Jump to content

University of Texas tower shooting

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This is an old revision of this page, as edited by Jkalish00 (talk | contribs) at 20:56, 17 February 2017 (→‎Police notified: Spelling typo, gorund to ground.). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this revision, which may differ significantly from the current revision.

University of Texas Tower Shooting
Main building of the University of Texas
LocationUniversity of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, U.S.
DateAugust 1, 1966 (1966-08-01)
Stabbing: c. 12:15 a.m. – 3:00 a.m.
Shooting: 11:48 a.m. – 1:24 p.m. (UTC-06:00)
Attack type
School shooting, mass shooting, familicide, matricide, uxoricide, mass murder, stabbing
Weapons
Deaths18 (including perpetrator)
Injured31
PerpetratorCharles Whitman

The University of Texas (UT) Tower Shooting was a mass shooting that occurred on August 1, 1966, at The University of Texas at Austin in Austin, Texas.[1] Charles Whitman, a former Marine sharpshooter, climbed to the observation deck on the 28th floor of the UT Tower[1] with a sniper rifle, along with other weapons, and opened fire.

The attack lasted 96 minutes,[2] until Whitman was shot and killed by police officers.[3] A total of 14 people were killed in the attack, in addition to two people – Whitman’s mother and wife – whom he killed before the tower shooting. A 17th victim died in 2001 of the injuries he sustained in the attack.[4]

On August 1, 2016, the 50th anniversary of the shooting, a stone memorial inscribed with the victims' names[5] was installed on the university campus.[5]

Charles Whitman

Main article: Charles Whitman

Charles Whitman, 25,[6] and was studying architectural engineering.[7] at twelve years old had been the youngest person to become an Eagle Scout.[8] Whitman was also extremely intelligent; at the age of six, he scored 139 on an IQ test.[9] He joined the Marines after high school, and earned a Sharpshooter’s Badge, Good Conduct medal, and Marine Corps Expedition medal.[10]

In 1961 he was admitted to the University of Texas at Austin on a scholarship from the Naval Enlisted Science Education Program.[10] While at UT, Whitman met and married his wife, Kathleen. Whitman struggled with gambling and bad grades, and he lost his scholarship in 1963.[11] Before the attack, Whitman had sought professional help for "overwhelming violent impulses"[7] including fantasies about shooting people from the tower.[12] A small brain tumor found after his death may or may not have been the cause of these impulses.[13][14][15]

Timeline of events

Murders of Margaret and Kathy Whitman

Whitman killed his mother Margaret Whitman, and his wife Kathleen Leissner Whitman,[16][5] between midnight and 3:00 a.m. on August 1.[17] In a note he professed his love for both women, saying he had killed them to spare them future humiliation.[18]

Later that morning, Whitman rented a hand truck and cashed $250 (equivalent to $2,300 in 2023) worth of bad checks at a bank. He then drove to a hardware store, where he purchased a Universal M1 carbine, two additional ammunition magazines and eight boxes of ammunition, telling the cashier he planned to hunt wild hogs.[19] At a gun shop he purchased four further carbine magazines, six additional boxes of ammunition, and a can of gun cleaning solvent,[20] and at Sears he purchased a Sears Model 60 12 gauge semi-automatic shotgun before returning home.[21]

The rifles and sawed-off shotgun used by Whitman in the massacre

Whitman sawed off the barrel and butt stock of the shotgun, then packed it into his footlocker along with a Remington 700 6-mm bolt-action hunting rifle, a .35-caliber pump rifle, a .30-caliber carbine (M1), a 9-mm Luger pistol, a Galesi-Brescia .25-caliber pistol, a Smith & Wesson M19 .357 Magnum revolver, and over 700 rounds of ammunition. He also packed food, coffee, vitamins, Dexedrine, Excedrin, earplugs, jugs of water, matches, lighter fluid, rope, binoculars, a machete, three knives, a transistor radio, toilet paper, a razor, and a bottle of deodorant.[22] He put khaki coveralls on over his shirt and jeans.[23]

Whitman arrives on campus

At approximately 11:25 a.m.,[24] Whitman reached the University of Texas at Austin, where he showed false research assistant identification to obtain a parking permit.[22] Whitman wheeled a rented dolly carrying his equipment toward the Main Building of the University.[25] Entering the Main Building, Whitman found the elevator didn't work. An employee activated it for him; Whitman thanked her, saying: "You don't know how happy that makes me."[19]

Whitman hauled the dolly and equipment up a final flight of stairs to a hallway, from which a final flight led to the rooms skirted by the observation deck.[26] He knocked 51-year-old receptionist Edna Townsley to the floor and split the back of her skull with his rifle butt, then struck her above the left eye before dragging her behind a couch.[27]

Soon after, Cheryl Botts and Don Walden entered the reception area on their way to the elevator from the observation deck. Walden noticed two guns Whitman was holding and assumed that he was going to the observation deck to shoot pigeons. Whitman smiled and said, "Hi, how are you?"[28] as they left.[28] He then barricaded the stairway.[29]

Two families came up the stairs; Whitman shot and killed 16-year-old Mark Gabour and his aunt, Marguerite Lamport, and injured Mary Frances Gabour and Michael Gabour.[24] Two family members – M.J. Gabour and William Lamport – were uninjured.[30] Whitman then killed Townsley with a shot to her head before walking onto the observation deck.[31] Mary Gabour later said she and her sons had thought the barricade was in place for cleaning and that Whitman – still dressed in overalls – was a janitor.[32]

Whitman opens fire from the observation deck

At 11:48 a.m. Whitman began shooting from the observation deck, 231 feet (70 m) above the ground.[33] He targeted people on the campus and walking on a section of Guadalupe Street known as the Drag, which was home to coffee shops, bookstores, and other student hangouts.

The first person Whitman shot outside of the tower was Claire James.[2] James and her boyfriend, Thomas Eckman, were walking out of the Chuck Wagon restaurant, which was located in the UT student union.[34] James was eight months pregnant and Whitman aimed directly at her stomach. The shot killed her unborn baby. Eckman was shot in the back-left shoulder, just beneath his neck,[34][35] as he attempted to help James. Eckman died instantly.[2]

He next shot Robert Boyer, a 33-year-old mathematician, who was killed instantly by a single shot to the lower back.[36]

After shooting Boyer, Whitman shot a 31-year-old student named Devereau Huffman in the right arm; Huffman fell wounded beside a hedge.[37] When Charlotte Darehshori, a young secretary, ran to help Boyer and Huffman, she came under fire. She crouched beneath the concrete base of a flagpole for an hour and a half, shielding herself from Whitman's view.[38] Nearby, Whitman shot David Gunby, a 23-year-old electrical engineering student walking in the courtyard.[39]

Whitman fatally shot Thomas Ashton, a 22-year-old, in the chest.[40] Next, he shot Adrian and Brenda Littlefield as they walked onto the South Mall. Two young women, Nancy Harvey and Ellen Evganides, were wounded as they walked down the West Mall. Whitman shot Harvey, who was five months pregnant, in the hip, and Evganides in the leg and thigh.[41] Both Harvey and her unborn child survived.

File:Karen Griffith August 1 1966.jpg
Karen Griffith, aged 17
File:Darehshori 1966 University of Texas.jpg
Charlotte Darehshori takes refuge behind the concrete base of a flagpole as a student hit by gunfire lies beside a hedge

Whitman began to fire upon people walking on Guadalupe Street; he shot and wounded 17-year-old newspaper delivery boy Alex Hernandez, before fatally wounding 17-year-old Karen Griffith[42] with a shot to the chest. The next victim was a 24-year-old senior named Thomas Karr, whom Whitman fatally shot in the back as he walked to his residence after completing an exam. On the third block, Whitman shot and wounded 35-year-old basketball coach Billy Snowden from a distance of over 1,500 feet (460 m). Nearby, he shot 21-year-old Sandra Wilson in the chest.[43]

On the corner of 24th and Guadalupe, Whitman shot and wounded two students, Abdul Khashab and his fiancée Janet Paulos, outside a dress shop. Khashab, a 26-year-old chemistry student from Iraq, was shot in the elbow and Paulos in the chest.[44] The next to be shot was a 21-year-old named Lana Phillips, whom Whitman wounded in the shoulder.[45] Phillips' sister ran from cover to drag Lana to safety.[46]

Whitman shot at David Mattson, Tom Herman, and Roland Ehlke, a trio of Peace Corps volunteers who were going to lunch on the Drag. Mattson had part of his wrist blown off.[47] Ehlke subsequently recalled that he heard Mattson scream as the bullet hit him in the wrist; the youth saw shrapnel from the shot had embedded into his own left arm. Ehlke was shot in the left biceps before he dove for cover. Ehlke emerged from cover to drag his friend to safety and was shot again in the leg.[48] A 64-year-old local shopkeeper named Homer Kelly helped drag the wounded duo—plus Herman—into his shop, before he was shot and wounded in the leg.[49]

To the rear of the intersection of 24th and Guadalupe, Whitman targeted two 21-year-olds, Oscar Royuela and Irma Garcia, as the pair walked toward the university's biology laboratory. Shot first, Garcia later said the bullet spun her "completely around" and she fell to the ground. Royuela tried to help Garcia when he was shot through the shoulder blade; the bullet exited through his left arm.[50] Students Jack Stephens and Jack Pennington ran from cover and dragged the pair to safety. Whitman targeted a 26-year-old carpenter named Avelino Esparza and seriously wounded him in the left shoulder.[51]

Directly in front of the entrance to the West Mall on Guadalupe Street, two 18-year-old students named Paul Sonntag and Claudia Rutt had taken refuge behind a construction barricade alongside teenager Carla Sue Wheeler. Whitman started shooting in that direction and hit Sonntag in the mouth, killing him instantly. Sonntag's body fell against a parking meter and knocked the barricade slightly open.[52] Rutt tried to reach Sonntag while Wheeler restrained her; Whitman shot a bullet that passed through Wheeler's left hand, and hit Rutt in the chest. Rutt died later in the hospital; Wheeler survived.[53]

A block north of where Sonntag and Rutt were killed, Whitman shot and killed Harry Walchuk, a 38-year-old doctoral student and father of six. He next shot 36-year-old press reporter Robert Heard in the arm as Heard ran toward two highway patrolmen coming on the scene. Slightly north, 18-year-old freshman John Allen was wounded in the forearm as he and acquaintances looked toward the tower from the University of Texas Union.

When electricians Roy Dell Schmidt and Solon McCown realized a sniper attack was under way, they took cover behind a parked car at University and 21st Street with fellow city of Austin employee Don Carlson. After about 30 minutes, Schmidt stood and assured the others they were out of range. Whitman immediately fired from more than 500 yards away and fatally shot 29-year-old Schmidt in the abdomen.[54] Schmidt was the fatality hit farthest from the tower.[55]

A 30-year-old ambulance technician named Morris Hohmann was shot in the leg on West 23rd Street as he tried to evacuate the numerous wounded. The wound severed a major artery.

Police notified

Some mistook the sound of shots for the noise from a nearby construction site,[17] or that persons falling to the ground were part of a theater group[56] or an anti-war protest. One victim recalled that as she lay bleeding a passerby reprimanded her and told her to “get up.”[2] Among those who grasped the situation, many risked their lives to take the wounded to safety. An armored car and ambulances from local funeral homes were used to reach the wounded.[47]

Four minutes after Whitman began shooting from the tower, a history professor was the first to telephone the Austin Police Department, at 11:52 a.m.[57] Patrolman Billy Speed, one of the first officers to arrive, took refuge with a colleague behind a columned stone wall. Whitman shot through the six-inch space between the columns of the wall and killed Speed.

Officer Houston McCoy, 26, heard of the shooting on his radio. As he looked for a way into the tower, a student offered to help, saying he had a rifle at home. McCoy drove the student to his home to retrieve the rifle.[58]

Allen Crum, a 40-year-old retired Air Force tail gunner,[59] was a manager at the University Book Store Co-Op. Across the street he saw a 17-year-old newspaper boy being dragged and went to break up what he thought was a fight. Learning the boy had been shot, and hearing more shots, Crum rerouted street traffic out of harm's way.[59] Unable to make his way back to the store safely, he then made his way to the tower, where he offered to help the police. Inside the tower, he accompanied Department of Public Safety Agent Dub Cowan and Austin Police Officer Jerry Day up the elevator; Cowan provided Crum with a rifle.[60]

Around noon, Officer Ramiro “Ray” Martinez was off duty at home[61] when he heard about the attack on the news. Called the police station, he was instructed to go to the campus and direct traffic.[62] Once there he found other officers already doing that, so he went to the tower.[63] He later said he assumed he would find a team of officers there, but when he reached the 27th floor he found only Cowan, Crum, and Day.[64]

Officers attempting to reach the tower were forced to move slowly and take cover often, but a small group of officers including Houston McCoy began making their way to the tower via underground maintenance tunnels.[65] Officers and other persons shot at Whitman from the ground with small weapons and hunting rifles, forcing Whitman to stay low and fire through storm drains at the foot of the observation deck's wall. A police sharpshooter in a small plane was driven away by Whitman's return fire.[66]

Martinez, Crum, and Day searched the 27th floor, where they found M.J. Gabour; Day removed him. Martinez started up the stairs to the observation deck, and Crum insisted on covering him, asking Martinez to deputize him first.[67]

Beneath the stairwell leading to the reception area, Martinez found Marguerite Lamport, Mark Gabour,[68] Mike Gabour, and Mary Gabour. Mike Gabour gestured to the observation deck, saying: "He's out there."[69]

The body of Charles Whitman lies upon the observation deck

Martinez reached the observation deck first. He told Crum to remain at the door. McCoy and Day reached the observation deck a few minutes later. Day, after helping M.J. Gabour, had returned to the 27th floor. He realized Martinez had gone up to the observation deck and told McCoy. Then Day and McCoy went up to the observation deck.[further explanation needed][70]

Whitman killed

Martinez shot at Whitman, emptying his revolver. McCoy shot Whitman twice with a shotgun. Martinez took the shotgun from McCoy and fired one last shot.

At 1:24 p.m. Crum waved a white flag from the tower to signal that the attack was over.[71]

Casualties

A total of 17 people were killed, and 31 were injured in the attack.[72] The number of fatalities remained at 16 until 2001, when the 17th victim, David Gunby, died as a result of the injuries he sustained in the attack.[4]

Fatalities

2

Injuries

2

Legacy and memorials

Martinez and McCoy were awarded Medals of Valor by the city of Austin.[58]

Following the shootings the tower observation deck was closed. The various bullet holes were repaired and the tower was reopened in 1968. It was closed again in 1975 following four suicides.[98] After a stainless steel lattice and other security features were installed, it was again reopened in 1999, but only to by-appointment guided tours, and all visitors are screened by metal detectors.[99][100]

In 2006 a Memorial Garden was dedicated to those who died or were otherwise affected.[101][102] A monument listing the names of the victims was added in 2016 on the shootings' fiftieth anniversary;[103] the tower’s clock was stopped for 24 hours beginning at 11:48 a.m.[104] The day was declared by the City of Austin as "Ramiro Martinez Day".[105]

In 2008 the following names‍—‌officers and civilians who helped stop Whitman‍—‌were added to a plaque on an Austin police precinct building.[106] (The list is recognized to be incomplete.)[107]

  • Officer Billy Paul Speed
  • Officer Phillip Conner
  • Officer Jerry Day
  • Lt. Marion Lee
  • Officer Ramiro Martinez
  • Officer Houston McCoy
  • Officer Harold Moe
  • Officer George Shepard
  • Officer Milton Shoquist
  • Department of Public Safety Agent W.A. Cowan
  • Jim Boutwell
  • Allen Crum
  • Frank Holder
  • William Wilcox

Film

  • There is a reference to the shooting in the 1987 film "Full Metal Jacket."
  • Charles Whitman is also mentioned in the 1994 film Natural Born Killers.[108]
  • The 2016 film Tower is an animated documentary about the event.[109]
  • Peter Bogdanovich's 1968 film Targets features a character based on Charles Whitman and the UT Tower Shooting.[110]

Television

  • The Mad Men episode "Signal 30" references the UT tower shooting.[111]
  • 1975 TV Movie The Deadly Tower featured Kurt Russell as Whitman, Ned Beatty as Allan Crum, and Richard Yniguez as Ramiro Martinez.

[112]

Music

  • Harry Chapin's song "Sniper" was inspired by the UT tower shooting.[113]
  • Singer, humorist, and politician Kinky Friedman wrote a song about the shooting called "The Ballad of Charles Whitman."[114]
  • "El Policía del Austin: Acción Heroica de Ramiro Martínez," written and produced by singer-songwriter José Morante, describes Martinez's day atop the UT Tower on August 1, 1966. Morante also wrote "Tragedia en Austin."[115]

See also

2

References

  1. ^ a b "UT Tower sniper shook nation 40 years ago today". Houston Chronicle. Retrieved 2016-11-29.
  2. ^ a b c d e "96 Minutes". Texas Monthly. 2016-08-02. Retrieved 2016-11-29.
  3. ^ Montgomery, David (2016-07-30). "Texas Marks '66 Sniper Attack as University Prepares for 'Campus-Carry' Law". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2016-11-29.
  4. ^ a b c McLELLAN, DENNIS (2001-11-16). "David H. Gunby, 58; Hurt in '66 Texas Shooting Rampage". Los Angeles Times. ISSN 0458-3035. Retrieved 2016-11-29.
  5. ^ a b c "Memorial Day". Texas Monthly. 2016-07-31. Retrieved 2016-11-29.
  6. ^ Kluger, Jeffrey. "The Evil Brain: What Lurks Inside a Killer's Mind". Time. ISSN 0040-781X. Retrieved 2016-11-30.
  7. ^ a b Eagleman, David. "The Brain on Trial". The Atlantic. Retrieved 2016-11-30.
  8. ^ Lavergne, Gary M. (1997). A Sniper in the Tower. Denton, Texas: University of North Texas Press. p. 6. ISBN 1-574-41029-6.
  9. ^ (Lavergne 1997, p. 6) harv error: multiple targets (13×): CITEREFLavergne1997 (help)
  10. ^ a b Lavergne, Gary M. (1997). A Sniper in the Tower. Denton, Texas: University of North Texas Press. p. 19. ISBN 1-574-41029-6.
  11. ^ 1. Irvin H., Ph.D. 2. Goldschmidt, Ph.D., 1. Perline 2. Jona (2003). The Psychology of Law and Workplace Violence. Charles C Thomas Pub Ltd; 1 edition. p. 298. ISBN 0398074321.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  12. ^ a b "Gun Violence And Mental Health Laws, 50 Years After Texas Tower Sniper". NPR.org. Retrieved 2016-11-30.
  13. ^ "Jury Blames Tumor For Killings". The News and Courier. August 5, 1966. p. 9-A.[dead link]
  14. ^ Eagleman, David The Brain on Trial, The Atlantic Monthly, July 2011
  15. ^ (Freberg 2009, p. 41)
  16. ^ "Listening to Kathy | Jo Scott-Coe". Catapult. 2016-03-30. Retrieved 2016-11-29.
  17. ^ a b "The Madman on the Tower". Texas Monthly. 1986-07-31. Retrieved 2016-11-29.
  18. ^ "Shootings Recall Horror at University of Texas". NPR.org. Retrieved 2016-11-29.
  19. ^ a b Time-Life Books 1993 p. 32
  20. ^ Young, James (August 9, 1966). "Sniper Felt Killer Symptom in '64". The Boston Globe. p. 2.
  21. ^ Pett, Saul; Loh, Jules (August 15, 1966). "Whtiman's losing battle against hate, cruelty". Ottawa Citizen. p. 7.
  22. ^ a b (Time-Life Books 1993, p. 31)
  23. ^ Mass Murders in America p. 28
  24. ^ a b "Archives - Philly.com". articles.philly.com. Retrieved 2016-11-30.
  25. ^ Mass Murders in America p. 29
  26. ^ (Lavergne 1997, p. 126) harv error: multiple targets (13×): CITEREFLavergne1997 (help)
  27. ^ (Lavergne 1997, pp. 128–129) harv error: multiple targets (13×): CITEREFLavergne1997 (help)
  28. ^ a b Lavergne, Gary M (1997). A Sniper in the Tower. Denton, Texas: University North Texas Press. p. 129. ISBN 1-574-41029-6.
  29. ^ Mass Murders in America p. 30
  30. ^ "Deranged tower sniper rained death on UT campus". Houston Chronicle. Retrieved 2016-11-30.
  31. ^ (Lavergne 1997, p. 135) harv error: multiple targets (13×): CITEREFLavergne1997 (help)
  32. ^ Lavergne, Gary M. (1997). A Sniper in the Tower. Denton, Texas: University of North Texas Press. pp. 131–133. ISBN 1-57441-029-6.
  33. ^ Higginbotham (January 1999). "Austin 306". The Alcalde. 87 (3). Emmis Communications: 230. ISSN 1535-993X.
  34. ^ a b Staff, By Denise Gamino - American-Statesman. "Claire James survived Whitman's bullet; the baby she carried..." Retrieved 2016-11-30.
  35. ^ Lavergne, Gary M. (1997). Sniper in the Tower. Denton, Texas: University of North Texas Press. p. 143. ISBN 1-574-41029-6.
  36. ^ (Time-Life Books 1993, p. 34)
  37. ^ (Lavergne 1997, p. 146) harv error: multiple targets (13×): CITEREFLavergne1997 (help)
  38. ^ (Lavergne 1997, pp. 146–147) harv error: multiple targets (13×): CITEREFLavergne1997 (help)
  39. ^ McLellan, Dennis (November 16, 2001). "David H. Gunby, 58; Hurt in '66 Texas Shooting Rampage". latimes.com.
  40. ^ (Lavergne 1997, p. 145) harv error: multiple targets (13×): CITEREFLavergne1997 (help)
  41. ^ (Lavergne 1997, pp. 149–150) harv error: multiple targets (13×): CITEREFLavergne1997 (help)
  42. ^ Macleod, Marlee. "Charles Whitman: The Texas Tower Sniper (From the Tower)". trutv.com. p. 6. Archived from the original on July 1, 2012.
  43. ^ The Alcalde Apr. 1967 p.14
  44. ^ "Survivors Of Sniper Said To Hold No Hate". The Morning Record. August 4, 1966. p. 10.
  45. ^ "Dreams Haunt Some Victims of Texas Sniper; Disability Threatens Others in Constant Pain". Reading Eagle. September 4, 1966. p. 4.
  46. ^ A Sniper in the Tower: The Charles Whitman Mass Murders p. 178
  47. ^ a b Colloff, Pamela (August 2006). "96 Minutes". Texas Monthly. Retrieved January 15, 2013.
  48. ^ Benson, Dan (April 17, 2007). "Survivor of Texas tower shooting recalls terror". Milwaukee Journal Sentinel.
  49. ^ A Sniper in the Tower: The Charles Whitman Mass Murders pp. 177–178
  50. ^ (Lavergne 1997, pp. 191–192) harv error: multiple targets (13×): CITEREFLavergne1997 (help)
  51. ^ A Sniper in the Tower: The Charles Whitman Mass Murders p. 191
  52. ^ (Lavergne 1997, p. 171) harv error: multiple targets (13×): CITEREFLavergne1997 (help)
  53. ^ Macleod, Marlee. "Charles Whitman: The Texas Tower Sniper (Preparations)". trutv.com. p. 4. Archived from the original on July 2, 2012.
  54. ^ Lavergne, Gary M. (1997). A Sniper in the Tower. Denton, Texas: University of North Texas Press. p. 173. ISBN 1-574-41029-6.
  55. ^ LIFE 12 Aug. 1966 p. 28
  56. ^ "A sniper's haunting legacy". Houston Chronicle. Retrieved 2016-12-01.
  57. ^ (Time-Life Books 1993, p. 38)
  58. ^ a b c "The Tower Tragedy". Esquire. 2007-01-29. Retrieved 2016-11-30.
  59. ^ a b TEGNA. "Armed civilian helped stop UT Tower sniper". KHOU. Retrieved 2016-11-30.
  60. ^ Lavergne, Gary M. (1997). A Sniper in the Tower. Denton, Texas: University of North Texas Press. p. 176. ISBN 1-574-41029-6.
  61. ^ Hennessy-Fiske, Molly. "Fifty years after the first campus massacre, a question lingers: Who killed the killer?". latimes.com. Retrieved 2016-11-30.
  62. ^ "Shooting brings back memories of 1966 UT Tower killings for officer who stopped gunman | Texas | Dallas News". Dallas News. 2010-09-30. Retrieved 2016-11-30.
  63. ^ "Nearly 50 years ago, bravery at a UT tower". San Antonio Express-News. Retrieved 2016-11-30.
  64. ^ "Austin Police officer Ramiro Martinez remembers feeling sense of duty to stop Whitman - The Daily Texan". Retrieved 2016-11-30.
  65. ^ "UT tower shooting heroes to be honored". Retrieved 2016-11-30.
  66. ^ Haurwitz, Ralph K.M. (July 7, 2016). "How the 1966 Tower sniper attack fueled debate over campus carry at UT".
  67. ^ "A policeman who helped end one of the deadliest school shootings in US history relives the massacre". Business Insider. Retrieved 2016-11-30.
  68. ^ Helmer, William (August 1986). "The Madman on the Tower". texasmonthly.com.
  69. ^ (Time-Life Books 1993, p. 39)
  70. ^ Lavergne, Gary M. (1997). A Sniper in the Tower. Denton, Texas: University of North Texas Press. p. 205. ISBN 1-574-41029-6.
  71. ^ "The forgotten legacy of the 1966 University of Texas clock tower shooting". The Daily Dot. 2016-08-01. Retrieved 2016-11-30.
  72. ^ Montgomery, David (2016-07-30). "Texas Marks '66 Sniper Attack as University Prepares for 'Campus-Carry' Law". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2016-12-02.
  73. ^ a b Quigg, H.D. (August 7, 1966). "That Fateful Noon in Austin: Why Were Sniper's Victims on University Campus". Reading Eagle.
  74. ^ Tribune, The Texas (2014-08-01). "After 48 Years, Whitman's Unborn Victim Gets a Headstone". The Texas Tribune. Retrieved 2016-12-02.
  75. ^ a b c "'Surviving history'—for 48 years | www.rockdalereporter.com | Rockdale Reporter". Retrieved 2016-12-02.
  76. ^ Lavergne, Gary M. (1997). A Sniper in the Tower. Denton, Texas: University of North Texas Press. pp. xi. ISBN 1-574-41029-6.
  77. ^ Lavergne, Gary M. (1997). A Sniper in the Tower. Denton, Texas: University of North Texas Press. p. 160. ISBN 1-574-41029-6.
  78. ^ a b "For Whom the Bells Toll". Retrieved 2016-12-02.
  79. ^ a b Staff, By Mike Kelley - American-Statesman. "Garden now a memorial to victims of UT sniper". Retrieved 2016-12-02.
  80. ^ Nevin, David (August 12, 1966). "Texas Sniper's Murder Rampage". LIFE.
  81. ^ "Beginning of an Era: The 1966 University of Texas Clock Tower Shooting". NBC News. Retrieved 2016-12-02.
  82. ^ a b 1. Holmes 2. Holmes, 1. Ronald M. 2. Stephen T. (Apr 19, 2016). Fatal Violence: Case Studies and Analysis of Emerging Forms. CRC Press.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: year (link)
  83. ^ "Survivor of Texas tower shooting recalls terror". Retrieved 2016-12-02.
  84. ^ a b c d e "Whitman Chose UT Tower 'To Fight it Out Alone". The Baytown Sun. August 2, 1966.
  85. ^ a b c d e "Survivors of sniper said to hold no hate". The Morning Record. Aug 4, 1966.
  86. ^ a b "Killer Known as Hard Worker, Loved Children". Corsicana Daily Sun. August 2, 1966.
  87. ^ "Dead and Wounded". The Cuero Record. Vol. 71, No. 183, Ed. 1. Aug 2, 1966.
  88. ^ Lopez, Steve (2013-04-21). "Gun legislation failure dismays survivor of Texas mass shooting". Los Angeles Times. ISSN 0458-3035. Retrieved 2016-12-02.
  89. ^ Haurwitz, Ralph K. M. (2014-04-27). "Robert Heard dies at 84; Texas journalist wounded in 1966 rampage". Los Angeles Times. ISSN 0458-3035. Retrieved 2016-12-02.
  90. ^ "50th Anniversary of UT Tower Shooting". Retrieved 2016-12-02.
  91. ^ a b Jones, Lee (September 5, 1966). "Dreams of Violence Haunt Victims of Massacre".
  92. ^ Irwin, Ron (2016). Mass Murders in America. Lulu.com. p. 32. ISBN 1329829328.
  93. ^ "50 Years Later". The Daily Texan. Retrieved 2016-12-02.
  94. ^ a b Lavergne, Gary M. (1997). A Sniper in the Tower. Denton, Texas: University of North Texas Press. p. 191. ISBN 1-574-41029-6.
  95. ^ Lavergne, Gary M. (1997). A Sniper in the Tower. Denton, Texas: University of North Texas Press. ISBN 1-574-41029-6.
  96. ^ "How UT-Austin commemorated the 50th anniversary of the infamous Tower shooting". USA TODAY College. 2016-08-01. Retrieved 2016-12-02.
  97. ^ Lavergne, Gary M. (1997). A Sniper in the Tower. Denton, Texas: University of North Texas Press. p. 178. ISBN 1-574-41029-6.
  98. ^ (Lavergne 1997, p. 289) harv error: multiple targets (13×): CITEREFLavergne1997 (help)
  99. ^ "Editorial: UT Tower reopens". amarillo.com. September 17, 1999.
  100. ^ "University of Texas to Reopen Clock Tower Closed After Suicides". utexas.edu.
  101. ^ "University unveils redesign plans for Tower Garden Memorial", University of Texas, 6 January 2003, Retrieved November 2, 2010.
  102. ^ "University Of Texas Tower Sniper Recalled", CBS, 16 April 2007. Retrieved: November 2, 2010.
  103. ^ University of Texas adds memorial on 50th anniversary of tower shooting, retrieved 2016-08-02
  104. ^ "UT-Austin remembers tower shooting 50 years ago". USA TODAY. Retrieved 2016-12-02.
  105. ^ "50 years later, debate remains over who killed UT shooter Charles Whitman". Houston Chronicle. Retrieved 2016-12-02.
  106. ^ Carbajal, Itza (2016). "I Choose to Remember; I Need to Forget: Memorialization and Healing from a Moment of Violence on a University Campus". Behind The Tower. Retrieved 2016-07-22.
  107. ^ Flippin, Perry (August 6, 2007). "UT tower shooting heroes to be honored". gosanangelo.com.
  108. ^ FRANK, SARAH. "Legacy of Texas sniper fades after 40 years". The Orange County Register. Retrieved 2016-11-29.
  109. ^ Roston, Tom (August 1, 2016). "The document that tells the story of America's first mass school shooting". PBS.com.
  110. ^ Singer, Matt (2013-08-21). "A New Kind of Monster". Slate. ISSN 1091-2339. Retrieved 2016-12-02.
  111. ^ "Evoking Charles Whitman: The UT Tower Shooting in Film". The Texas Tribune. Retrieved 2016-12-02.
  112. ^ http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0072852/fullcredits?ref_=tt_ov_st_sm
  113. ^ Peters, Justin (2013-01-11). "Sympathy for the Mass Murderer: Harry Chapin's Bizarre Tribute Song about University of Texas Shooter Charles Whitman". Slate. ISSN 1091-2339. Retrieved 2016-12-02.
  114. ^ "The Ballad of Charles Whitman". The New Yorker. 2009-07-31. Retrieved 2016-12-02.
  115. ^ "Cultural References to the Shootings". www.personal.psu.edu. Retrieved 2016-12-02.
Retrieved from "https://wiki.riteme.site/w/index.php?title=University_of_Texas_tower_shooting&oldid=766034642"