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Świnoujście

Coordinates: 53°55′N 14°15′E / 53.917°N 14.250°E / 53.917; 14.250
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Świnoujście
  • City panorama (top) Aerial view of the city (bottom)
Flag of Świnoujście
Flag
Coat of arms of Świnoujście
Coat of arms
Location of Świnoujście
Świnoujście is located in Poland
Świnoujście
Świnoujście
Coordinates: 53°55′N 14°15′E / 53.917°N 14.250°E / 53.917; 14.250
Country Poland
Voivodeship West Pomeranian
CountyCity County
Established12th century
City rights1765
Government
 • City mayorJoanna Agatowska (NL)
Area
 • Total
197.23 km2 (76.15 sq mi)
Elevation
5 m (16 ft)
Population
 (2012)
 • Total
41,516
 • Density210/km2 (550/sq mi)
Time zoneUTC+1 (CET)
 • Summer (DST)UTC+2 (CEST)
Postal code
72-600 to 72-612
Area code+48 091
Car platesZSW
ClimateCfb

Świnoujście (Polish: [ɕfinɔˈujɕt͡ɕɛ] ⓘ; German: Swinemünde [ˌsviːnəˈmʏndə]; Low German: Swienemünn; all three meaning "Świna [river] mouth"; Kashubian: Swina) is a city in Western Pomerania and seaport on the Baltic Sea and Szczecin Lagoon, located in the extreme north-west of Poland. Situated mainly on the islands of Usedom and Wolin, it also occupies smaller islands. The largest is Karsibór island, once part of Usedom, now separated by the Piast Canal dug in the late 19th century to facilitate ship access to Szczecin.

Świnoujście directly borders the German seaside resort of Ahlbeck on Usedom, connected by a street and 12 km (7 mi) of beach promenade.

Since 1999, Świnoujście has been a city with powiat rights (Polish: miasto na prawach powiatu), within West Pomeranian Voivodeship. The city lies in the geographic region of Pomerania and had a population of 41,516 in 2012. Świnoujście is one of the most important areas of the Szczecin metropolitan area. The Świnoujście LNG terminal, opened in 2015, is located in the city. In 2023, the underwater Świnoujście Tunnel connecting the islands of Wolin and Usedom was opened.

Despite its relatively small population, Świnoujście is Poland's ninth-largest city by area.[1]

History

[edit]
Świnoujście Lighthouse is Poland's tallest lighthouse, and one of the tallest such structures in the world.

The first human settlements in areas that are now Świnoujście appeared five thousand years ago, as confirmed by archaeological findings. For a thousand years, the estuary of the river was part of the state of the Świnoujście, included in the emerging Polish state in the 10th century by first Polish ruler Mieszko I.

In the early 12th century, the island became part of the Duchy of Pomerania, founded as a vassal duchy of Poland. In later centuries, local Pomeranian princes ruled the area, and on both sides of the river, they built fortified castles, which were destroyed by the Danish invasions in 1170 and 1173. Between 1185 and 1227, the settlement was part of a Danish fief.

In 1297, Duke Bogusław IV granted merchants who entered through Świna protection and exemption from customs duties on the return journey, and most of the larger cities of Pomerania were eventually granted full exemption from customs duties on the Świna, yet the local castle was still destroyed by the city of Szczecin in 1457.[2] The village of Świna was mentioned in 1418.[2]

During the Thirty Years' War (1618–1648) the city became part of the Swedish Empire.

The strait Świna was formerly flanked by the fishing villages of Westswine and Ostswine. Towards the beginning of the 17th century, it was made navigable for large ships. The Kingdom of Prussia gained the area in 1720 from Sweden, and included it in her Pomeranian province. Świnoujście (Swinemünde) was founded on the site of Westswine in 1748, fortified, and received town privileges from King Frederick II of Prussia in 1765. It served as the outer port of Stettin (Szczecin) and was administered within the Province of Pomerania. During the Seven Years' War, the Swedes attempted to block the port.[3] Swinemünde became part of the German Empire after the Kingdom of Prussia completed the unification of Germany in 1871.

The town had broad, unpaved streets and one-story houses built in the Dutch style, which gave it an almost rustic appearance. Its industries, beyond some fishing, were entirely connected with its shipping. The river mouth, which was the entrance to the harbor and regarded as the best on the Prussian Baltic coast, was then protected by two curving long breakwaters, and was strongly fortified. On the island of Wolin, on the other side of the narrow Świna, a great lighthouse was erected. In 1897 the canal of the Kaiserfahrt was opened to navigation, and this waterway between the Stettin harbour and the Baltic Sea was deepened between 1900 and 1901. From then on Stettin could be reached directly by ships, and Swinemünde's importance diminished somewhat.

The river mouth of Świna at the Baltic Sea, separating the islands of Usedom (in the background) and Wolin (in the foreground). The city's name translates as "Świnamouth" both in Polish and German, akin to Dartmouth or Plymouth in English

During World War II, Germany operated a forced labour subcamp of the Stalag II-D prisoner-of-war camp in the city.[4] In February 1945, German-perpetrated death marches of Allied prisoners of war from the Stalag XX-B and Stalag Luft IV POW camps passed through the city.[5][6] On 12 March 1945 during World War II, refugee-crowded[7][8] Swinemünde suffered heavy destruction by the USAAF, an estimated 5,000[9] to 23,000[10] were killed, most of whom are buried on the Golm War Cemetery west of the town, on the German side of the border. The city and port were also destroyed during the Allied air raids on 12 March and 16 April 1945. On 16 April 1945, a British heavy bomber of the No. 617 Squadron RAF was shot down by the Germans, and is now commemorated with a memorial on the Karsibór island within the city limits. The unfinished German aircraft carrier Graf Zeppelin was scuttled in the harbor in an attempt to prevent its capture by the advancing Red Army (it was nevertheless refloated by the Soviets later). The German battleship Schlesien had also participated in the defence of the city, before it too was scuttled. After the German forces defending the city were evacuated, Soviet forces occupied the city on the night of 4–5 May 1945.

After Germany's defeat in the war, the Allied Nations imposed new borders in Central and Eastern Europe at the Potsdam Conference, which made the area, including Świnoujście, part of Poland, with a Soviet-installed communist regime, which stayed in power until the Fall of Communism in the 1980s. The entire population was expelled in accordance to the Potsdam Agreement and replaced by ethnic Poles. The Treaty of Zgorzelec signed between the People's Republic of Poland and the German Democratic Republic affirmed the new border, and the German–Polish Border Treaty of 1990 officially affirmed the existing borders after the fall of the Iron Curtain.

In the winter of 1945, some members of the communist Polish Security Forces carried out atrocities against local Germans. An investigation in 2008 estimated that over 40 German civilians were killed. Nine men were charged with the murder and maltreatment of Germans, and in 1947, after one escaped and one hanged himself, seven of them stood trial. The harshest sentence given in that trial was a mere four years' imprisonment, for theft. In another trial, the town's chief of police, Jan Zientara, was sentenced to eight years, for organizing robberies of German civilians.[11]

In 1948, the reconstruction of the port of Świnoujście from martial to commercial and fishing began. The construction of a large fish farm began, a huge swimming pool and industrial buildings were built, and three years later the Fisheries Base was commissioned. Within three years, a large fish factory was established, managed by the independent Przedsiębiorstwo Usług Rybackie Odra in Świnoujście.[11]

Port of Świnoujście

The port of Świnoujście was one of the three Polish ports through which Greeks and Macedonians, refugees of the Greek Civil War, reached Poland.[12] The refugees were then transported to new homes in Poland, while wounded ones were sent to a nearby hospital on the Wolin island.[12]

It was not until 27 November 1950, that the GDR government agreed to transfer to Poland the water intake for the city of Świnoujście, located at Lake Wolgastsee and demarcating the border there again. In June 1951, an area of 76.5 hectares (190 acres) was incorporated into Poland together with a water treatment station, creating a characteristic promontory protruding into the German area (the so-called Worek, (53 54 49.11 N 14 11′11.18 E). In return, Germany was granted a similar area between the water intake and the Pomeranian Bay.

The spa part of the city was occupied by the Soviet Armed Forces until 1957, and until the turn of the 1980s and 1990s, there was a base of Soviet warships with facilities in Świnoujście. Until 1972, the city belonged to the Wolin poviat. In 1959, the "Uzdrowisko Świnoujście" State Enterprise was established. Currently Uzdrowisko Świnoujście S.A. belongs to the largest and most modern in Poland, and its greatest asset is still bromide-iodide-sodium brine discovered a hundred years ago.

Świnoujście LNG terminal

In the 1960s and 1970s, a seaport was created, which together with Szczecin created a complex of ports Szczecin-Świnoujście. In 1964, ferry shipping to Scandinavia was resumed. From 1975 to 1998, it was administratively part of the Szczecin Voivodeship.

In 2015, the Świnoujście LNG terminal was opened, named after the late Polish President Lech Kaczyński, during whose presidency its construction was initiated.

Geography

[edit]

The city is located on the Strait of Świna, which in its northern part connects with the Baltic Sea, and in the south with the Szczecin Lagoon. It is situated on three inhabited islands: Usedom (35,712 inhabitants in 2010), Wolin (4,317 inhabitants), Karsibór (703 inhabitants) and 41 smaller uninhabited islands. Świnoujście is located in the northwestern edge of the West Pomeranian Voivodeship (with coordinates 53 ° 54′N 14 ° 14′E). According to data from 1 January 2009, the area of the urban commune is 197.23 km2 (76.15 sq mi). Every year, the city's area increases by applying sand on the beach by sea currents. Sands settling at the shore caused the shoreline to shift by 1.5 km (0.93 mi) over the last 200 years. Currently, the beach in the widest section is 200 meters (660 ft), making the beach in Świnoujście the widest beach in Poland.

Climate

[edit]

Świnoujscie is situated in the oceanic climate, which is characterized by mild winters and relatively cool summers. A very large influence on the climate of the city is the location of the Baltic Sea. Świnoujscie often in winter is the warmest city in Poland.

Climate data for Świnoujście (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1951–present)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 15.0
(59.0) 		17.4
(63.3) 		24.2
(75.6) 		29.0
(84.2) 		32.7
(90.9) 		37.8
(100.0) 		36.1
(97.0) 		37.4
(99.3) 		30.4
(86.7) 		25.2
(77.4) 		18.8
(65.8) 		14.5
(58.1) 		37.8
(100.0)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 2.9
(37.2) 		4.1
(39.4) 		7.3
(45.1) 		12.2
(54.0) 		16.6
(61.9) 		20.3
(68.5) 		22.6
(72.7) 		22.8
(73.0) 		18.6
(65.5) 		13.0
(55.4) 		7.3
(45.1) 		3.9
(39.0) 		12.6
(54.7)
Daily mean °C (°F) 0.8
(33.4) 		1.4
(34.5) 		3.8
(38.8) 		7.9
(46.2) 		12.2
(54.0) 		15.9
(60.6) 		18.2
(64.8) 		18.2
(64.8) 		14.5
(58.1) 		9.7
(49.5) 		5.1
(41.2) 		1.9
(35.4) 		9.1
(48.4)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) −1.3
(29.7) 		−0.8
(30.6) 		0.9
(33.6) 		4.4
(39.9) 		8.4
(47.1) 		12.0
(53.6) 		14.4
(57.9) 		14.4
(57.9) 		11.2
(52.2) 		7.0
(44.6) 		3.0
(37.4) 		0.0
(32.0) 		6.1
(43.0)
Record low °C (°F) −21.6
(−6.9) 		−23.6
(−10.5) 		−16.8
(1.8) 		−5.2
(22.6) 		−1.7
(28.9) 		2.8
(37.0) 		7.0
(44.6) 		6.4
(43.5) 		2.6
(36.7) 		−4.9
(23.2) 		−10.3
(13.5) 		−17.5
(0.5) 		−23.6
(−10.5)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 43.5
(1.71) 		33.5
(1.32) 		38.6
(1.52) 		30.8
(1.21) 		51.8
(2.04) 		60.3
(2.37) 		72.9
(2.87) 		60.4
(2.38) 		54.9
(2.16) 		48.6
(1.91) 		45.2
(1.78) 		44.6
(1.76) 		585.1
(23.04)
Average extreme snow depth cm (inches) 4.1
(1.6) 		5.3
(2.1) 		2.8
(1.1) 		0.4
(0.2) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.1
(0.0) 		0.6
(0.2) 		3.1
(1.2) 		5.3
(2.1)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm) 16.13 15.31 14.13 11.07 12.40 12.93 14.10 13.03 13.03 14.83 15.47 17.37 169.81
Average snowy days (≥ 0 cm) 10.0 9.9 4.1 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 1.3 5.2 30.9
Average relative humidity (%) 88.2 85.3 81.5 78.0 78.2 77.3 78.7 78.6 81.7 85.4 89.6 89.7 82.7
Source 1: Institute of Meteorology and Water Management[13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20]
Source 2: Meteomodel.pl (records, relative humidity 1991–2020)[21][22][23]

Population

[edit]
Historical population
YearPop.±%
17821,804—    
17942,077+15.1%
18122,798+34.7%
18313,538+26.4%
18434,012+13.4%
18524,752+18.4%
18615,591+17.7%
18757,977+42.7%
18808,478+6.3%
18908,508+0.4%
190010,300+21.1%
192518,352+78.2%
193320,514+11.8%
YearPop.±%
193926,593+29.6%
19475,800−78.2%
196017,000+193.1%
197028,100+65.3%
197542,400+50.9%
198047,100+11.1%
199043,300−8.1%
199543,361+0.1%
200043,697+0.8%
200540,993−6.2%
201040,759−0.6%
201241,516+1.9%
Note: Międzyzdroje formed part of Świnoujście from 1972 to 1984
Source: [3][24][25][26]

Infrastructure

[edit]
Świnoujście Tunnel connecting the islands of Wolin and Usedom
Marina in Świnoujście

Transport

[edit]
See also: Przemyślanin and Usedomer Bäderbahn

The town is located on both banks of the Świna Channel, and since there is no road connection across it, transport is provided by regular ferries. Because the west section is otherwise wholly disconnected from the rest of Poland, this service is free of charge. In 2023, the underwater Świnoujście Tunnel connecting Poland's two largest islands Wolin and Usedom was opened. The project cost EUR 191 million and constitutes the only fixed link between two parts of the city and between the rest of country.[27]

Świnoujście has the largest and most modern ferry terminal in Poland, with regular connections to Denmark and Sweden. The city lies at the northern terminus of Polish National Route 3 (DK3, in the future express road S3), which is, in turn, part of the European route E65 running across Europe from Sweden to Greece. Świnoujście has four railway stations on the eastern bank of the Świna, on Wolin island, with regular regional connections to Szczecin and long-distance connections to other cities in Poland (e.g. Poznań, Katowice, Bielsko-Biała, Kraków and Warsaw).

Land border controls were abolished 21 December 2007, and free automobile traffic to and from Germany was allowed for the first time since 1945, as Poland implemented the Schengen Agreement. From 20 September 2008, the city has a railway connection to its western portion as well, when the railway line to Ahlbeck was extended eastward to Świnoujście ("Świnoujście Centrum") giving it a direct link to the German railway network. The nearest airport at Heringsdorf in Germany, 13 kilometres (8 miles) west of Świnoujście, will likely become more important for travelling to the city, if it ever acquires year-round scheduled passenger connections; it currently has a number of summer connections to German cities only. The nearest airport with year-round traffic is the Szczecin-Goleniów "Solidarność" Airport, 80 km (50 mi) to the southeast in Poland.

Tourist attractions

[edit]
Sights of Świnoujście (examples)
Eastern Fort
Stawa Młyny
Museum of Deep Sea Fishing
Park Zdrojowy
Angel's Fort
Memorial of the Royal Air Force pilots
  • The former town hall houses the Museum of Deep Sea Fishing. Exhibits include the history of sea fishing, sea animals, the town and its region, and old navigation equipment.
  • The Angel's Fort, built from 1845 to 1858, is a replica of Hadrian's Mausoleum (Castel Sant'Angelo in Rome).
  • Concerts and art exhibitions are held at the Western Fort. Built between 1843 and 1863, it has been modernized a few times in the past. From after World War II until 1962 it was a headquarters of the Red Army.
  • The 18th Christ the King Church in the centre of the town was erected on the site of a Gothic temple. A wooden ship replica is in the main nave. Organ concerts are presented during the summer.
  • The Świnoujście Lighthouse, built in 1857, is at 68 metres (223') the highest lighthouse in Poland and on the Baltic Sea, and it is also the highest brick lighthouse in the world.[28]
  • The Stawa Młyny is a navigation beacon built in the form of a windmill on the 19th century breakwater.
  • The neo-Gothic church of the Holy Mother "Stella Maris" has stained glass windows of great artistic value. It was erected at the end of the 19th century.
  • The Eastern Fort, or Gerhard's Fort, is one of three preserved forts from the 19th century. It houses the Coastal Defense Museum (Muzeum Obrony Wybrzeża), with an exhibition which presents the history of the town's forts, as well as objects found there.
  • The Spa Park (Park Zdrojowy) is a historic public park in the western part of the city.
  • The "well" is a preserved tower of a Protestant church damaged during World War II and demolished afterwards.
  • A shelter built in 1942 has the exposition "The town yesterday and now", presenting pictures of the town's history and other exhibits.
  • The district of Karsibór contains an Evangelical cemetery established in the first half of 19th century.
  • The Gothic church from the 15th century contains an altar from the 15th century and a pulpit from the 17th century.
  • A monument honours the memory of Royal Air Force pilots shot down by the Germans while raiding the town in April 1945, located on the Karsibór island.
  • Karsiborska Kępa, an island within the city limits, contains a bird sanctuary with approximately 140 species.
  • Historic seaside-resort architecture in Świnoujście
    Historic seaside-resort architecture in Świnoujście
  • Colourful historic tenement houses at Piłsudskiego Street
    Colourful historic tenement houses at Piłsudskiego Street
  • City center with the main post office
    City center with the main post office
  • Martin Luther Church Tower
    Martin Luther Church Tower

International relations

[edit]
See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in Poland

Twin towns – Sister cities

[edit]

Świnoujście is twinned with:

Former twin towns

[edit]

Districts of Świnoujście

[edit]

Sports

[edit]

[30]

Notable people

[edit]
Elsa von Freytag-Loringhoven
Jerzy Hausner

Cities and towns near Świnoujście

[edit]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Werner, Maja (19 April 2018). "Czy wiesz, że trzecim największym miastem w Polsce jest Szczecin? A Zielona Góra – szóstym". Bezprawnik.pl (in Polish). Retrieved 13 August 2021.
  2. ^ a b Kratz, Gustav (1865). Die Städte der Provinz Pommern. Abriss ihrer Geschichte, zumeist nach Urkunden. Berlin. p. 503.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  3. ^ a b Kratz, p. 504
  4. ^ Aniszewska, Jolanta (2011). "W obowiązku pamięci... Stalag II D i formy upamiętnienia jeńców wojennych w Stargardzie Szczecińskim". Łambinowicki rocznik muzealny (in Polish). 34. Opole: 21. ISSN 0137-5199.
  5. ^ Kaszuba, Sylwia. "Marsz 1945". In Grudziecka, Beata (ed.). Stalag XX B: historia nieopowiedziana (in Polish). Malbork: Muzeum Miasta Malborka. p. 108. ISBN 978-83-950992-2-9.
  6. ^ "Stalag Luft IV. Marsz Śmierci". Miasto Białogard (in Polish). Retrieved 26 June 2021.
  7. ^ Torsten Mehlhase, Flüchtlinge und Vertriebene nach dem Zweiten Weltkrieg in Sachsen-Anhalt: ihre Aufnahme und Bestrebungen zur Eingliederung in die Gesellschaft, LIT Verlag Berlin-Hamburg-Münster, 1999, p.256 (ISBN 3-8258-4278-9): 70,000 refugees in Swinemünde on 12 March 1945
  8. ^ Hanno Ballhausen, Friedemann Bedürftig, Chronik des Zweiten Weltkriegs, wissenmedia Verlag, 2004, p.300 (ISBN 3-577-14367-3): 100,000 people in Swinemünde on 12 March 1945 (refugees+locals)
  9. ^ Helmut Schnatz, Der Luftangriff auf Swinemünde. Dokumentation einer Tragödie, Herbig 2005, ISBN 3-7766-2393-4
  10. ^ Christoph Kucklick, Feuersturm. Bombenkrieg gegen Deutschland, Ellert & Richter 2003, ISBN 3-8319-0134-1
  11. ^ a b Zadworny, Adam (18 January 2008). "They Were Killing Germans in Revenge". Gazeta Wyborcza. Retrieved 26 June 2019.
  12. ^ a b Kubasiewicz, Izabela (2013). "Emigranci z Grecji w Polsce Ludowej. Wybrane aspekty z życia mniejszości". In Dworaczek, Kamil; Kamiński, Łukasz (eds.). Letnia Szkoła Historii Najnowszej 2012. Referaty (in Polish). Warsaw: IPN. p. 114.
  13. ^ "Średnia dobowa temperatura powietrza". Normy klimatyczne 1991-2020 (in Polish). Institute of Meteorology and Water Management. Archived from the original on 3 December 2021. Retrieved 12 February 2022.
  14. ^ "Średnia minimalna temperatura powietrza". Normy klimatyczne 1991-2020 (in Polish). Institute of Meteorology and Water Management. Archived from the original on 15 January 2022. Retrieved 12 February 2022.
  15. ^ "Średnia maksymalna temperatura powietrza". Normy klimatyczne 1991-2020 (in Polish). Institute of Meteorology and Water Management. Archived from the original on 15 January 2022. Retrieved 12 February 2022.
  16. ^ "Miesięczna suma opadu". Normy klimatyczne 1991-2020 (in Polish). Institute of Meteorology and Water Management. Archived from the original on 9 January 2022. Retrieved 12 February 2022.
  17. ^ "Liczba dni z opadem >= 0,1 mm". Normy klimatyczne 1991-2020 (in Polish). Institute of Meteorology and Water Management. Archived from the original on 15 January 2022. Retrieved 12 February 2022.
  18. ^ "Średnia grubość pokrywy śnieżnej". Normy klimatyczne 1991-2020 (in Polish). Institute of Meteorology and Water Management. Archived from the original on 15 January 2022. Retrieved 12 February 2022.
  19. ^ "Liczba dni z pokrywą śnieżna > 0 cm". Normy klimatyczne 1991-2020 (in Polish). Institute of Meteorology and Water Management. Archived from the original on 21 January 2022. Retrieved 12 February 2022.
  20. ^ "Średnia suma usłonecznienia (h)". Normy klimatyczne 1991-2020 (in Polish). Institute of Meteorology and Water Management. Archived from the original on 15 January 2022. Retrieved 12 February 2022.
  21. ^ "Świnoujście Absolutna temperatura maksymalna". Dane Meteorologiczne (in Polish). Meteomodel.pl. 6 April 2018. Retrieved 19 March 2022.
  22. ^ "Świnoujście Absolutna temperatura minimalna" (in Polish). Meteomodel.pl. 6 April 2018. Retrieved 14 February 2022.
  23. ^ "Świnoujście Średnia wilgotność" (in Polish). Meteomodel.pl. 6 April 2018. Retrieved 14 February 2022.
  24. ^ "Deutsche Verwaltungsgeschichte Pommern, Kreis Usedom". Verwaltungsgeschichte.de. Retrieved 12 March 2013.
  25. ^ Rocznik Statystyczny 1981, Główny Urząd Statystyczny, Warsaw 1981.
  26. ^ Official website of Świnoujście: O mieście -> Świnoujście w liczbach (in Polish)
  27. ^ "EUR 191 mln underwater tunnel opens in Poland's Świnoujście". polskieradio.pl. 30 June 2023. Retrieved 22 July 2023.
  28. ^ Rowlett, Russ. "The Tallest Lighthouses". The Lighthouse Directory. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.
  29. ^ "Świnoujście zrywa współpracę z rosyjskim miastem Swietłyj" (in Polish). 2 March 2022. Retrieved 3 March 2022.
  30. ^ "parkrun Świnoujście - cotygodniowe, bezpłatne spotkania na dystansie 5 km z pomiarem czasu" (in Polish). parkrun.pl. Retrieved 13 December 2020.
[edit]
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