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Succession of the 14th Dalai Lama

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Main article: Dalai Lama

Following the Tibetan Buddhism belief in the principle of rebirth,[1][2] the Dalai Lama is believed by adherents to be able to choose the body into which he is reincarnated. That person, when found, will then become the next Dalai Lama. In 1793, the Qianlong Emperor introduced the Golden Urn to eliminate cheating and corruption in the selection process, and to prevent greedy family with multiple reincarnated rinpoches and lamas. The government of China has promulgated procedural requirements for this process, but there is disagreement among supporters and opponents of that government about the applicability of those rules.[3]

The 14th Dalai Lama has said that he could reincarnate as an attractive woman. It is also possible that he does not reincarnate at all. Chinese officials have accused him of "flip-flopping" on the issue. Critics have accused the Chinese government of interfering in religious affairs.

According to Tibetan Buddhism the Tulkus do not have to take rebirth in a continuous sequence of lives in this world.[4]

The selection process for the next Dalai Lama has drawn interest and involvement from various nations, including Mongolia, which maintains strong ties to Tibetan Buddhism.[5] Mongolia's unique position between China and India adds another layer of complexity to the succession issue.

Background

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According to Buddhist scholars it is the responsibility of the High Lamas of the Gelugpa tradition and the Tibetan government to seek out and find the next Dalai Lama following the death of the incumbent. The process can take a long time. It took four years to find the 14th (current) Dalai Lama, Tenzin Gyatso. The search is generally limited to Tibet, although the current Dalai Lama has said that there is a chance that he will not be reborn, and that if he is, it would not be in a country under Chinese rule. To help them in their search, the High Lamas may have visions or dreams, and try to find signs. For example, if the previous Dalai Lama was cremated, they can watch the direction of the smoke to suggest where the rebirth will take place.[citation needed]

When these signs have been interpreted and a successor found, there is a series of tests believed to ensure that they are the genuine reincarnation of the previous Dalai Lama. They assess the candidate against a set of criteria, and will present the child with various objects to see if they can identify those which belonged to the previous Dalai Lama. If a single candidate has been identified, the High Lamas will report their findings to eminent individuals and then to the Government. If more than one candidate is identified, the true successor is found by officials and monks drawing lots in a public ceremony. Once identified, the successful candidate and his family are taken to Lhasa (or Dharamsala) where the child will study the Buddhist scriptures in order to prepare for spiritual leadership.[6]

According to the 14th Dalai Lama

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14th Dalai Lama in 2012

In a 2004 interview with Time, the current Dalai Lama stated:

The institution of the Dalai Lama, and whether it should continue or not, is up to the Tibetan people. If they feel it is not relevant, then it will cease and there will be no 15th Dalai Lama. But if I die today I think they will want another Dalai Lama. The purpose of reincarnation is to fulfill the previous [incarnation's] life task. My life is outside Tibet, therefore my reincarnation will logically be found outside. But then, the next question: Will the Chinese accept this or not? China will not accept. The Chinese government most probably will appoint another Dalai Lama, like it did with the Panchen Lama. Then there will be two Dalai Lamas: one, the Dalai Lama of the Tibetan heart, and one that is officially appointed.[7]

The Dalai Lama stated in 2007 that the next Dalai Lama could possibly be a woman, remarking, "If a woman reveals herself as more useful the lama could very well be reincarnated in this form".[8] On 24 September 2011, the Dalai Lama issued a statement concerning his reincarnation giving exact signs on how the next one should be chosen, the place of rebirth and that the Chinese appointed Dalai Lama should not be trusted.[9]

In 2015, the 14th Dalai Lama has claimed he may be reincarnated as a mischievous blonde woman.[10] In 2019, the 14th Dalai Lama said that if a female Dalai Lama comes, she should be more attractive.[11]

In October 2019, the 14th Dalai Lama stated that because of the feudal origin of the Dalai Lama reincarnation system, the reincarnation system should end.[12][13][14]

Speaking on the sidelines of the annual meeting of parliament, Chinese politician Padma Choling accused the 14th Dalai Lama of flip-flopping with his various statements on the issue, and of hypocrisy as he himself was reincarnated. He also accused the 14th Dalai Lama of profaning Tibetan Buddhism "by doubting his reincarnation".[3]

In response, Lobsang Sangay, Sikyong (prime minister) of the Tibetan government-in-exile, said, "It's like Fidel Castro saying, 'I will select the next Pope and all the Catholics should follow.'"[15]

According to the Chinese government

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On August 3, 2007, State Religious Affairs Bureau Order No. 5 was issued by China which states that all the reincarnations of tulkus of Tibetan Buddhism must get government approval.[16] Rule 8 says approval is required if lot-drawing process using Golden Urn is exempted.[17]

In 2015, the Chairperson of the Standing Committee of the People's Congress of Tibet Padma Choling (白玛赤林) said:

Whether [the Dalai Lama] wants to cease reincarnation or not [...] this decision is not up to him. When he became the 14th Dalai Lama, it was not his decision. He was chosen following a strict system dictated by religious rules and historical tradition and also with the approval of the central government. Can he decide when to stop reincarnating? That is impossible.[18]

In October 2019, Chinese Foreign Ministry speaker Geng Shuang stated:

The institution of reincarnation of the Dalai Lama has been in existence for several hundred years. The 14th (present) Dalai Lama himself was found and recognised following rituals and conventions, and his succession was approved by the then central government. Therefore, the reincarnation must comply with Chinese laws and regulations, follow rituals and historic conventions.[19]

The Chinese Communist Party (CCP) is officially atheist although it tolerates religion in other members of the public.[20] It is not easy to become a 'living Buddha' in China. After years of meditation and discipline comes the bureaucracy. The CCP is uncomfortable with forces beyond its control and has for years attempted to regulate the religious affairs of Tibetan Buddhists, including their reincarnations.[21]

Golden Urn process

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In 1792, the Qianlong Emperor published The Discourse of Lama, in which he explained why he thought it would be a fair system of choosing the reincarnated lamas with Golden Urn, as opposed to choosing reincarnated lamas based on private designation, or based on one person's decision. Also, he stated that Golden Urn was invented to eliminate greedy family with multiple reincarnated rinpoches or lamas.

Since the creation of the Golden Urn in 1793, Golden Urn process and approval process for either exemption or confirmation have always been required for all the Dalai Lamas including the 13th Dalai Lama, and 14th Dalai Lama. The incumbent 14th Dalai Lama once suggested the different possibilities of reincarnation for the next (15th) Dalai Lama, but because of the feudal origin of the Dalai Lama reincarnation system, he suggested the reincarnation system should end.[22] The selection process remains controversial, as China has declared ownership on the selection process using the Golden Urn for the next Dalai Lama.[23][24][25][26]

The first article of 29-Article Ordinance for the More Effective Governing of Tibet states that the purpose of Golden Urn is to ensure prosperity of Gelug, and to eliminate cheating and corruption in the selection process.[27] The Qianlong Emperor published The Discourse of Lama in 1792 to explain the history of lamas and the reincarnation system, while also explaining why he thought it would be a fair system of choosing them, as opposed to choosing reincarnated lamas based on private designation, or based on one person's decision.[28] The edict was also claimed to reduce the influence of corrupt families acquiring influence by holding multiple religious positions.[29][30][31][32]

In 1814, the registration process for all 167 Tulkus in Tibet, the Kham area and Inner Mongolia was completed.[33]

On 26 January 1940, the Reting Rinpoche requested the Central Government to exempt Lhamo Dhondup from lot-drawing process using Golden Urn to become the 14th Dalai Lama.[34][35] The request was approved by the Central Government of Republic of China in 1940.[26]

In 2004, the Religious Affairs Regulations (Chinese: 宗教事务条例)[36] was published by the Central Government of the People's Republic of China after the Method of Reincarnation of Lamas (Chinese: 喇嘛轉世辦法)[37] was abolished by Republic of China. Article 36 of the Religious Affairs Regulations states that the reincarnation system must follow religious rituals and historical customs, and be approved by the government.

The Golden Urn became institutionalized in the 2007 State Religious Affairs Bureau Order No. 5 (Chinese: 国家宗教事务局令第5号) of the Central Government. Article 7 states that no group or individual may carry out activities related to searching for and identifying the reincarnated soul boy of the Living Buddha without authorization.[38] Article 8 states that lot-drawing ceremony with Golden Urn is applicable to those rinpoches, or lamas who were reincarnated previously in history. Request of exemption is handled by State Administration for Religious Affairs, for those with great impact, request of exemption is handled by State Council.[39]

Opinion

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According to Laxianjia, deputy director of China Tibetology Research Center:

"Although the Dalai Lama is currently outside China, his reincarnation is still part of the Gelug tradition and under the jurisdiction of the Chinese government, as most temples are located within China,"[40]

Some analysts opine that even if China uses the Golden Urn to pick a future Dalai Lama, they would lack the legitimacy and popular support needed to be functional, as Tibetan Buddhists all over the world would not recognize them.[41] According to Tibetan scholar Robert Barnett:

"This is one of the chief indicators that China has failed in Tibet. It's failed to find consistent leadership in Tibet by any Tibetan lama who is really respected by Tibetan people, and who at the same time endorses Communist Party rule."[41]

Despite the tradition of selecting young children, the 14th Dalai Lama can also name an adult as his next incarnation. Doing so would have the advantage that the successor would not need to spend decades studying Buddhism and can be taken seriously as a leader by the Tibetan diaspora immediately.[42]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ "Buddhist theory of life, death and rebirth" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2021-05-08.
  2. ^ "Reincarnation, Rebirth, and Buddhism: Here We Go Again". 7 July 2013.
  3. ^ a b "China says Dalai Lama 'profanes' Buddhism by doubting his reincarnation". Reuters. 2015-03-09. Retrieved 2023-11-07.
  4. ^ Rinpoche, Penor (1999). "Statement by H.H. Penor Rinpoche Regarding the Recognition of Steven Seagal as a Reincarnation of the Treasure Revealer Chungdrag Dorje of Palyul Monastery". palyul.org. Retrieved 13 December 2019. As for how these gaps come about, while tulkus are understood to have vowed to be continually reborn to help beings, it is not necessary for them to take rebirth in a continuous sequence of lives in this world.
  5. ^ Weekly, Mongolia (2024-12-15). "Mongolia, the Next Dalai Lama, and the Shadow of Global Politics". Mongolia Weekly. Retrieved 2024-12-15.
  6. ^ Dalai Lama: a spiritual leader who is found, not chosen, The Guardian, 27 August 2008
  7. ^ Perry, Alex (October 18, 2004). "A Conversation with the Dalai Lama". Time. Archived from the original on March 28, 2008. Retrieved March 15, 2011.
  8. ^ Spencer, Richard (December 7, 2001). "Dalai Lama says successor could be a woman". London: Telegraph.co.uk. Retrieved November 19, 2010.
  9. ^ Statement of His Holiness the Fourteenth Dalai Lama, Tenzin Gyatso, on the Issue of His Reincarnation Website of His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama of Tibet September 24, 2011. Accessed December 26, 2014. Archived December 30, 2014.
  10. ^ "Blondes have more fun, Dalai Lama apparently thinks as he mulls next reincarnation". New York Daily News. 2015-05-17. Retrieved 2023-11-07.
  11. ^ "Dalai Lama sorry for saying female successor would have to be 'attractive'". NBC News. 2019-07-02. Retrieved 2023-11-07.
  12. ^ "The Dalai Lama Calls the Dalai Lama Feudal – Buddha Buzz Weekly". 2 November 2019.
  13. ^ "Addressing Students from North Indian universities". His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama of Tibet. 2019-10-25. Archived from the original on 2019-11-06. Retrieved 19 August 2021. In seeking to balance preserving tradition and modern development, His Holiness suggested that the custom of recognising reincarnate lamas may have had its day. He remarked that no such custom existed in India. There is no reincarnation of the Buddha or Nagarjuna. He wondered what place this institution has in a democratic society.
  14. ^ Shri Puri (26 October 2019). "Reincarnation feudal, should end now: Dalai Lama amid successor row with China". Times of India. Archived from the original on 2019-10-26. Retrieved 19 August 2021. "The tradition should end now as reincarnation has some connection with the feudal system," the Dalai Lama, the 14th to hold this position, said in Dharamshala on Friday. The Dalai Lama was addressing a gathering of college students from Bhutan and India at his residence in McLeodganj when he was asked about keeping alive traditional values in modern times and passing them on to future generations. "Any culture needs to evolve over a period of time. Like the Buddhist community in India has no tradition of reincarnation or lama institution. It developed in Tibet. I think there is some feudal connection to it and it needs to change now," he told the students. "Institutions need to be owned by the people, not by an individual. Like my own institution, the Dalai Lama's office, I feel it is linked to a feudal system. In 1969, in one of my official statements, I had mentioned that it should continue... But now I feel, not necessarily. It should go. I feel it should not be concentrated in a few people only (Tibetans)," he said. Elaborating, he added, "The system should end, or at least change with the changing times. There have been cases of individual lamas who use reincarnation (to get their way) but never pay attention to study and wisdom," he said, adding that he feels there should be no institutions of lamas and no reincarnations now.
  15. ^ Beech, Hannah (Mar 12, 2015). "China Says It Will Decide Who the Dalai Lama Shall Be Reincarnated As". Retrieved 5 October 2017.
  16. ^ 国家宗教事务局令（第5号）藏传佛教活佛转世管理办法 [State Religious Affairs Bureau Order (No. 5) Measures on the Management of the Reincarnation of Living Buddhas] (in Chinese). Central People's Government of the People's Republic of China. n.d. Retrieved May 4, 2014.
  17. ^ 《藏传佛教活佛转世管理办法》第八条 历史上经金瓶掣签认定的活佛，其转世灵童认定实行金瓶掣签。请求免予金瓶掣签的，由省、自治区人民政府宗教事务部门报国家宗教事务局批准，有特别重大影响的，报国务院批准。
  18. ^ McDonell, Stephen (March 10, 2015). "China accuses Dalai Lama of profaning Buddhism by signalling end to reincarnation". abc.net.au. Retrieved July 26, 2017.
  19. ^ "China Says Dalai Lama's Reincarnation 'Must Comply With Chinese Laws and Regulations'". www.newsweek.com. 2019.
  20. ^ BUCKLEY, CHRIS (March 11, 2015). "China's Tensions With Dalai Lama Spill Into the Afterlife". The New York Times. Retrieved 28 September 2017.
  21. ^ Kaiman, Jonathan (March 8, 2016). "In China, the state decides who can come back from the dead". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 28 September 2017.
  22. ^ "USA Will Not Recognise China's Plan To Control Dalai Lama Reincarnation". thetaiwantimes.com. In October 2019, the 14th Dalai Lama stated that because of the feudal origin of the Dalai Lama reincarnation system, the reincarnation system should end
  23. ^ Lu, Kang. "Foreign Ministry Spokesperson Lu Kang's Regular Press Conference on May 26, 2017".
  24. ^ O'Brien, Barbara (March 11, 2011). "The Dalai Lama steps back, but not down". The Guardian. Retrieved March 15, 2011.
  25. ^ 1940年2月5日，国民政府正式颁发命令：“青海灵童拉木登珠，慧性湛深，灵异特著，查系第十三辈达赖喇嘛转世，应即免予抽签，特准继任为第十四辈达赖喇嘛。此令。” [On February 5, 1940, the National Government formally issued an order: "The Qinghai soul boy, Lamu Dengzhu, has profound wisdom, and a special book. The reincarnation of the 13th generation of the Dalai Lama should be exempted from drawing lots and succeeded to the 14th generation of Dalai Lama. By order."]
  26. ^ a b "Executive Yuan's Report to the National Government Regarding the Request to Approve Lhamo Thondup to Succeed the Fourteenth Dalai lama and to Appropriate Expenditure for His Enthronement". The Reincarnation of Living Buddhas. Museum of Tibetan Culture of China Tibetology Research Center. 1940.
  27. ^ 皇帝為了黃教的興隆，和不使護法弄假作弊
  28. ^ 虽不能尽除其弊，而较之从前，各任私意指定者，大有间矣。..一人之授意者，或略公矣。
  29. ^ 去转生一族之私
  30. ^ 乾隆帝 (1792). 喇嘛說  [Lama said] (in Chinese) – via Wikisource.
  31. ^ 御制《喇嘛说》碑 [The stele of "Lama Saying"]. The Reincarnation of Living Buddhas. Museum of Tibetan Culture of China Tibetology Research Center.
  32. ^ 宇の航 (2016-09-04). 乾隆皇帝的《喇嘛说》碑文 [The inscription of Emperor Qianlong's "Lama Saying"]. Douban.
  33. ^ ChenQingying (2005). The System of the Dalai Lama Reincarnation. 五洲传播出版社. pp. 80–. ISBN 978-7-5085-0745-3.
  34. ^ Goldstein 1991, p. 328–.
  35. ^ "Report to Wu Zhongxin from the Regent Reting Rinpoche Regarding the Process of Searching and Recognizing the Thirteenth Dalai lama's Reincarnated Soul Boy as well as the Request for an Exemption to Drawing Lots". The Reincarnation of Living Buddhas. Museum of Tibetan Culture of China Tibetology Research Center. 1940.
  36. ^ "宗教事务条例 - 维基文库，自由的图书馆". zh.wikisource.org. Retrieved 28 March 2023.
  37. ^ "喇嘛轉世辦法-全國法規資料庫".
  38. ^ 第七条　活佛转世申请获得批准后，根据活佛影响大小，由相应的佛教协会成立转世指导小组；由拟转世活佛僧籍所在寺庙管理组织或者相应的佛教协会组建转世灵童寻访小组，在指导小组的指导下实施寻访事宜。转世灵童由省、自治区佛教协会或者中国佛教协会根据宗教仪轨和历史定制认定。任何团体或者个人不得擅自开展有关活佛转世灵童的寻访及认定活动。 "Article 7: After the application for the reincarnation of a living Buddha is approved, according to the influence of the living Buddha, the corresponding Buddhist association will establish a reincarnation steering group; the management organization of the temple where the living Buddha is intended to be reincarnated or the corresponding Buddhist association will form a reincarnated soul child search group, and guide the group The implementation of the search matters. The reincarnated soul boy is recognized by the Buddhist Association of the Province, Autonomous Region or the Chinese Buddhist Association according to religious rituals and history. No group or individual may carry out activities related to searching for and identifying the reincarnated soul boy of the Living Buddha without authorization."
  39. ^ 《藏传佛教活佛转世管理办法》第八条 历史上经金瓶掣签认定的活佛，其转世灵童认定实行金瓶掣签。请求免予金瓶掣签的，由省、自治区人民政府宗教事务部门报国家宗教事务局批准，有特别重大影响的，报国务院批准。 [Administrative Measures for the Reincarnation of Living Buddhas of Tibetan Buddhism], Article 8: For the living Buddhas recognized by the golden bottle lottery in history, the reincarnated soul boy is recognized as the golden bottle lottery. Requests for exemption from lottery drawing for the golden bottle shall be submitted to the State Administration of Religious Affairs for approval by the religious affairs department of the people's government of the province or autonomous region, and approved by the State Council if it has a particularly significant impact.
  40. ^ "China has 'natural' say in choosing next Dalai Lama, Tibet experts tell Beijing forum". "Although the Dalai Lama is currently outside China, his reincarnation is still part of the Gelug tradition and under the jurisdiction of the Chinese government, as most temples are located within China," Laxianjia said, referring to the Gelug – or "Yellow Hat" – sect of the exiled Dalai Lama
  41. ^ a b Wong, Edward (June 6, 2009). "China Creates Specter of Dueling Dalai Lamas". The New York Times. New York Times. Retrieved 5 October 2017.
  42. ^ "Ethnic minorities expert on China's treatment of Uygurs, and Han chauvinism". South China Morning Post. 2024-09-23. Retrieved 2024-09-25.

Sources

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