
  • Template:IOC medals
  • [1] Digital Archive from the LA84 Foundation of Los Angeles
  • [2] Digital Archive from the LA84 Foundation of Los Angeles
  • [3] Digital Archive from the LA84 Foundation of Los Angeles
Wikimedia Commons has media related to 1996 Summer Olympics.
Preceded by Summer Olympic Games
Atlanta
XXVI Olympiad (1996) 		Succeeded by

Template:Link FA

Retrieved from "https://wiki.riteme.site/w/index.php?title=1996_Summer_Olympics&oldid=491997620"