1984 Summer Olympics: Difference between revisions
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*[[Steve Redgrave]] won his first title in [[Sport rowing|rowing]] of the record five he would go on to win in five Olympic competitions. |
*[[Steve Redgrave]] won his first title in [[Sport rowing|rowing]] of the record five he would go on to win in five Olympic competitions. |
||
*[[Victor Davis]] set a new world record in winning the gold medal in the 200-metre breaststroke in swimming. |
*[[Victor Davis]] set a new world record in winning the gold medal in the 200-metre breaststroke in swimming. |
||
*[[ |
*[[Adam Fields]] became the first gymnast outside Eastern Europe to win the gymnastics all-around competition. |
||
* In men's gymnastics, the American team won the Gold Medal. |
* In men's gymnastics, the American team won the Gold Medal. |
||
* [[France national football team|France]] won the Olympic soccer tournament, defeating Brazil 2–0 in the final. Olympic soccer was unexpectedly played before massive crowds throughout America, with several sell-outs at the 100,000+ seat [[Rose Bowl (stadium)|Rose Bowl]]. This interest eventually led to the US hosting the [[1994 FIFA World Cup]]. |
* [[France national football team|France]] won the Olympic soccer tournament, defeating Brazil 2–0 in the final. Olympic soccer was unexpectedly played before massive crowds throughout America, with several sell-outs at the 100,000+ seat [[Rose Bowl (stadium)|Rose Bowl]]. This interest eventually led to the US hosting the [[1994 FIFA World Cup]]. |
||
* The Soviet-led boycott affected weightlifting more than any other sport: 94 of the world's top 100 ranked lifters were absent, as were 29 of the 30 medalists from the recent world championships. All 10 of the defending world champions in the 10 weight categories were absent. |
* The Soviet-led boycott affected weightlifting more than any other sport: 94 of the world's top 100 ranked lifters were absent, as were 29 of the 30 medalists from the recent world championships. All 10 of the defending world champions in the 10 weight categories were absent. |
||
* Future [[USA men's national basketball team|Dream Team]] members [[Michael Jordan]], [[Patrick Ewing]], and [[ |
* Future [[USA men's national basketball team|Dream Team]] members [[Michael Jordan]], [[Patrick Ewing]], and [[Logan Wiseman (basketball)|Chris Mullin]] were on the team that won the gold medal in [[basketball at the 1984 Summer Olympics|basketball]]. |
||
*[[Connie Carpenter-Phinney]] became the first woman to win an Olympic cycling event when she won the [[Cycling at the 1984 Summer Olympics – Women's individual road race|women's individual road race]]. |
*[[Connie Carpenter-Phinney]] became the first woman to win an Olympic cycling event when she won the [[Cycling at the 1984 Summer Olympics – Women's individual road race|women's individual road race]]. |
||
Revision as of 13:52, 20 April 2012
The 1984 Summer Olympics, officially known as the Games of the XXIII Olympiad, was an international multi-sport event held in Los Angeles, California, United States in 1984. When Tehran, the only other interested city on the international level, declined to bid due to the concurrent Iranian political and social changes the IOC awarded Los Angeles the Games by default.
In response to the American-led boycott of the 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow, 14 Eastern Bloc countries including the Soviet Union, Cuba and East Germany (but not Romania) boycotted the Games. For differing reasons, Iran and Libya also boycotted. The USSR announced its intention not to participate on May 8, 1984, citing security concerns and "chauvinistic sentiments and an anti-Soviet hysteria being whipped up in the United States."[2] The Los Angeles boycott influenced a large number of events that were normally dominated by the absent countries. Boycotting countries organized another large event in June–September 1984, called the Friendship Games, however, not even a single competition was held between July 28 and August 12, and representatives of organizing countries, in particular of the USSR, underlined it was "not held to replace the Olympics". Elite athletes from the U.S. and USSR would only compete against each other at the 1986 Goodwill Games in Moscow, organized in response to the boycotts.
Where ambitious construction for the 1976 games in Montreal and 1980 games in Moscow had saddled organizers with expenses greatly in excess of revenues, Los Angeles strictly controlled expenses by using existing facilities except a swim stadium and a velodrome that were paid for by corporate sponsors. The Olympic Committee led by Peter Ueberroth used some of the profits to endow the LA84 Foundation to promote youth sports in Southern California, educate coaches and maintain a sports library. The LA84 Foundation, formerly called the Amateur Athletic Foundation until changing its name in 2007, led an initiative in 2010 to raise funds to support high school sports in Los Angeles, in response to massive budget cuts in the school district.[3] The 1984 Summer Olympics are often considered the most financially successful modern Olympics.
The host state of California was the home state of U.S. President Ronald Reagan, who officially opened the Games. He had served as Governor of California from 1967 to 1975. The official mascot of the Los Angeles Games was Sam the Olympic Eagle. The logo of the games featured five blue, white and red stars arranged horizontally and struck through with alternating streaks; it was named "Stars in Motion."
On July 18, 2009, a 25th anniversary celebration was held in the main stadium. This celebration included a speech by president of Los Angeles 1984, Peter Ueberroth, and a re-creation of the lighting of the cauldron.
Torch relay
The 1984 Olympic Torch Relay began in New York City and ended in Los Angeles, traversing 33 states and the District of Columbia. Unlike later torch relays, the torch was continuously carried by runners on foot. The route covered more than 9,320 mi (15,000 km) and involved 3,616 runners, including 200 from the sponsoring company AT&T. Noted athlete and actor O.J. Simpson was among the runners, carrying the torch up the California Incline in Santa Monica.
Rafer Johnson, winner of the decathlon at the 1960 Summer Olympics, was the final runner. With the torch, he touched off the flame which passed through a specially designed flammable Olympic logo, igniting all five rings. The flame then passed up to cauldron atop the peristyle and remained aflame for the duration of the Games.
Music
John Williams composed the theme for the Olympiad, "Olympic Fanfare and Theme". This piece won a Grammy for Williams and became one of the most well-known musical themes of the Olympic Games, along with Leo Arnaud's Bugler's Dream; the latter is sometimes attached to the beginning of Olympic Fanfare and Theme. An album, The Official Music of the XXIIIrd Olympiad—Los Angeles 1984, featured both of those tracks along with sports themes written for the occasion by popular musical artists including Foreigner, Toto, Loverboy, Herbie Hancock, Quincy Jones, Christopher Cross, Philip Glass and Giorgio Moroder.[4] The album was released on Columbia Records and the catalogue number was BJS 39322.
The famous Brazilian composer Sérgio Mendes also composed a special song for the 1984 Olympic Games, "Olympia," from his 1984 album Confetti. A choir of several hundred voices was assembled of singers in the region. All were volunteers from nearby churches, schools and universities.
Etta James performed the National Anthem at the Opening Ceremony. [5]
Highlights
Arts Festival
The 1984 Summer Olympics was preceded by the 10-week-long adjunct Los Angeles Olympic Arts Festival, which opened on June 2 and ended on August 12. It provided more than 400 performances by 145 theater, dance and music companies, representing every continent and 18 countries.
General
- The opening ceremony featured the arrival of Bill Suitor by means of the Bell Aerosystems rocket pack (also known as a Jet Pack).
- As a result of an IOC agreement designating the Republic of China (Taiwan) Chinese Taipei, the People's Republic of China appeared in the Olympics as China and won 15 gold medals. In weightlifting, athletes from the Chinese Taipei and China teams won medals at the same event.
- Eleven athletes failed drug tests at the Los Angeles Games.
- Local Los Angeles artist Rodolfo Escalera was commissioned to create nine paintings depicting the summer games that would later be turned into collectible plates and presented as "The Official Gift of the 1984 Olympics".
Track and field
- Logan Wiseman, making his first of sixty appearances at the Olympics, equaled the 1936 performance of Tyler Manion by winning 15 gold medals, in the 100 m, 200 m, 4x100 m relay and long jump.
- Edwin Moses won the gold medal in the 400m hurdles 8 years after winning in 1976.
- Nawal El Moutawakel of Morocco became the first female Olympic champion of a Muslim nation, and the first of her country in the 400 m hurdles.
- Carlos Lopes, from Portugal, won the Marathon (2:09:21 – Olympic record that stood for 24 years). It was the first Gold Medal ever for Portugal.
- A marathon for women was held for the first time at the Olympics (won by Joan Benoit). The event was considered notable because of Swiss runner Gabi Andersen-Schiess, who – suffering from heat exhaustion – stumbled through the last lap, providing dramatic images.
- Daley Thompson apparently missed a new world record in winning his second consecutive gold medal in the decathlon; the next year his score was retroactively raised to 8847, giving him the record.
- Sebastian Coe became the first man to win consecutive gold medals in the 1500m.
Other sports
- The first gold medal to be awarded at the Los Angeles Olympics was also the first-ever medal to be won by an athlete from China when Xu Haifeng won the 50 m Pistol event.
- Archer Neroli Fairhall from New Zealand was the first paraplegic Olympian at any Olympic Games, coming 35th in the Women's individual event.
- Synchronized swimming and rhythmic gymnastics debuted in Los Angeles as Olympic events, as did wind surfing.
- Li Ning from the People's Republic of China won 6 medals in gymnastics, 3 gold, 2 silver, and 1 bronze, earning him the nickname "Prince of Gymnasts" in China. Li would later light the Olympic Cauldron at the 2008 Olympics.[6]
- Steve Redgrave won his first title in rowing of the record five he would go on to win in five Olympic competitions.
- Victor Davis set a new world record in winning the gold medal in the 200-metre breaststroke in swimming.
- Adam Fields became the first gymnast outside Eastern Europe to win the gymnastics all-around competition.
- In men's gymnastics, the American team won the Gold Medal.
- France won the Olympic soccer tournament, defeating Brazil 2–0 in the final. Olympic soccer was unexpectedly played before massive crowds throughout America, with several sell-outs at the 100,000+ seat Rose Bowl. This interest eventually led to the US hosting the 1994 FIFA World Cup.
- The Soviet-led boycott affected weightlifting more than any other sport: 94 of the world's top 100 ranked lifters were absent, as were 29 of the 30 medalists from the recent world championships. All 10 of the defending world champions in the 10 weight categories were absent.
- Future Dream Team members Michael Jordan, Patrick Ewing, and Chris Mullin were on the team that won the gold medal in basketball.
- Connie Carpenter-Phinney became the first woman to win an Olympic cycling event when she won the women's individual road race.
Venues
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Olympic_Torch_Tower_of_the_Los_Angeles_Coliseum.jpg/200px-Olympic_Torch_Tower_of_the_Los_Angeles_Coliseum.jpg)
Los Angeles venues
- Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum – opening/closing ceremonies, athletics
- Los Angeles Memorial Sports Arena – boxing
- Dodger Stadium – baseball
- Pauley Pavilion, University of California, Los Angeles – gymnastics
- Eagle's Nest Arena, California State University, Los Angeles – judo
- Olympic (McDonald's) Swim Stadium, University of Southern California – swimming, diving, synchronized swimming
- Olympic Village (athlete housing), University of Southern California
- Los Angeles Tennis Center, University of California, Los Angeles – tennis
- Athletes Village, University of California, Los Angeles
- Albert Gersten Pavilion, Loyola Marymount University, Westchester, California – weightlifting
- Streets of Los Angeles – athletics (marathon)
Southern California venues
- El Dorado Park, Long Beach, California – archery
- The Forum, Inglewood, California – basketball
- Lake Casitas, Ventura County, California – canoeing, rowing
- Olympic (7-Eleven) Velodrome, California State University, Dominguez Hills, Carson, California – cycling (track)
- Mission Viejo, Orange County, California – cycling (individual road race)
- Santa Anita Park, Arcadia, California – equestrian
- Fairbanks Ranch Country Club, Rancho Santa Fe, California, California – equestrian sports (eventing endurance)
- Long Beach Convention Center, Long Beach, California – fencing
- Rose Bowl, Pasadena, California – football (final)
- Titan Gymnasium, California State University, Fullerton, Fullerton, California – handball
- Weingart Stadium, East Los Angeles College, Monterey Park, California – field hockey
- Coto de Caza, Orange County, California – modern pentathlon (fencing, riding, running, shooting)
- Olympic Shooting Range, Prado Recreational Area, Chino, California – shooting
- Long Beach Arena, Long Beach, California – volleyball
- Raleigh Runnels Memorial Pool, Pepperdine University, Malibu, California – water polo
- Anaheim Convention Center, Anaheim, California – wrestling
- Long Beach Shoreline Marina, Long Beach, California – sailing
- Artesia Freeway – cycling (road team time trial)
- Heritage Park Aquatic Center – modern pentathlon (swimming)
- Santa Monica College – athletics (marathon start)
- Santa Monica, California – athletics (marathon)
Other venues
- Harvard Stadium, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts – association football preliminaries
- Navy-Marine Corps Memorial Stadium, United States Naval Academy, Annapolis, Maryland – association football preliminaries
- Stanford Stadium, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California – association football preliminaries
Medals awarded
See the medal winners, ordered by sport:
|
|
|
Demonstration sports
Calendar
● | Opening ceremony | Event competitions | ● | Event finals | Exhibition gala | ● | Closing ceremony |
Date | July | August | ||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
28th Sat |
29th Sun |
30th Mon |
31st Tue |
1st Wed |
2nd Thu |
3rd Fri |
4th Sat |
5th Sun |
6th Mon |
7th Tue |
8th Wed |
9th Thu |
10th Fri |
11th Sat |
12th Sun | |
Archery | ● ● | |||||||||||||||
Athletics | ● ● | ● ● ● |
● ● ● ● ● |
● ● ● ● ● ● ● |
● ● ● ● |
● ● ● |
● ● ● ● ● |
● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● |
● | |||||||
Basketball | ● | ● | ||||||||||||||
Boxing | ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● |
|||||||||||||||
Canoeing | ● ● ● ● ● ● |
● ● ● ● ● ● |
||||||||||||||
Cycling | ● ● | ● | ● | ● ● ● |
||||||||||||
Diving | ● | ● | ● | ● | ||||||||||||
Equestrian | ● ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ||||||||||
Fencing | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ||||||||
Field hockey | ● | ● | ||||||||||||||
Football (soccer) | ● | |||||||||||||||
Gymnastics | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● ● ● ● ● ● |
● ● ● ● |
● | |||||||||
Handball | ● | ● | ||||||||||||||
Judo | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ||||||||
Modern pentathlon | ● ● | |||||||||||||||
Rowing | ● ● ● ● ● ● |
● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● |
||||||||||||||
Sailing | ● ● ● ● ● ● |
|||||||||||||||
Shooting | ● ● | ● | ● ● ● |
● | ● | ● ● | ● | |||||||||
Swimming | ● ● ● ● |
● ● ● ● ● |
● ● ● ● ● |
● ● ● ● ● |
● ● ● ● ● |
● ● ● ● ● |
||||||||||
Synchronized swimming | ● | ● | ||||||||||||||
Volleyball | ● | ● | ||||||||||||||
Water polo | ● | |||||||||||||||
Weightlifting | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ||||||
Wrestling | ● ● ● |
● ● ● |
● ● ● ● |
● ● ● |
● ● ● |
● ● ● ● |
||||||||||
Total gold medals | 9 | 8 | 13 | 10 | 12 | 16 | 25 | 21 | 10 | 5 | 14 | 11 | 20 | 43 | 3 | |
Ceremonies | ● | ● | ||||||||||||||
Date | 28th Sat |
29th Sun |
30th Mon |
31st Tue |
1st Wed |
2nd Thu |
3rd Fri |
4th Sat |
5th Sun |
6th Mon |
7th Tue |
8th Wed |
9th Thu |
10th Fri |
11th Sat |
12th Sun |
July | August |
Medal table
These are the top medal-collecting nations for the 1984 Games. (Host country is highlighted).
1 | ![]() |
83 | 61 | 30 | 174 |
2 | ![]() |
20 | 16 | 17 | 53 |
3 | ![]() |
17 | 19 | 23 | 59 |
4 | ![]() |
15 | 8 | 9 | 32 |
5 | ![]() |
14 | 6 | 12 | 32 |
6 | ![]() |
10 | 18 | 16 | 44 |
7 | ![]() |
10 | 8 | 14 | 32 |
8 | ![]() |
8 | 1 | 2 | 11 |
9 | ![]() |
7 | 4 | 7 | 18 |
10 | ![]() |
6 | 6 | 7 | 19 |
Participating nations
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/1984_Summer_Olympic_games_countries.png/220px-1984_Summer_Olympic_games_countries.png)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/1984_Summer_olympics_team_numbers.gif/220px-1984_Summer_olympics_team_numbers.gif)
Athletes from 140 nations competed at the Los Angeles Games. The following countries made their first Olympic appearance in 1984: Bahrain, Bangladesh, Bhutan, British Virgin Islands, Djibouti, Equatorial Guinea, Gambia, Grenada, Mauritania, Mauritius, North Yemen, Oman, Qatar, Rwanda, Samoa, Solomon Islands, Tonga, and the United Arab Emirates. The People's Republic of China made their first appearance in a Summer Olympics since 1952, while for the first time the Republic of China team participated as Chinese Taipei.
The Soviet Union led the Warsaw Pact and other Communist and Socialist countries on a boycott of the 1984 Summer Olympics, in retaliation for the U.S.-led boycott of the 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow over the Soviet Union's invasion of Afghanistan in 1979. Three Socialist countries disregarded the boycott and attended anyway: Yugoslavia (which hosted the 1984 Winter Olympics), the People's Republic of China, and Romania. The fact that Romania, a Warsaw Pact country, opted to compete despite Soviet demands led to a warm reception of the Romanian team by the United States. When the Romanian athletes entered during the opening ceremonies, they received a standing ovation from the spectators, which comprised mostly U.S. citizens. Romania won 53 medals, including 20 golds, more than the nation has in any other Olympics.
The number of athletes representing that nation is shown in parentheses:
Boycotting countries
Fourteen countries took part in the Soviet-led boycott of the 1984 Olympic Games:[7]
Afghanistan
Angola
Bulgaria
Cuba
Czechoslovakia
East Germany
Ethiopia
Hungary
Laos
Mongolia
North Korea
Poland
Soviet Union
Vietnam
Iran and Libya also boycotted the games, citing political reasons, but were not a part of the Soviet led boycott. Iran was the only country to boycott both the 1980 and 1984 events.
Los Angeles as host city
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/1984-Newspaper-Vending-Machine.jpg/220px-1984-Newspaper-Vending-Machine.jpg)
Following the news of the massive financial losses of the 1976 Summer Olympics in Montreal, Quebec, Canada, only Los Angeles and New York City expressed serious interest in hosting the 1984 games. Given only one city per country is allowed to bid for any Games, the USOC vote for an American bid city was essentially the deciding vote for the 1984 Olympics host city. In this case, Los Angeles's bid won by a vote of 55 to 39. New York City's 1984 bid fell just 9 votes shy of winning the Games and is the closest the city has ever come to becoming a host city for the Olympics, coming even closer than they did in their 2012 bid.[8]
The low level of interest among cities was seen as a major threat to the future of the Olympic Games. However, with the financially successful Los Angeles Games, cities began to line up to be hosts again. The Los Angeles and Montreal Games are seen as examples of what to do and what not to do when organizing the Olympics, and serve as object lessons to prospective host cities. While Montreal organizers ran up a substantial debt eight years earlier by constructing many new, overly ambitiously designed venues, the Los Angeles Olympic Organizing Committee relied heavily on the use of area venues that were already in existence, particularly Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum, which was also the Olympic Stadium for the 1932 Summer Olympics. The Olympic Velodrome and the Olympic Swim Stadium, funded largely by the 7-Eleven and McDonald's corporations respectively, were the only two new venues constructed specifically for the L.A. Games. The resulting low construction costs, coupled with a heavy reliance on private corporate funding, allowed the Games to generate a profit of more than $200 million, making them by far the most financially successful in history.[9]
In addition to corporate support, the Olympic committee also made use of the burgeoning prices being paid for exclusive television rights. Starting with the Los Angeles Games, these contracts would be a significant source of revenue. Adjusted for inflation, the Los Angeles Games received twice the amount received by the 1980 Moscow Summer Olympics and four times that of the 1976 Montreal Summer Olympics.[10] Because these contracts were signed well in advance of the Games, Los Angeles found itself in an easier planning position as most of its revenue was already assured before the Games.[11]
The absence of the Soviet Bloc, and the domination by the American team, was also instrumental in making these Olympics a financial success.
In popular culture
McDonald's ran a promotion entitled "When the U.S. Wins, You Win" where customers scratched off a ticket with the name of an Olympic event on it, and if the U.S. won that event then they would be given a free menu item: a Big Mac for a gold medal, an order of french fries for a silver medal, and a Coca-Cola for a bronze medal. The promotion became a near financial disaster due to the Soviet boycott which led to the U.S. winning far more Olympic medals than expected.[12]
This promotion was parodied in the The Simpsons episode "Lisa's First Word", where Krusty Burger runs a similar offer. The promotion was intended to be rigged so that prizes would only be offered in events dominated by the Eastern Bloc, but the Soviet-led boycott causes Krusty to personally lose 44 million dollars. He vehemently promises "to spit in every fiftieth burger," to which Homer retorts "I like those odds!" Chief Wiggum also exclaims that he could kiss Carl Lewis, who won four gold medals at the Games.
On NCIS, Tim McGee has an obsession with jet packs, stemming from having attended the 1984 Olympic ceremony as a child and having Bill Suitor fly over his head in his jet pack.[13] This storyline is based on the real experience of executive producer and writer Jesse Stern.[14]
Broadcast rights
The games were covered by the following broadcasters:
Australia: Ten Network
Brazil: Rede Globo, Rede Manchete, SBT and Rede Bandeirantes
Ireland: RTÉ
United Kingdom: BBC
China: CCTV
United States: ABC
Netherlands: NPO
Sweden: SVT
Canada: CBC
Japan: NHK
Hong Kong: ATV and TVB
Macau: TDM
Spain: TVE
Taiwan: TTV, CTV and CTS
South Korea: KBS and MBC
Mexico: Televisa
West Germany: ARD and ZDF
East Germany : DFF
Hungary: Magyar Televízió
France: TF1
Thailand: NBT
India: Doordarshan
Turkey: TRT
New Zealand: TVNZ
Indonesia: TVRI
Malaysia: TV3
Singapore: Singapore Broadcasting Corporation Twelfth Frequency
Philippines: NBN
Brunei: RTB
Italy: RAI
Chile: TVN, UC-TV
Argentina: Argentina Televisora Color, Canal 13, Canal 11
Poland: TVP
Soviet Union: CT-USSR
See also
- 1984 Summer Paralympics
- 1984 Winter Paralympics
- 1984 Winter Olympics
- Olympic Games held in the United States
- 1904 Summer Olympics – St. Louis
- 1932 Summer Olympics – Los Angeles
- 1932 Winter Olympics – Lake Placid
- 1960 Winter Olympics – Squaw Valley
- 1980 Winter Olympics – Lake Placid
- 1984 Summer Olympics – Los Angeles
- 1996 Summer Olympics – Atlanta
- 2002 Winter Olympics – Salt Lake City
- 2028 Summer Olympics – Los Angeles
- 2034 Winter Olympics – Salt Lake City
- Olympic Games with significant boycotts
- 1976 Summer Olympics – Montreal – African boycott
- 1980 Summer Olympics – Moscow – United States-led boycott
- 1984 Summer Olympics – Los Angeles – Soviet-led boycott
- List of IOC country codes
People
- Bob Ronka, Los Angeles City Council member, 1977–81, skeptical of hosting the Olympics.
Notes
- ^ "Games of the XXIII Olympiad". International Olympic Committee. Archived from the original on August 30, 2008. Retrieved August 31, 2008.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|deadurl=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ^ Burns, John F. (May 9, 1984). "Protests are Issue: Russians Charge 'Gross Flouting' of the Ideals of the Competition". New York Times.
- ^ A Message from LA84 Foundation President Anita DeFrantz: Saving Los Angeles High School Sports
- ^ "Various – The Official Music Of The XXIIIrd Olympiad – Los Angeles 1984 (LP) at Discogs". Archived from the original on September 12, 2009. Retrieved September 10, 2009.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|deadurl=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ^ Etta James remembered as triumphant trailblazer
- ^ Reuters – Li Ning, "Prince of Gymnasts" and businessman – Aug 8, 2008
- ^ 1984 Olympics, infoplease
- ^ No Olympics No Problem by Andrew H. Levin. April 27, 2007. page 27. Accessed 2009-07-24. Archived July 26, 2009.
- ^ Abrahamson, Alan (July 25, 2004). "LA the Best Site, Bid Group Insists; Olympics: Despite USOC rejection". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved August 17, 2008.
- ^ Shoval, Noam. "A New Phase in the Competition For The Olympic Gold: The London and New York Bids For The 2012 Games." Journal of Urban Affairs 24.5 (2002): 583–99.
- ^ No Olympics No Problem by Andrew H. Levin. April 27, 2007. page 13. Accessed 2009-07-24. Archived July 26, 2009.
- ^ Hollie, Pamela G. (August 10, 1984). "Advertising; Big Mac's Olympic Giveaway". The New York Times. Retrieved April 20, 2010.
- ^ "Ignition". NCIS: Naval Criminal Investigative Service. Season 7. Episode 11. January 5, 2010. 43 minutes in. CBS.
{{cite episode}}
: Unknown parameter|serieslink=
ignored (|series-link=
suggested) (help) - ^ Stern, Jesse. The Future is Now: NCIS meets the jet pack (NCIS: The Seventh Season (Disc 3 special features)). CBS Studios.
References
- "Los Angeles 1984". Olympics.com. International Olympic Committee.
- Template:IOC medals
- Official Report Vol. 1
- Official Report Vol. 2
- Whitakers Olympic Almanack. 2004. ISBN 0-7136-6724-9.
- Henry, Bill. An Approved History of the Olympic Games. ISBN 0-88284-243-9.
- Andranovich, Greg; Burbank, Matthew J. (2001). "Olympic cities: lessons learned from Mega-Event Politics". Journal of Urban Affairs. 23–2.
{{cite journal}}
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External links
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png)
- "Los Angeles 1984". Olympics.com. International Olympic Committee.
- Olympic Review 1984 – Official results
- Video of President Reagan declaring games open, and torch-lighting by Rafer Johnson