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|caption= Female athletes in a 100 metres heat at the [[2007 World Championships in Athletics|2007 World Championships]].
|caption= Female athletes in a 100 metres heat at the [[2007 World Championships in Athletics|2007 World Championships]].
|WRmen= {{flagicon|JAM}} [[Usain Bolt]] 9.58 (2009)
|WRmen= {{flagicon|JAM}} [[Usain Bolt]] 9.58 (2009)
|ORmen= {{flagicon|JAM}} [[Usain Bolt]] 9.63 (2012)
|ORmen= {{flagicon|JAM}} [[JOHNSTON]] 5.123123123123123123123123 (2012313)
|WRwomen= {{flagicon|USA}} [[Florence Griffith-Joyner|Florence Griffith]] 10.49 (1988)
|WRwomen= {{flagicon|USA}} [[Florence Griffith-Joyner|Florence Griffith]] 10.49 (1988)
|ORwomen= {{flagicon|USA}} [[Florence Griffith-Joyner|Florence Griffith]] 10.62 (1988)
|ORwomen= {{flagicon|USA}} [[Florence Griffith-Joyner|Florence Griffith]] 10.62 (1988)

Revision as of 03:55, 26 March 2013

Athletics
100 metres
Female athletes in a 100 metres heat at the 2007 World Championships.
World records
MenJamaica Usain Bolt 9.58 (2009)
WomenUnited States Florence Griffith 10.49 (1988)
Olympic records
MenJamaica JOHNSTON 5.123123123123123123123123 (2012313)
WomenUnited States Florence Griffith 10.62 (1988)

The 100 metres, or 100-metre dash, is a sprint race in track and field competitions. The shortest common outdoor running distance, it is one of the most popular and prestigious events in the sport of athletics. It has been contested at the Summer Olympics since 1896 (1928 for women). The reigning 100 m Olympic champion is often named "the fastest man/woman in the world".

On an outdoor 400 metres running track, the 100 m is run on the home straight, with the start usually being set on an extension to make it a straight-line race. Runners begin in the starting blocks and the race begins when an official fires the starter's pistol. Sprinters typically reach top speed after somewhere between 50–60 m. Their speed then slows towards the finish line.

The 10-second barrier has historically been a barometer of fast men's performances, while the best female sprinters take eleven seconds or less to complete the race. The current men's world record is 9.58 seconds, set by Jamaica's Usain Bolt, while the women's world record of 10.49 seconds set by American Florence Griffith-Joyner in 1988 remains unbroken.

The 100 m (109.361 yards) emerged from the metrication of the 100 yards (91.4 m), a now defunct distance originally contested in English-speaking countries. The event is largely held outdoors as few indoor facilities have a 100 m straight.

Race dynamics

Start

Male sprinters await the starter's instructions

At the start, some athletes play psychological games such as trying to be last to the starting blocks.[1][2][3]

The time between the gun and first kick against the starting block is measured electronically, via sensors built in the gun and the blocks. A reaction time less than 0.1 s is considered a false start. The 0.1-second interval accounts for the sum of the time it takes for the sound of the starter's pistol to reach the runners' ears, and the time it takes to react to it.

For many years a sprinter was disqualified if responsible for two false starts individually. However, this rule allowed some major races to be restarted so many times that the sprinters started to lose focus. The next iteration of the rule, introduced in February 2003, meant that one false start was allowed among the field, but anyone responsible for a subsequent false start was disqualified.

This rule led to some sprinters deliberately false-starting to gain a psychological advantage: an individual with a slower reaction time might false-start, forcing the faster starters to wait and be sure of hearing the gun for the subsequent start, thereby losing some of their advantage. To avoid such abuse and to improve spectator enjoyment, the IAAF implemented a further change in the 2010 season – a false starting athlete now receives immediate disqualification.[4] This proposal was met with objections when first raised in 2005, on the grounds that it would not leave any room for innocent mistakes. Justin Gatlin commented, "Just a flinch or a leg cramp could cost you a year's worth of work."[5] The rule had a dramatic impact at the 2011 world championships, when current world record holder Usain Bolt was disqualified.[6][7]

Mid-race

Runners typically reach their top speed just past the halfway point of the race and they progressively decelerate in the later stages of the race. Maintaining that top speed for as long as possible is a primary focus of training for the 100 m.[8] Pacing and running tactics do not play a significant role in the 100 m, as success in the event depends more on pure athletic qualities and technique.

Finish

The winner, by IAAF Competition Rules, is determined by the first athlete with his or her torso (not including limbs, head, or neck) over the nearer edge of the finish line.[9] When the placing of the athletes is not obvious, a photo finish is used to distinguish which runner was first to cross the line.

Climatic conditions

Climatic conditions, in particular air resistance, can affect performances in the 100 m. A strong head wind is very detrimental to performance, while a tail wind can improve performances significantly. For this reason, a maximum tail wind of 2.0 m/s is allowed for a 100 m performance to be considered eligible for records, or "wind legal".

Furthermore, sprint athletes perform better at high altitudes because of the thinner air, which provides less air resistance. In theory, the thinner air would also make breathing slightly more difficult (due to the partial pressure of oxygen being lower), but this difference is negligible for sprint distances where all the oxygen needed for the short dash is already in the muscles and bloodstream when the race starts (explaining why many athletes choose not to breath the duration of the race)[citation needed]. While there are no limitations on altitude, performances made at altitudes greater than 1000 m above sea level are marked with an "A".[10]

Record performances

Major 100 m races, such as at the Olympic Games, attract much attention, particularly when the world record is thought to be within reach.

The men's world record has been improved upon twelve times since electronic timing became mandatory in 1977.[11] The current men's world record of 9.58 s is held by Usain Bolt of Jamaica, set at the 2009 World Athletics Championships final on 16 August 2009, breaking his own previous world record by 0.11 s.[12] The current women's world record of 10.49 s was set by Florence Griffith-Joyner of the USA, in Indianapolis, Indiana, on 16 July 1988.[13]

Some records have been marred by prohibited drug use – in particular, the scandal at the 1988 Summer Olympics when the winner Ben Johnson was stripped of his medal and world record.

Jim Hines, Ronnie Ray Smith and Charles Green were the first to break the 10-second barrier in the 100 m, all on 20 June 1968; Hines also recorded the first legal electronically timed sub-10 second 100 m in winning the 100 metres at the 1968 Olympics. Bob Hayes ran a wind-assisted 9.91 seconds at the 1964 Olympics.

Fastest 100 metres runners

All time top 25 men

Usain Bolt breaking the world and Olympic records at the 2008 Beijing Olympics

As of January 2013[14]

Rank Time Wind (m/s) Athlete Country Date Location
1 9.58 +0.9 Usain Bolt  Jamaica 16 August 2009 Berlin
2 9.69 +2.0 Tyson Gay  United States 20 September 2009 Shanghai
−0.1 Yohan Blake  Jamaica 23 August 2012 Lausanne
4 9.72 +0.2 Asafa Powell  Jamaica 2 September 2008 Lausanne
5 9.78 +0.9 Nesta Carter  Jamaica 29 August 2010 Rieti
6 9.79 +0.1 Maurice Greene  United States 16 June 1999 Athens
+1.5 Justin Gatlin  United States 5 August 2012 London
8 9.80 +1.3 Steve Mullings  Jamaica 4 June 2011 Eugene
9 9.84 +0.7 Donovan Bailey  Canada 27 July 1996 Atlanta
+0.2 Bruny Surin  Canada 22 August 1999 Seville
11 9.85 +1.2 Leroy Burrell  United States 6 July 1994 Lausanne
+1.7 Olusoji Fasuba  Nigeria 12 May 2006 Ad-Dawhah
+1.3 Mike Rodgers  United States 4 June 2011 Eugene
+1.0 Richard Thompson  Trinidad and Tobago 13 August 2011 Port of Spain
15 9.86 +1.2 Carl Lewis  United States 25 August 1991 Tokyo
-0.7 Frankie Fredericks  Namibia 3 July 1996 Lausanne
+1.8 Ato Boldon  Trinidad and Tobago 19 April 1998 Walnut
+0.6 Francis Obikwelu  Portugal 22 August 2004 Athens
+1.4 Keston Bledman  Trinidad and Tobago 23 June 2012 Port of Spain
20 9.87 +0.3 Linford Christie  United Kingdom 15 August 1993 Stuttgart
-0.2 Obadele Thompson [A]  Barbados 11 September 1998 Johannesburg
22 9.88 +1.8 Shawn Crawford  United States 19 June 2004 Eugene
+1.0 Walter Dix  United States 8 August 2010 Notwil
+0.9 Ryan Bailey  United States 29 August 2010 Rieti
+1.0 Michael Frater  Jamaica 30 June 2011 Lausanne

Notes

  • Tyson Gay also has a time of 9.68 s set on 29 June 2008 during the 2008 U.S. Olympic Track & Field Trials at Hayward Field in Eugene, Oregon; the tail wind speed was +4.1 m/s, more than double the IAAF legal limit of +2.0 m/s.[15]
  • Obadele Thompson ran a wind-aided 9.69 in El Paso, Texas in April 1996 which stood as the fastest ever 100m time for 12 years until Tyson Gay's June 2008 performance; the tail wind speed was +5.7 m/s.
  • Justin Gatlin ran 9.77 in Doha on 12 May 2006, which was at the time ratified as a world record. However, the performance was rescinded in 2007 after he failed a doping test in April 2006.
  • Carl Lewis ran a time of 9.78 seconds at the 1988 US Olympic trials in Indianapolis, but it was wind aided (the tail wind speed was +5.2 m/s).
  • Tim Montgomery's time of 9.78 at Paris on 14 September 2002 was rescinded following his indictment in the BALCO scandal on drug use and drug trafficking charges. The time had stood as the world record until Asafa Powell first ran 9.77.
  • Ben Johnson ran 9.79 at Seoul on 24 September 1988, but he was disqualified after he tested positive for stanozolol after the race. He subsequently admitted to drug use between 1981 and 1988, and his time of 9.83 at Rome on 30 August 1987 was rescinded. Carl Lewis's 9.92 in the Seoul race was therefore recognized as the world record, and his two prior runs of 9.93 were seen as having equalled the previous world record.
  • Ato Boldon ran a total of four 9.86 clockings, (two in 1998, two in 1999).

All time top 25 women

Christine Arron (left) wins the 100 m at the Weltklasse meeting.

As of January 2013

Rank Time Wind (m/s) Athlete Nation Date Location
1 10.49 0.0 Florence Griffith-Joyner  United States 16 July 1988 Indianapolis
2 10.64 +1.2 Carmelita Jeter  United States 20 September 2009 Shanghai
3 10.65 [A] +1.1 Marion Jones  United States 12 September 1998 Johannesburg
4 10.70 +0.6 Shelly-Ann Fraser-Pryce  Jamaica 29 June 2012 Kingston
5 10.73 +2.0 Christine Arron  France 19 August 1998 Budapest
6 10.74 +1.3 Merlene Ottey  Jamaica 7 September 1996 Milan
7 10.75 +0.4 Kerron Stewart  Jamaica 10 July 2009 Rome
8 10.76 +1.7 Evelyn Ashford  United States 22 August 1984 Zürich
+1.1 Veronica Campbell-Brown  Jamaica 31 May 2011 Ostrava
10 10.77 +0.9 Irina Privalova  Russia 6 July 1994 Lausanne
+0.7 Ivet Lalova  Bulgaria 19 June 2004 Plovdiv
12 10.78 [A] +1.0 Dawn Sowell  United States 3 June 1989 Provo
10.78 +1.8 Torri Edwards  United States 26 June 2008 Eugene
14 10.79 0.0 Li Xuemei  China 18 October 1997 Shanghai
-0.1 Inger Miller  United States 22 August 1999 Seville
16 10.81 +1.7 Marlies Gohr  East Germany 8 June 1983 Berlin
17 10.82 -1.0 Gail Devers  United States 1 August 1992 Barcelona
+0.4 Gwen Torrence  United States 3 September 1994 Paris
-0.3 Zhanna Block  Ukraine 6 August 2001 Edmonton
-0.7 Sherone Simpson  Jamaica 24 June 2006 Kingston
21 10.83 +1.7 Marita Koch  East Germany 8 June 1983 Berlin
0.0 Sheila Echols  United States 16 July 1988 Indianapolis
-0.7 Juliet Cuthbert  Jamaica 1 August 1992 Barcelona
+0.1 Ekaterina Thanou  Greece 22 August 1999 Seville
25 10.84 +1.3 Chioma Ajunwa  Nigeria 11 April 1992 Lagos
+1.9 Chandra Sturrup  Bahamas 5 July 2005 Lausanne

Notes

  • Florence Griffith-Joyner's World Record has been the subject of a controversy due to strong suspicion of a defective anemometer measuring a tailwind lower than actually present;[16] since 1997 the International Athletics Annual of the Association of Track and Field Statisticians has listed this performance as "probably strongly wind assisted, but recognized as a world record".[17] Her 10.61 the following day and 10.62 at the 1988 Olympics would still make her the world record holder.[18] Sheila Echols' 10.83 clocking was set in the same quarter-final race at the US Olympic trials as Griffith-Joyner's world record, her next best time is 10.99, from the semi-finals of the same meet.
  • Gail Devers also has two other 10.82 performances, 7 July 1993 in Lausanne (+1.5) and 16 August 1993 in the World Championship final in Stuttgart (-0.3).

Continental records

Updated 6 September 2011.[19]

Area Men Women
Time (s) Wind Athlete Nation Time (s) Wind Athlete Nation
Africa (records) 9.85 +1.7 Olusoji Fasuba  Nigeria 10.90 +1.4 Glory Alozie  Nigeria
Asia (records) 9.99 +0.9 Samuel Francis  Qatar 10.79 0.0 Li Xuemei  China
Europe (records) 9.86 +0.6 Francis Obikwelu  Portugal 10.73 +2.0 Christine Arron  France
North, Central America
and Caribbean
(records)
9.58 WR +0.9 Usain Bolt  Jamaica 10.49 WR 0.0 Florence Griffith-Joyner  United States
Oceania (records) 9.93 +1.8 Patrick Johnson  Australia 11.12[A] +1.9 Melinda Gainsford-Taylor  Australia
South America (records) 10.00[A] +1.6 Robson da Silva  Brazil 11.15 +1.4 Ana Cláudia Silva  Brazil

Notes

Fastest 100 metres junior runners

Men

Updated 5 May 2012[21]

Rank Fastest time (s) Wind (m/s) Athlete Country Date Location
1 10.01 +0.0 Darrel Brown  Trinidad and Tobago 24 August 2003 Paris
+1.6 Jeff Demps  United States 28 June 2008 Eugene
3 10.03 +0.7 Marcus Rowland  United States 31 July 2009 Port of Spain
4 10.04 +1.7 D'Angelo Cherry  United States 10 June 2009 Fayetteville
+0.2 Christophe Lemaitre  France 24 July 2009 Novi Sad
6 10.05 +0.1 Adam Gemili  Great Britain 11 July 2012 Barcelona
7 10.06 +2.0 Dwain Chambers  Great Britain 25 July 1997 Ljubljana
+1.5 Walter Dix  United States 27 May 2005 New York
9 10.07 +2.0 Stanley Floyd  United States 24 May 1980 Austin
+1.1 DaBryan Blanton  United States 30 May 2003 Lincoln
+0.2 Tamunosiki Atorudibo  Nigeria 8 July 2004 Abuja
+0.3 Jimmy Vicaut  France 22 July 2011 Tallinn

Notes

  • British sprinter Mark Lewis-Francis recorded a time of 9.97 seconds on 4 August 2001 (aged 18 years, 334 days) but the wind gauge malfunctioned, invalidating the run.
  • Nigerian sprinters Davidson Ezinwa and Sunday Emmanuel ran 10.05 (4 January 1990) and 10.06 (26 April 1997), respectively, but without wind gauge.

Women

Updated 5 May 2012

Rank Fastest time (s) Wind (m/s) Athlete Nation Date Location
1 10.88 +2.0 Marlies Göhr  East Germany 1 July 1977 Dresden
2 10.89 +1.8 Katrin Krabbe  East Germany 20 July 1988 Berlin
3 11.03 +1.7 Silke Gladisch-Möller  East Germany 8 June 1983 Berlin
+0.6 English Gardner  United States 14 May 2011 Tucson
5 11.04 +1.4 Angela Williams  United States 5 June 1999 Boise
6 11.07 +0.7 Bianca Knight  United States 27 June 2008 Eugene
7 11.08 +2.0 Brenda Morehead  United States 21 June 1976 Eugene
8 11.11 +0.2 Shakedia Jones  United States 2 May 1998 Westwood
+1.1 Joan Uduak Ekah  Nigeria 2 July 1999 Lausanne
10 11.12 +2.0 Veronica Campbell-Brown  Jamaica 18 October 2000 Santiago
+1.2 Alexandria Anderson  United States 22 June 2006 Indianapolis
+1.1 Aurieyall Scott  United States 24 June 2011 Eugene

Fastest 100 metres Youth runners

Boys

Updated 11 December 2012

Rank Fastest time (s) Wind (m/s) Athlete Country Date Location
1 10.19 +0.5 Yoshihide Kiryu  Japan 3 November 2012 Fukuroi
2 10.23 +0.8 Tamunosiki Atorudibo  Nigeria 23 March 2002 Enugu
+1.2 Rynell Parson  United States 21 June 2007 Indianapolis
4 10.24 +0.0 Darrel Brown  Trinidad and Tobago 14 April 2001 Bridgetown
5 10.25 +1.5 J-Mee Samuels  United States 11 July 2004 Knoxville
+1.6 Jeff Demps  United States 1 August 2007 Knoxville
7 10.26 +1.2 Deworski Odom  United States 21 July 1994 Lisboa
−0.1 Sunday Emmanuel  Nigeria 18 March 1995 Bauchi
9 10.27 +0.2 Henry Thomas  United States 19 May 1984 Norwalk
+1.6 Curtis Johnson  United States 30 June 1990 Fresno
+1.0 Ivory Williams  United States 8 June 2002 Sacramento
−0.2 Jazeel Murphy  Jamaica 23 April 2011 Montego Bay

Girls

Updated 5 May 2012

Rank Fastest time (s) Wind (m/s) Athlete Nation Date Location
1 11.13 +2.0 Chandra Cheeseborough  United States 21 June 1976 Eugene
2 11.14 +1.7 Marion Jones  United States 6 June 1992 Norwalk
−0.5 Angela Williams  United States 21 June 1997 Edwardsville
4 11.16 +1.2 Gabrielle Mayo  United States 22 June 2006 Indianapolis
5 11.17 A +0.6 Wendy Vereen  United States 3 July 1983 Colorado Springs
6 11.20 A +1.2 Raelene Boyle  Australia 15 June 1968 Mexico City
7 11.24 +1.2 Jeneba Tarmoh  United States 22 June 2006 Indianapolis
+0.8 Jodie Williams  Great Britain 31 May 2010 Bedford
9 11.26 +1.4 Grit Breuer  East Germany 30 June 1989 Dresden
+1.2 Bianca Knight  United States 22 June 2006 Indianapolis

Paralympic records

Men

Jason Smyth (in lane five) breaking the men's T13 world record at the 2012 Paralympic Games in London.
Updated 8 September 2012[22]
Classification Fastest time (s) Wind (m/s) Athlete Country Date Location
T11 11.03 +0.4 Lucas Prado  Brazil 9 September 2008 Beijing
T12 10.66 −0.4 Elchin Muradov  Azerbaijan 19 June 2010 Imola
T13 10.46 +0.6 Jason Smyth  Ireland 1 September 2012 London
T32 23.25 +0.0 Martin McDonagh  Ireland 13 August 1999 Nottingham
T33 17.67 +0.4 Ahmad Almutairi  Kuwait 8 September 2012 London
T34 15.69 +0.1 Walid Ktila  Tunisia 17 January 2012 Kuwait City
T35 12.29 −0.3 Yang Sen  China 13 September 2008 Beijing
T36 11.98 +1.9 Graeme Ballard  United Kingdom 2 May 2012 Manchester
T37 11.51 +0.4 Fanie van der Merwe  South Africa 9 September 2012 London
+0.4 Yongbin Liang  China 9 September 2012 London
T38 10.79 +0.4 Evan O'Hanlon  Australia 1 September 2012 London
T42 12.14 +0.4 Earle Connor  Canada 1 June 2002 Leverkusen
T43 10.91 +1.5 Oscar Pistorius  South Africa 4 April 2007 Johannesburg
+1.6 Blake Leeper  United States 14 July 2012 Windsor
T44 10.85 +0.7 Jonnie Peacock  United Kingdom 1 July 2012 Indianapolis
T45 10.94 +0.2 Yohansson Nascimento  Brazil 6 September 2012 London
T46 10.72 +0.0 Ajibola Adeoye  Nigeria 6 September 1992 Barcelona
T51 21.11 +1.2 Toni Piispanen  Finland 17 May 2012 Pratteln
T52 16.73 +0.4 Paul Nitz  United States 20 May 2012 Nottwil
T53 14.47 +0.5 Mickey Bushell  United Kingdom 24 June 2010 Arbon
T54 13.63 +1.0 Leo-Pekka Tahti  Finland 1 September 2012 London

Women

Updated 8 September 2012[23]

Classification Fastest time (s) Wind (m/s) Athlete Country Date Location
T11 12.01 +1.2 Terezinha Guilhermina  Brazil 5 September 2012 London
T12 11.91 +0.6 Zhou Guohua  China 1 September 2012 London
T13 11.99 −0.9 Omara Durand  Cuba 17 November 2011 Guadalajara
T32 37.67 +0.0 Lindsay Wright  United Kingdom 25 July 1997 Nottingham
T33 21.59 −0.4 Kristen Messer  United States 31 August 2012 London
T34 17.60 +0.5 Hannah Cockroft  United Kingdom 20 May 2012 Nottwil
T35 15.64 −2.3 Liu Ping  China 24 August 2005 Espoo
T36 13.82 +0.3 Wang Fang  China 16 September 2008 Beijing
T37 13.88 +0.9 Lisa McIntosh  Australia 25 October 2000 Sydney
T38 13.43 +0.0 Inna Stryzhak  Ukraine 9 September 2008 Beijing
T42 15.87 −0.3 Martina Caironi  Italy 5 September 2012 London
T43 13.27 +0.3 Marlou van Rhijn  Netherlands 1 September 2012 London
T44 12.98 +0.0 April Holmes  United States 1 July 2006 Atlanta
T45 14.00 +0.0 G Cole  Canada 2 June 1980 Arnhem
T46 11.95 −0.2 Yunidis Castillo  Cuba 4 September 2012 London
T51 32.08 +0.0 V Hill  United States 27 August 1989 Stoke Mandeville
T52 18.67 +1.7 Michelle Stilwell  Canada 14 July 2012 Windsor
T53 16.22 −0.2 Huang Lisha  China 12 September 2008 Beijing
T54 15.82 +0.5 Wenjun Liu  China 8 September 2012 London

Olympic medalists

Men

Games Gold Silver Bronze
1896 Athens  Thomas Burke (USA)  Fritz Hofmann (GER)  Francis Lane (USA)

 Alojz Sokol (HUN)

1900 Paris  Frank Jarvis (USA)  Walter Tewksbury (USA)  Stan Rowley (AUS)
1904 St. Louis  Archie Hahn (USA)  Nate Cartmell (USA)  William Hogenson (USA)
1908 London  Reggie Walker (RSA)  James Rector (USA)  Robert Kerr (CAN)
1912 Stockholm  Ralph Craig (USA)  Alvah Meyer (USA)  Donald Lippincott (USA)
1920 Antwerp  Charlie Paddock (USA)  Morris Kirksey (USA)  Harry Edward (GBR)
1924 Paris  Harold Abrahams (GBR)  Jackson Scholz (USA)  Arthur Porritt (NZL)
1928 Amsterdam  Percy Williams (CAN)  Jack London (GBR)  Georg Lammers (GER)
1932 Los Angeles  Eddie Tolan (USA)  Ralph Metcalfe (USA)  Arthur Jonath (GER)
1936 Berlin  Jesse Owens (USA)  Ralph Metcalfe (USA)  Tinus Osendarp (NED)
1948 London  Harrison Dillard (USA)  Barney Ewell (USA)  Lloyd LaBeach (PAN)
1952 Helsinki  Lindy Remigino (USA)  Herbert McKenley (JAM)  McDonald Emmanuel Bailey (GBR)
1956 Melbourne  Bobby Morrow (USA)  Thane Baker (USA)  Hector Hogan (AUS)
1960 Rome  Armin Hary (GER)  David Sime (USA)  Peter Radford (GBR)
1964 Tokyo  Bob Hayes (USA)  Enrique Figuerola (CUB)  Harry Jerome (CAN)
1968 Mexico City  Jim Hines (USA)  Lennox Miller (JAM)  Charlie Greene (USA)
1972 Munich  Valeriy Borzov (URS)  Robert Taylor (USA)  Lennox Miller (JAM)
1976 Montreal  Hasely Crawford (TRI)  Don Quarrie (JAM)  Valeriy Borzov (URS)
1980 Moscow  Allan Wells (GBR)  Silvio Tartabull (CUB)  Petar Petrov (BUL)
1984 Los Angeles  Carl Lewis (USA)  Sam Graddy (USA)  Ben Johnson (CAN)
1988 Seoul  Carl Lewis (USA)  Linford Christie (GBR)  Calvin Smith (USA)
1992 Barcelona  Linford Christie (GBR)  Frankie Fredericks (NAM)  Dennis Mitchell (USA)
1996 Atlanta  Donovan Bailey (CAN)  Frankie Fredericks (NAM)  Ato Boldon (TRI)
2000 Sydney  Maurice Greene (USA)  Ato Boldon (TRI)  Obadele Thompson (BAR)
2004 Athens  Justin Gatlin (USA)  Francis Obikwelu (POR)  Maurice Greene (USA)
2008 Beijing  Usain Bolt (JAM)  Richard Thompson (TRI)  Walter Dix (USA)
2012 London  Usain Bolt (JAM)  Yohan Blake (JAM)  Justin Gatlin (USA)

Women

Games Gold Silver Bronze
1928 Amsterdam  Betty Robinson (USA)  Fanny Rosenfeld (CAN)  Ethel Smith (CAN)
1932 Los Angeles  Stella Walasiewicz (POL)  Hilda Strike (CAN)  Billie Von Bremen (USA)
1936 Berlin  Helen Stephens (USA)  Stella Walasiewicz (POL)  Kathe Krauss (GER)
1948 London  Fanny Blankers-Koen (NED)  Dorothy Manley (GBR)  Shirley Strickland (AUS)
1952 Helsinki  Marjorie Jackson (AUS)  Daphne Hasenjager (RSA)  Shirley Strickland (AUS)
1956 Melbourne  Betty Cuthbert (AUS)  Christa Stubnick (EUA)  Marlene Mathews (AUS)
1960 Rome  Wilma Rudolph (USA)  Dorothy Hyman (GBR)  Giuseppina Leone (ITA)
1964 Tokyo  Wyomia Tyus (USA)  Edith McGuire-Duvall (USA)  Ewa Klobukowska (POL)
1968 Mexico City  Wyomia Tyus (USA)  Barbara Ferrell (USA)  Irena Szewińska (POL)
1972 Munich  Renate Stecher (GDR)  Raelene Boyle (AUS)  Silvia Chivas (CUB)
1976 Montreal  Annegret Richter (FRG)  Renate Stecher (GDR)  Inge Helten (FRG)
1980 Moscow  Lyudmila Kondratyeva (URS)  Marlies Gohr (GDR)  Ingrid Auerswald (GDR)
1984 Los Angeles  Evelyn Ashford (USA)  Alice Brown (USA)  Merlene Ottey-Page (JAM)
1988 Seoul  Florence Griffith-Joyner (USA)  Evelyn Ashford (USA)  Heike Drechsler (GDR)
1992 Barcelona  Gail Devers (USA)  Juliet Cuthbert (JAM)  Irina Privalova (EUN)
1996 Atlanta  Gail Devers (USA)  Merlene Ottey (JAM)  Gwen Torrence (USA)
2000 Sydney  Vacant due to Marion Jones DQ (USA)  Katerina Thanou (GRE)
 Tayna Lawrence (JAM)
 Merlene Ottey (JAM)
2004 Athens  Yuliya Nesterenko (BLR)  Lauryn Williams (USA)  Veronica Campbell (JAM)
2008 Beijing  Shelly-Ann Fraser (JAM)  Sherone Simpson (JAM) (tie)
 Kerron Stewart (JAM) (tie)
None awarded
2012 London  Shelly-Ann Fraser-Pryce (JAM)  Carmelita Jeter (USA)  Veronica Campbell-Brown (JAM)

Note: Marion Jones was stripped of her gold medal after admitting to drug use, Lawrence was promoted to the silver medal position and Ottey to the bronze. However, due to her own drug controversy in 2004, Thanou was not promoted to the gold medal position, but still retains her silver medal.

World Championship medalists

Men

Championships Gold Silver Bronze
1983 Helsinki  Carl Lewis (USA)  Calvin Smith (USA)  Emmit King (USA)
1987 Rome  Carl Lewis (USA)  Raymond Stewart (JAM)  Linford Christie (GBR)
1991 Tokyo  Carl Lewis (USA)  Leroy Burrell (USA)  Dennis Mitchell (USA)
1993 Stuttgart  Linford Christie (GBR)  Andre Cason (USA)  Dennis Mitchell (USA)
1995 Gothenburg  Donovan Bailey (CAN)  Bruny Surin (CAN)  Ato Boldon (TRI)
1997 Athens  Maurice Greene (USA)  Donovan Bailey (CAN)  Tim Montgomery (USA)
1999 Seville  Maurice Greene (USA)  Bruny Surin (CAN)  Dwain Chambers (GBR)
2001 Edmonton  Maurice Greene (USA)  Bernard Williams (USA)  Ato Boldon (TRI)
2003 Paris  Kim Collins (SKN)  Darrel Brown (TRI)  Darren Campbell (GBR)
2005 Helsinki  Justin Gatlin (USA)  Michael Frater (JAM)  Kim Collins (SKN)
2007 Osaka  Tyson Gay (USA)  Derrick Atkins (BAH)  Asafa Powell (JAM)
2009 Berlin  Usain Bolt (JAM)  Tyson Gay (USA)  Asafa Powell (JAM)
2011 Daegu  Yohan Blake (JAM)  Walter Dix (USA)  Kim Collins (SKN)

Women

Championships Gold Silver Bronze
1983 Helsinki  Marlies Oelsner-Göhr (GDR)  Marita Koch (GDR)  Diane Williams (USA)
1987 Rome  Silke Gladisch-Möller (GDR)  Heike Daute-Drechsler (GDR)  Merlene Ottey (JAM)
1991 Tokyo  Katrin Krabbe (GER)  Gwen Torrence (USA)  Merlene Ottey (JAM)
1993 Stuttgart  Gail Devers (USA)  Merlene Ottey (JAM)  Gwen Torrence (USA)
1995 Gothenburg  Gwen Torrence (USA)  Merlene Ottey (JAM)  Irina Privalova (RUS)
1997 Athens  Marion Jones (USA)  Zhanna Pintusevich (UKR)  Savatheda Fynes (BAH)
1999 Seville  Marion Jones (USA)  Inger Miller (USA)  Ekaterini Thanou (GRE)
2001 Edmonton  Zhanna Pintusevich-Block (UKR)  Ekaterini Thanou (GRE)  Chandra Sturrup (BAH)
2003 Paris  Torri Edwards (USA)  Zhanna Block (UKR)  Chandra Sturrup (BAH)
2005 Helsinki  Lauryn Williams (USA)  Veronica Campbell (JAM)  Christine Arron (FRA)
2007 Osaka  Veronica Campbell-Brown (JAM)  Lauryn Williams (USA)  Carmelita Jeter (USA)
2009 Berlin  Shelly-Ann Fraser (JAM)  Kerron Stewart (JAM)  Carmelita Jeter (USA)
2011 Daegu  Carmelita Jeter (USA)  Veronica Campbell-Brown (JAM)  Kelly-Ann Baptiste (TRI)

See also

References

  1. ^ BTEC First Sport By Bob Harris, R. Mills, S. Parker-Bennet
  2. ^ The Day – 23 January 1983
  3. ^ http://www.athleticsweekly.com/messageboard/viewtopic.php?f=1&t=3893
  4. ^ "IAAF keeps one false-start rule". BBC. 3 August 2005. Retrieved 15 August 2008.
  5. ^ "Gatlin queries false start change". BBC News. 6 May 2005. Retrieved 15 August 2008.
  6. ^ Christopher Clarey (28 August 2011). "Who Can Beat Bolt in the 100? Himself". The New York Times. Retrieved 28 August 2011.
  7. ^ "The disqualification of Usain Bolt". IAAF. 28 August 2011. Retrieved 28 August 2011.
  8. ^ "Usain Bolt 100m 10 meter Splits and Speed Endurance". Speedendurance.com. 22 August 2008. Retrieved 7 August 2012.
  9. ^ Sandre-Tom. "IAAF Competition Rules 2009, Rule 164". IAAF. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 September 2009. Retrieved 23 August 2009. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  10. ^ 100 metres IAAF
  11. ^ Press, Associated. "Progression of 100 meters world record". ESPN. Retrieved 28 June 2011.
  12. ^ "100 Metres Results" (PDF). IAAF. 16 August 2009. Retrieved 31 May 2011.
  13. ^ 100 Metres All Time. IAAF (9 March 2009). Retrieved on 6 May 2009. Archived 2009-05-08.
  14. ^ "Top List – 100m". IAAF. Retrieved 31 May 2011.
  15. ^ Zinser, Lynn (30 June 2008), "Shattering Limits on the Track, and in the Pool" The New York Times
  16. ^ Pritchard, W. G. (2006). "Mathematical Models of Running". Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics. Retrieved 1 October 2012. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  17. ^ Linthorne, Nick (2003). "Wind Assistance". Brunel University. Archived from the original on 3 September 2009. Retrieved 25 August 2008. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  18. ^ http://www.iaaf.org/statistics/toplists/inout=o/age=n/season=0/sex=W/all=y/legal=A/disc=100/detail.html
  19. ^ 100 metres records. IAAF (6 September 2011). Retrieved on 2011-06-09. Archived 6 September 2011.
  20. ^ 60 Metres Records. IAAF (4 April 2009). Retrieved on 2009-04-04.
  21. ^ "Top List – 100m". IAAF. Retrieved 4 May 2012.
  22. ^ "IPC Athletics World Records – Men's 100 m". International Paralympic Committee. Retrieved 27 November 2012.
  23. ^ "IPC Athletics World Records – Women's 100 m". International Paralympic Committee. Retrieved 18 December 2012.

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