1944 in film

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The year 1944 in film involved some significant events, including the wholesome, award-winning Going My Way plus popular murder mysteries such as Double Indemnity, Gaslight and Laura.

Top-grossing films (U.S.)

The top ten 1944 released films by box office gross in North America are as follows:

Highest-grossing films of 1944
Rank	Title	Distributor	Domestic rentals
1	Going My Way	Paramount	$6,500,000^[1]
2	Meet Me in St. Louis	MGM	$5,016,000^[2]
3	Since You Went Away	United Artists	$4,950,000^[3]
4	Thirty Seconds Over Tokyo	MGM	$4,297,000^[2]
5	The Story of Dr. Wassell	Paramount	$4,209,968^[4]
6	The White Cliffs of Dover	MGM	$4,045,000^[2]
7	A Guy Named Joe	MGM	$3,970,000^[2]
8	Hollywood Canteen	Warner Bros.	$3,831,000^[5]
9	To Have and Have Not	Warner Bros.	$3,652,000^[5]
10	Bathing Beauty	MGM	$3,284,000^[2]

Events

March 16 – MGM's supernatural romantic drama A Guy Named Joe, starring Spencer Tracy and Irene Dunne, opens in Los Angeles.
May 3 – The musical comedy drama Going My Way, directed by Leo McCarey and starring Bing Crosby and Barry Fitzgerald, premieres in New York City. It opens in Los Angeles on August 16. The highest-grossing picture of the year, it goes on to win a total of seven Academy Awards, including Best Picture, Best Director for McCary, Best Actor for Crosby and Best Original Song for "Swinging on a Star".
May 13 – Dale Evans appears in her first film with future husband, Roy Rogers – Cowboy and the Senorita.
July 20 – Home front drama Since You Went Away is released in the United States.
August 16–September 11 – Nazi propaganda documentary Theresienstadt is filmed in the Theresienstadt Ghetto. Following completion of filming, co-director Kurt Gerron and many of those featured are transported to Auschwitz concentration camp and murdered; although completed in 1945, the film is never released.^[6]
September 6 – Crime thriller film noir Double Indemnity is released in the United States.
September – Around 640 motion picture actors, writers and directors are included on the Gottbegnadeten list in Nazi Germany, protecting them from military conscription.
November 22 – MGM's musical Meet Me in St. Louis, starring Judy Garland and Margaret O'Brien, premieres. Hugely popular with both audiences and critics, the film is nominated for four Academy Awards.

Awards

Category/Organization	2nd Golden Globe Awards January 20, 1945	17th Academy Awards March 15, 1945
Best Film	Going My Way
Best Director	Leo McCarey Going My Way
Best Actor	Alexander Knox Wilson	Bing Crosby Going My Way
Best Actress	Ingrid Bergman Gaslight
Best Supporting Actor	Barry Fitzgerald Going My Way
Best Supporting Actress	Agnes Moorehead Mrs. Parkington	Ethel Barrymore None but the Lonely Heart

Top Ten Money Making Stars

Rank	Actor/Actress
1.	Bing Crosby
2.	Gary Cooper
3.	Bob Hope
4.	Betty Grable
5.	Spencer Tracy
6.	Greer Garson
7.	Humphrey Bogart
8. (tie)	Bud Abbott Lou Costello
9.	Cary Grant
10.	Bette Davis

1944 film releases

Notable films released in 1944

United States unless stated

A

The Adventures of Mark Twain, starring Fredric March
Ali Baba and the Forty Thieves, starring Maria Montez and Jon Hall
And Now Tomorrow, starring Alan Ladd and Loretta Young
And the Angels Sing, starring Fred MacMurray and Dorothy Lamour
Army (陸軍, Rikugun), directed by Keisuke Kinoshita, starring Chishū Ryū and Kinuyo Tanaka – (Japan)
Arsenic and Old Lace, directed by Frank Capra, starring Cary Grant, Priscilla Lane, Raymond Massey, Peter Lorre; filmed in 1941 but not released until 1944
At Land, directed by Maya Deren

B

Bathing Beauty, starring Esther Williams and Red Skelton
Berlanti, directed by and starring Youssef Wahbi – (Egypt)
Between Two Worlds, starring John Garfield, Eleanor Parker and Sydney Greenstreet
The Black Pirate (El corsario negro), starring Pedro Armendariz – (Mexico)
The Bridge of San Luis Rey, starring Lynn Bari
Buffalo Bill, starring Joel McCrea and Maureen O'Hara
A Bullet in the Heart (Rossassa Fel Qalb) – (Egypt)

C

Candlelight in Algeria, starring James Mason – (GB)
Can't Help Singing, starring Deanna Durbin
A Canterbury Tale, written and directed by Michael Powell and Emeric Pressburger, starring Eric Portman – (GB)
The Canterville Ghost, starring Charles Laughton, Robert Young and Margaret O'Brien
Casanova Brown, starring Gary Cooper
Champagne Charlie, directed by Alberto Cavalcanti, starring Tommy Trinder and Stanley Holloway – (GB)
The Children Are Watching Us (I bambini ci guardano), directed by Vittorio De Sica – (Italy)
Christmas Holiday, starring Gene Kelly
The Climax, starring Susanna Foster and Boris Karloff
Cobra Woman, starring Maria Montez
The Conspirators, starring Paul Henreid and Hedy Lamarr
Cover Girl, starring Rita Hayworth and Gene Kelly
Cowboy and the Senorita, starring Roy Rogers and Dale Evans
Crime by Night, starring Jane Wyman
Cry of the Werewolf, starring Nina Foch
The Curse of the Cat People, starring Simone Simon

D

Days of Glory, starring Gregory Peck
Don't Take It to Heart, directed by Jeffrey Dell, starring Richard Greene – (GB)
Double Indemnity, directed by Billy Wilder, starring Fred MacMurray, Barbara Stanwyck and Edward G. Robinson
Dragon Seed, starring Katharine Hepburn
Dream of the Red Chamber (Hong lou meng) – (China)

E

Enemy of Women, starring Paul Andor
Experiment Perilous, starring Hedy Lamarr and George Brent

F

Fanny by Gaslight, directed by Anthony Asquith, starring Phyllis Calvert, James Mason, Stewart Granger – (GB)
Fiddlers Three, starring Tommy Trinder (GB)
The Fighting Seabees, starring John Wayne and Susan Hayward
The Fighting Sullivans, directed by Lloyd Bacon, starring Anne Baxter and Thomas Mitchell
For Those in Peril, directed by Charles Crichton – (GB)
Frenchman's Creek, starring Joan Fontaine and Basil Rathbone
Die Feuerzangenbowle (The Punch Bowl) – (Germany)

G

Gaslight, starring Ingrid Bergman, Charles Boyer and Joseph Cotten
Going My Way, directed by Leo McCarey, starring Bing Crosby and Barry Fitzgerald – winner of 7 Oscars
The Great Moment, starring Joel McCrea and Betty Field
Greenwich Village, starring Carmen Miranda and Don Ameche
The Great Sacrifice (Opfergang) – (Germany)

H

Hail the Conquering Hero, written and directed by Preston Sturges, starring Eddie Bracken and Ella Raines
The Halfway House, directed by Basil Dearden, starring Mervyn Johns and Glynis Johns
The Heavenly Body, starring William Powell and Hedy Lamarr
Henry V, directed by and starring Laurence Olivier – (GB)
The Hitler Gang, starring Robert Watson
Hollywood Canteen, starring Joan Leslie
Home in Indiana, starring Walter Brennan
The Hour Before the Dawn, starring Veronica Lake
House of Frankenstein, starring Boris Karloff and Lon Chaney Jr.

I

I'll Be Seeing You, starring Ginger Rogers and Shirley Temple
In Our Time, starring Ida Lupino and Paul Henreid
In Society, starring Bud Abbott and Lou Costello
It Happened Tomorrow, starring Dick Powell

J

Janie, directed by Michael Curtiz, starring Joyce Reynolds
Jwar Bhata – (India)

K

The Keys of the Kingdom, starring Gregory Peck, Cedric Hardwicke, Vincent Price and Roddy McDowall
Knickerbocker Holiday, starring Nelson Eddy
Kismet, starring Ronald Colman and Marlene Dietrich

L

Lady in the Dark, starring Ginger Rogers and Ray Milland
Lady, Let's Dance, ice skating musical starring Belita and comedy ice team Frick and Frack
Lake Placid Serenade, starring Vera Ralston
Laura, directed by Otto Preminger, starring Gene Tierney, Dana Andrews, Clifton Webb and Vincent Price
Lifeboat, directed by Alfred Hitchcock, starring Tallulah Bankhead, John Hodiak, William Bendix, Walter Slezak, Henry Hull and Hume Cronyn
The Lodger, starring Merle Oberon and George Sanders
Lost in a Harem, starring Bud Abbott and Lou Costello

M

Man from Frisco directed by Robert Florey, starring Michael O'Shea and Anne Shirley
Marie-Louise directed by Leopold Lindtberg and an uncredited Franz Schnyder
The Mask of Dimitrios, starring Peter Lorre, Sydney Greenstreet and Zachary Scott
Meet Me in St. Louis, directed by Vincente Minnelli, starring Judy Garland
Meet the People, starring Lucille Ball
Melody of Murder (Mordets Melodi) – (Denmark)
Memphis Belle: A Story of a Flying Fortress, a documentary by William Wyler
Ministry of Fear, starring Ray Milland
The Miracle of Morgan's Creek, directed by Preston Sturges, starring Eddie Bracken and Betty Hutton
Mr. Skeffington, starring Bette Davis and Claude Rains
Mrs. Parkington, starring Greer Garson
The Mummy's Curse, starring Lon Chaney Jr.
The Mummy's Ghost, starring Lon Chaney Jr.
Murder, My Sweet (aka Farewell My Lovely), directed by Edward Dmytryk, starring Dick Powell and Claire Trevor
Music for Millions, starring Margaret O'Brien

N

The Nail (El clavo) – (Spain)
National Velvet, starring Elizabeth Taylor and Mickey Rooney
None but the Lonely Heart, starring Cary Grant and Ethel Barrymore
None Shall Escape, starring Alexander Knox

O

On Approval, starring Clive Brook and Googie Withers – (GB)
Once Upon a Time, starring Cary Grant, Ted Donaldson, Janet Blair
Our Hearts Were Young and Gay, starring Gail Russell and Diana Lynn

P

Pardon My Rhythm, starring Gloria Jean
Passage to Marseille, starring Humphrey Bogart, Claude Rains, Peter Lorre and Sydney Greenstreet
The Pearl of Death, a Sherlock Holmes mystery directed by Roy William Neill, starring Basil Rathbone as Holmes, and Nigel Bruce as Watson; co-starring Rondo Hatton and Evelyn Ankers
Phantom Lady, starring Franchot Tone and Ella Raines
Pin Up Girl, starring Betty Grable
Port of Freedom (Große Freiheit Nr. 7) – (Germany)
Possession (Besættelse) – (Denmark)
The Princess and the Pirate, starring Bob Hope and Virginia Mayo
The Purple Heart, starring Dana Andrews, Richard Conte and Farley Granger

R

Rainbow (Raduga) – (U.S.S.R.)
Rationing, starring Wallace Beery and Marjorie Main
The Rats of Tobruk (aka The Fighting Rats of Tobruk), starring Peter Finch and Chips Rafferty – (Australia)
The Respectable Ladies of Pardubice (Počestné paní pardubické), directed by Martin Frič – (Czechoslovakia)

S

The Scarlet Claw, a Sherlock Holmes mystery directed by Roy William Neill, starring Basil Rathbone as Holmes, and Nigel Bruce as Watson
The Seventh Cross, directed by Fred Zinnemann, starring Spencer Tracy
Sherlock Holmes and The Spider Woman, a Sherlock Holmes mystery directed by Roy William Neill, starring Basil Rathbone as Holmes and Nigel Bruce as Watson; co-starring Gale Sondergaard
Since You Went Away, starring Claudette Colbert, Jennifer Jones and Shirley Temple
Something for the Boys starring Carmen Miranda, Michael O'Shea and Vivian Blaine
Song of Russia, starring Robert Taylor
The Soul of a Monster, starring George Macready
Storm Over Lisbon, starring Vera Ralston
The Story of Dr. Wassell, starring Gary Cooper
Sunday Dinner for a Soldier, starring Anne Baxter and John Hodiak
The Suspect, starring Charles Laughton

T

Tall in the Saddle, starring John Wayne
Thirty Seconds over Tokyo, starring Spencer Tracy and Van Johnson
This Happy Breed, directed by David Lean, starring John Mills and Celia Johnson – (GB)
The Three Caballeros, a Walt Disney animated film starring Donald Duck and Dora Luz (released in South America in 1944, but was released in 1945 in the U.S.)
Time Flies, starring Tommy Handley (GB)
To Have And Have Not, directed by Howard Hawks, starring Humphrey Bogart and Lauren Bacall
Torment (Hets), directed by Alf Sjoberg – (Sweden)
The Tower of the Seven Hunchbacks (La Torre de los Siete Jorobados) – (Spain)
Tunisian Victory, directed by Frank Capra, Hugh Stewart and John Huston – (US/GB)
Two Thousand Women, starring Flora Robson and Phyllis Calvert – (GB)

U

The Uninvited, starring Ray Milland
Up in Arms, starring Danny Kaye and Dinah Shore

W

The Way Ahead (Immortal Battalion), directed by Carol Reed, starring David Niven and Stanley Holloway – (GB)
Weird Woman, starring Lon Chaney Jr. and Anne Gwynne
When Strangers Marry, starring Dean Jagger, Kim Hunter, Robert Mitchum
The White Cliffs of Dover, starring Irene Dunne
Wilson, a biopic of President Woodrow Wilson, starring Alexander Knox and Charles Coburn
Wing and a Prayer, directed by Henry Hathaway, starring Dana Andrews and Don Ameche
The Woman in the Window, directed by Fritz Lang, starring Edward G. Robinson and Joan Bennett

Y

The Yellow Rose of Texas, starring Roy Rogers and Dale Evans

Serials

Black Arrow
Captain America, starring Dick Purcell
The Desert Hawk, starring Gilbert Roland and Charles Middleton
The Great Alaskan Mystery
Haunted Harbor, starring Kane Richmond
Mystery of the River Boat
Raiders of Ghost City
The Tiger Woman, starring Linda Stirling
Zorro's Black Whip, starring Linda Stirling

Short film series

Our Gang (1922-1944)
The Three Stooges (1934–1959)

Animated short film series

Births

January 5 – Franco Ferrini, Italian screenwriter
January 9 – Harun Farocki, German filmmaker (died 2014)
January 10 – William Sanderson, American actor
January 13 - Mike Edmonds, English actor
January 20 – Margaret Avery, American actress
January 22 - Pamela Salem, British actress (died 2024)
January 23 – Rutger Hauer, Dutch actor (died 2019)^[8]
January 28 - Andrew Jack, British dialect coach and actor (died 2020)
February 3 – Trisha Noble, Australian singer and actress (died 2021)
February 8
- Richard Durden, English actor
- Roger Lloyd-Pack, English actor (died 2014)
- Michael P. Moran, American actor (died 2004)
February 13
- Stockard Channing, American actress
- Michael Ensign, American actor
February 14 – Alan Parker, English director, producer and screenwriter (died 2020)
February 22 – Jonathan Demme, American director, producer and screenwriter (died 2017)
February 29 – Dennis Farina, American actor (died 2013)
March 5 – Peter Weibel, Ukrainian-born Austrian experimental filmmaker
March 6 - Harold Hopkins, Australian actor (died 2011)
March 10 – Richard Gant, American actor
March 14 – Steve Daskewisz, American actor and stunt double (died 2018)
March 19 - Guy Thauvette, Canadian actor
March 24 – R. Lee Ermey, American film, television and voice actor (died 2018)
March 26 – Diana Ross, American singer and actress
April 4 – Craig T. Nelson, American actor
April 6 – Anita Pallenberg, Italian-born actress and model (died 2017)
April 8 - Joey D. Vieira, American actor
April 13 – Charles Burnett, American director
April 30 – Jill Clayburgh, American actress (died 2010)
May 4 – Russi Taylor, American voice actress (died 2019)
May 5
- Roger Rees, Welsh actor and director (died 2015)
- John Rhys-Davies, English actor
May 10 – Jim Abrahams, American director, producer and screenwriter
May 14 – George Lucas, American director, producer and screenwriter
May 16 – Danny Trejo, American actor and voice actor
May 19
- Peter Mayhew, English actor (died 2019)
- Frank Pellegrino, American actor (died 2017)
May 25 – Frank Oz, American actor, filmmaker and puppeteer
May 26
- Olga Bisera, Yugoslav-born Italian actress and producer
- Andre Stojka, American voice actor and singer
May 28
- Sondra Locke, American actress (died 2018)
- Clement von Franckenstein, English actor (died 2019)
May 29 - Helmut Berger, Austrian actor (died 2023)
June 11 – Roscoe Orman, American actor
June 12 - Terence Kelly, Canadian actor
June 14 - Joe Grifasi, American character actor
June 20 - Oliver Cotton, English actor, comedian and playwright
June 21 - Tony Scott, British director and producer (died 2012)
June 23 – Ingrīda Andriņa, Latvian actress (died 2015)
June 24 - Julian Holloway, British actor
June 29 – Gary Busey, American actor
July 1 – Wahid Hamed, Egyptian screenwriter (died 2021)
July 2 – Viiu Härm, Estonian actress
July 8 – Jeffrey Tambor, American actor
July 12 - Delia Ephron, American writer and producer
July 17 – Catherine Schell, Hungarian-born British actress
July 22
- Nick Brimble, English actor
- Peter Jason, American character actor
July 23 - Pepe Serna, American actor
July 30
- Frances de la Tour, English actress
- Yoon Jeong-hee, South Korean actress
July 31 – Geraldine Chaplin, American actress
August 4 - Richard Belzer, American actor and stand-up comedian (died 2023)
August 7 – John Glover, American actor
August 9 – Sam Elliott, American actor
August 11 – Ian McDiarmid, Scottish actor
August 13 - Kevin Tighe, American actor
August 19 – John Roselius, American actor (died 2018)
August 21 – Peter Weir, Australian director, producer and screenwriter
August 25 - Anthony Heald, American character actor
August 26 - Stephen Greif, English actor (died 2022)
August 27 - G. W. Bailey, American actor
August 30 – Wolf Roth, German actor
September 1 – Beau Starr, American actor
September 6 - Swoosie Kurtz, American actress
September 13 – Jacqueline Bisset, English actress
September 15 – Pik-Sen Lim, Malaysian-British actress
September 16 - Michael Edwards, American actor
September 20 – Jeremy Child, British actor (died 2022)
September 21 - Fannie Flagg, American actress and comedian
September 22
- Kathe Green, American actress, model and singer
- Frazer Hines, English actor
September 25 – Michael Douglas, American actor and producer
September 26 - Helmut Bakaitis, German-born Australian director, actor and screenwriter
September 28 - Matthew Cowles, American actor (died 2014)
October 1 – Jean-Pierre Castaldi, French actor
October 8 – Dale Dye, American actor, technical advisor, radio personality and writer
October 10 – Lii Tedre, Estonian actress
October 14 - Udo Kier, German actor
October 20 - Robert Swan, American actor (died 2023)
October 28 – Dennis Franz, American actor
November 2 - Patrice Chéreau, French filmmaker, actor and producer (died 2013)
November 4 – Linda Gary, American actress, voice actress (died 1995)
November 17
- Danny DeVito, American actor, comedian, producer and director
- Gary Goldman, American animator, producer and director
- Lorne Michaels, Canadian-American producer
November 21 – Harold Ramis, American actor, director and screenwriter (died 2014)
November 22 - Paul Brooke, retired English actor
November 25
- Will McMillan, American actor, producer and director (died 2015)
- Ben Stein, American actor and comedian
December 4 - Carol Sutton, American actress (died 2020)
December 5 – Jeroen Krabbe, Dutch actor and director
December 8 – Sharmila Tagore, Indian actress
December 11 - Teri Garr, American actress (died 2024)
December 12 – Kenneth Cranham, Scottish actor
December 15 – Morgan Paull, American actor (died 2012)
December 17 – Bernard Hill, English actor (died 2024)
December 17 - Orlando Spado, American businessman and entrepreneur

Deaths

January 3 – Aage Hertel, Danish actor (born 1873)
March 14 – Merta Sterling, American actress (born 1883)
April 10 – Pat West, American actor (born 1888)
July 14 – Emil Fjellström, Swedish actor (born 1884)
July 18 – Alan Dinehart, American actor (born 1889)
July 20 – Mildred Harris, American actress (born 1901)
September 24 – Hugo Thimig, Austrian actor (born 1854)
October 28 – Kurt Gerron, German film director (born 1897)
November 27 – Jill Furse, British actress (born 1915)^[9]
December 9 – Laird Cregar, American actor (born 1913)
December 13 – Lupe Vélez, Mexican actress (born 1908)
December 15 – Glenn Miller, American bandleader, actor (born 1904)

Film debuts

Forrest J Ackerman – Hey, Rookie
Michael Ansara – Action in Arabia
Lauren Bacall – To Have and Have Not
Kathryn Beaumont - It Happened One Sunday
Ann Blyth – Chip Off the Old Block
Steve Brodie – Ladies Courageous
Red Buttons – Winged Victory
Rory Calhoun – Something for the Boys
Petula Clark – Medal for the General
Peggy Ann Clifford – One Exciting Night
Margia Dean – Casanova in Burlesque
Guy Deghy – Mr. Emmanuel
John Derek – Since You Went Away
Richard Erdman – Mr. Skeffington
Mona Freeman – Double Indemnity
Gloria Grahame – Blonde Fever
Skip Homeier – Tomorrow, the World!
Victoria Horne – Phantom Lady
Trevor Howard – The Way Ahead
James Robertson Justice – For Those in Peril
Hardy Krüger – Junge Adler
Angela Lansbury – Gaslight
Guy Madison – Since You Went Away
Kevin McCarthy – Winged Victory
Lilia Michel – Naná
Anthony Newley – Henry V
Jane Nigh – Laura
Janis Paige – Bathing Beauty
Gregory Peck – Days of Glory
Tatyana Pelttser – The Wedding
Alan Reed – Days of Glory
Enriqueta Reza – La vida inútil de Pito Pérez
Zachary Scott – The Mask of Dimitrios
Jean Simmons – Give Us the Moon

References

^ "All-Time Top Grossers". Variety. 6 January 1965. p. 39. Retrieved 29 December 2022 – via Internet Archive.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e The Eddie Mannix Ledger, Los Angeles: Margaret Herrick Library, Center for Motion Picture Study.
^ "All-Time Top Grossers". Variety. 6 January 1965. p. 67. Retrieved 29 December 2022 – via Internet Archive.
^ Birchard 2004, p. 323.
^ ^a ^b Glancy, H. Mark (1995). "Warner Bros Film Grosses, 1921-51: the William Schaefer ledger". Historical Journal of Film, Radio and Television. 15 (1): 64. doi:10.1080/01439689500260031.
^ Margry, Karel (January 1992). "'Theresienstadt' (1944–1945): the Nazi propaganda film depicting the concentration camp as paradise". Historical Journal of Film, Radio and Television. 12 (2): 145–162. doi:10.1080/01439689200260091. ISSN 0143-9685.
^ Michael D. Gambone, The Greatest Generation Comes Home: The Veteran in American Society, Texas A&M University Press, 2005 p 152
^ "Blade Runner star Rutger Hauer dies aged 75". BBC News. 24 July 2019. Retrieved 24 July 2019.
^ Ravilious, Robin (2004). "Whistler, Sir (Alan Charles) Laurence". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/75009. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)

Bibliography

Birchard, Robert S. (2004). Cecil B. DeMille's Hollywood. University Press of Kentucky. ISBN 978-0813123240.

External links

[AllTime39-1] "All-Time Top Grossers". Variety. 6 January 1965. p. 39. Retrieved 29 December 2022 – via Internet Archive.

[Mannix-2] The Eddie Mannix Ledger, Los Angeles: Margaret Herrick Library, Center for Motion Picture Study.

[AllTime2-3] "All-Time Top Grossers". Variety. 6 January 1965. p. 67. Retrieved 29 December 2022 – via Internet Archive.

[FOOTNOTEBirchard2004323-4] Birchard 2004, p. 323.

[warners-5] Glancy, H. Mark (1995). "Warner Bros Film Grosses, 1921-51: the William Schaefer ledger". Historical Journal of Film, Radio and Television. 15 (1): 64. doi:10.1080/01439689500260031.

[6] Margry, Karel (January 1992). "'Theresienstadt' (1944–1945): the Nazi propaganda film depicting the concentration camp as paradise". Historical Journal of Film, Radio and Television. 12 (2): 145–162. doi:10.1080/01439689200260091. ISSN 0143-9685.

[michael-7] Michael D. Gambone, The Greatest Generation Comes Home: The Veteran in American Society, Texas A&M University Press, 2005 p 152

[8] "Blade Runner star Rutger Hauer dies aged 75". BBC News. 24 July 2019. Retrieved 24 July 2019.

[9] Ravilious, Robin (2004). "Whistler, Sir (Alan Charles) Laurence". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/75009. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)

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