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Galena

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Galena
Galena with minor pyrite
General
CategorySulfide mineral
Formula
(repeating unit)		PbS
IMA symbolGn[1]
Strunz classification2.CD.10
Dana classification2.8.1.1
Crystal systemCubic
Crystal classHexoctahedral (m3m)
H–M symbol: (⁠4/m⁠ 3 ⁠2/m⁠)
Space groupFm3m
Unit cella = 5.936 Å; Z = 4
Identification
ColorLead gray and silvery
Crystal habitCubes and octahedra, blocky, tabular and sometimes skeletal crystals
TwinningContact, penetration and lamellar
CleavageCubic perfect on {001}, parting on {111}
FractureSubconchoidal
TenacityBrittle
Mohs scale hardness2.5–2.75
LusterMetallic on cleavage planes
StreakLead gray
DiaphaneityOpaque
Specific gravity7.2–7.6
Optical propertiesIsotropic and opaque
Fusibility2
Other characteristicsNatural semiconductor
References[2][3][4]

Galena, also called lead glance, is the natural mineral form of lead(II) sulfide (PbS). It is the most important ore of lead and an important source of silver.[5]

Galena is one of the most abundant and widely distributed sulfide minerals. It crystallizes in the cubic crystal system often showing octahedral forms. It is often associated with the minerals sphalerite, calcite and fluorite.

Occurrence

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Galena with baryte and pyrite
Galena with baryte and pyrite from Cerro de Pasco, Peru; 5.8 cm × 4.8 cm × 4.4 cm (2.3 in × 1.9 in × 1.7 in)

Galena is the main ore of lead, used since ancient times,[6] since lead can be smelted from galena in an ordinary wood fire.[7] Galena typically is found in hydrothermal veins in association with sphalerite, marcasite, chalcopyrite, cerussite, anglesite, dolomite, calcite, quartz, barite, and fluorite. It is also found in association with sphalerite in low-temperature lead-zinc deposits within limestone beds. Minor amounts are found in contact metamorphic zones, in pegmatites, and disseminated in sedimentary rock.[8]

In some deposits, the galena contains up to 0.5% silver, a byproduct that far surpasses the main lead ore in revenue.[9] In these deposits significant amounts of silver occur as included silver sulfide mineral phases or as limited silver in solid solution within the galena structure. These argentiferous galenas have long been an important ore of silver.[6][10] Silver-bearing galena is almost entirely of hydrothermal origin; galena in lead-zinc deposits contains little silver.[8]

Galena deposits are found worldwide in various environments.[4] Noted deposits include those at Freiberg in Saxony;[2] Cornwall, the Mendips in Somerset, Derbyshire, and Cumberland in England; the Linares mines in Spain were worked from before the Roman times until the end of the 20th century;[11] the Madan and Rhodope Mountains in Bulgaria; the Sullivan Mine of British Columbia; Broken Hill and Mount Isa in Australia; and the ancient mines of Sardinia.

In the United States, it occurs most notably as lead-zinc ore in the Mississippi Valley type deposits of the Lead Belt in southeastern Missouri, which is the largest known deposit,[2] and in the Driftless Area of Illinois, Iowa and Wisconsin, providing the origin of the name of Galena, Illinois, a historical settlement known for the material. Galena also was a major mineral of the zinc-lead mines of the tri-state district around Joplin in southwestern Missouri and the adjoining areas of Kansas and Oklahoma.[2] Galena is also an important ore mineral in the silver mining regions of Colorado, Idaho, Utah and Montana. Of the latter, the Coeur d'Alene district of northern Idaho was most prominent.[2]

Australia is the world's leading producer of lead as of 2021, most of which is extracted as galena. Argentiferous galena was accidentally discovered at Glen Osmond in 1841, and additional deposits were discovered near Broken Hill in 1876 and at Mount Isa in 1923.[12] Most galena in Australia is found in hydrothermal deposits emplaced around 1680 million years ago, which have since been heavily metamorphosed.[13]

The largest documented crystal of galena is composite cubo-octahedra from the Great Laxey Mine, Isle of Man, measuring 25 cm × 25 cm × 25 cm (10 in × 10 in × 10 in).[14]

Importance

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Galena is the official state mineral of the U.S. states of Kansas,[15] Missouri,[16] and Wisconsin;[17] the former mining communities of Galena, Kansas,[18][19] Galena, Illinois,[20] Galena, South Dakota and Galena, Alaska,[21] take their names from deposits of this mineral.

Structure

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Galena belongs to the octahedral sulfide group of minerals that have metal ions in octahedral positions, such as the iron sulfide pyrrhotite and the nickel arsenide niccolite. The galena group is named after its most common member, with other isometric members that include manganese bearing alabandite and niningerite.[8][4]

Divalent lead (Pb) cations and sulfur (S) anions form a close-packed cubic unit cell much like the mineral halite of the halide mineral group. Zinc, cadmium, iron, copper, antimony, arsenic, bismuth and selenium also occur in variable amounts in galena. Selenium substitutes for sulfur in the structure constituting a solid solution series. The lead telluride mineral altaite has the same crystal structure as galena.[8]

Geochemistry

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Within the weathering or oxidation zone galena alters to anglesite (lead sulfate) or cerussite (lead carbonate).[8] Galena exposed to acid mine drainage can be oxidized to anglesite by naturally occurring bacteria and archaea, in a process similar to bioleaching.[22]

Uses

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Galena cat's whisker detector

One of the oldest uses of galena was to produce kohl, an eye cosmetic now regarded as toxic due to the risk of lead poisoning.[23] In Ancient Egypt, this was applied around the eyes to reduce the glare of the desert sun and to repel flies, which were a potential source of disease.[24]

In pre-Columbian North America, galena was used by indigenous peoples as an ingredient in decorative paints and cosmetics, and widely traded throughout the eastern United States.[25] Traces of galena are frequently found at the Mississippian city at Kincaid Mounds in present-day Illinois.[26] The galena used at the site originated from deposits in southeastern and central Missouri and the Upper Mississippi Valley.[25]

Galena is the primary ore of lead, and is often mined for its silver content.[6] It is used as a source of lead in ceramic glaze.[27]

Galena is a semiconductor with a small band gap of about 0.4 eV, which found use in early wireless communication systems. It was used as the crystal in crystal radio receivers, in which it was used as a point-contact diode capable of rectifying alternating current to detect the radio signals. The galena crystal was used with a sharp wire, known as a "cat's whisker", in contact with it.[28]

In modern times, galena is primarily used to extract its constituent minerals. In addition to silver, it is the most important source of lead, for uses such as in lead-acid batteries.[9]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ Warr, L.N. (2021). "IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols". Mineralogical Magazine. 85 (3): 291–320. Bibcode:2021MinM...85..291W. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43. S2CID 235729616.
  2. ^ a b c d e Anthony, John W.; Bideaux, Richard A.; Bladh, Kenneth W.; Nichols, Monte C., eds. (1990). "Galena". Handbook of Mineralogy (PDF). Vol. 1. Chantilly, VA: Mineralogical Society of America. ISBN 0962209708.
  3. ^ "Galena". Webmineral.
  4. ^ a b c Galena. Mindat.org
  5. ^ Young, Courtney A.; Taylor, Patrick R.; Anderson, Corby G. (2008). Hydrometallurgy 2008: Proceedings of the Sixth International Symposium. SME. ISBN 9780873352666.
  6. ^ a b c Lucas, A. (May 1928). "Silver in Ancient Times". The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology. 14 (1): 313–319. doi:10.1177/030751332801400160. S2CID 192277012.
  7. ^ Winder, C. (1993b). "The history of lead – Part 3". LEAD Action News. 2 (3). ISSN 1324-6011. Archived from the original on 31 August 2007. Retrieved 12 February 2016.
  8. ^ a b c d e Klein, Cornelis; Hurlbut, Cornelius S. Jr. (1993). Manual of mineralogy (after James D. Dana) (21st ed.). New York: Wiley. pp. 354–356. ISBN 047157452X.
  9. ^ a b Hobart M. King. "Galena Mineral | Uses and Properties". geology.com. Retrieved 29 March 2024.
  10. ^ Wood, J. R.; Hsu, Y-T.; Bell, C. (2021). "Sending Laurion Back to the Future: Bronze Age Silver and the Source of Confusion". Internet Archaeology. 56 (9). doi:10.11141/ia.56.9. S2CID 236973111.
  11. ^ Calvo, Miguel (2003). Minerales y Minas de España. Vol. II. Sulfuros y sulfosales [Minerals and mines of Spain] (in Spanish). Spain: Museo de Ciencias Naturales de Alava. pp. 293–301. ISBN 84-7821-543-3.
  12. ^ "Lead". Geoscience Australia. Australian Government. 4 March 2018. Retrieved 26 June 2021.
  13. ^ Walters, Stephen; Bailey, Andrew (1998-12-01). "Geology and mineralization of the Cannington Ag-Pb-Zn deposit; an example of Broken Hill-type mineralization in the eastern succession, Mount Isa Inlier, Australia". Economic Geology. 93 (8): 1307–1329. Bibcode:1998EcGeo..93.1307W. doi:10.2113/gsecongeo.93.8.1307.
  14. ^ Rickwood, P. C. (1981). "The largest crystals" (PDF). American Mineralogist. 66: 885–907.
  15. ^ "2018 Statute Chapter 73 Article 38", Official state mineral, Kansas Legislature, retrieved 2019-12-05
  16. ^ "Office of the Secretary of State, Missouri – State Symbols". State of Missouri. Retrieved 2009-11-12.
  17. ^ "Wisconsin State Symbols". State of Wisconsin. Archived from the original on 2010-01-12. Retrieved 2009-11-12.
  18. ^ Rydjord, John (1972) Kansas Place-Names, University of Oklahoma Press. p. 77 ISBN 0-8061-0994-7
  19. ^ Gannett, Henry (1905). The Origin of Certain Place Names in the United States. Govt. Print. Off. p. 133.
  20. ^ Galena Historical Society (June 21, 2006). "History Highlights". Retrieved April 13, 2007.
  21. ^ state.ak.us
  22. ^ Da Silva, Gabriel (2004). "Kinetics and mechanism of the bacterial and ferric sulphate oxidation of galena". Hydrometallurgy. 75 (1–4): 99–110. Bibcode:2004HydMe..75...99D. doi:10.1016/j.hydromet.2004.07.001.
  23. ^ "Toxic trends". Wellcome Collection. 17 December 2019. Retrieved 29 March 2024.
  24. ^ Metropolitan Museum of Art (2005). The Art of Medicine in Ancient Egypt. New York. p. 10. ISBN 1-58839-170-1.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  25. ^ a b "Lead pollution from Native Americans attributed to crushing galena for glitter paint, adornments". Indiana University–Purdue University Indianapolis. 21 October 2019. Retrieved 11 January 2020.
  26. ^ The Glittery Legacy of Lead at a Historic Native American Site, Atlas Obscura, November 7, 2019
  27. ^ Glaze. thepotteries.org
  28. ^ Lee, Thomas H. (2007). "The (Pre-)History of the Integrated Circuit: A Random Walk" (PDF). IEEE Solid-State Circuits Newsletter. 12 (2): 16–22. doi:10.1109/N-SSC.2007.4785573. ISSN 1098-4232. S2CID 17583856.[permanent dead link‍]
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