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University of Texas Tower Shooting
Main building of the University of Texas
LocationUniversity of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, U.S.
DateAugust 1, 1966 (1966-08-01)
Stabbing: c. 12:15 a.m. – 3:00 a.m.
Shooting: 11:48 a.m. – 1:24 p.m. (UTC-06:00)
Attack type
School shooting, mass shooting, familicide, matricide, uxoricide, mass murder, stabbing
Weapons
Deaths18 (including perpetrator)
Injured31
PerpetratorCharles Whitman

The University of Texas (UT) Tower Shooting was a mass shooting that occurred on August 1, 1966, at The University of Texas at Austin in Austin, Texas.[1] Charles Whitman, a former Marine sharpshooter, climbed to the observation deck on the 28th floor of the UT Tower[1] with a sniper rifle, along with other weapons, and opened fire.

The attack lasted 96 minutes,[2] until Whitman was shot and killed by police officers.[3] A total of 14 people were killed in the attack, in addition to two people – Whitman’s mother and wife – whom he killed before the tower shooting. A 17th victim died in 2001 of the injuries he sustained in the attack.[4]

On August 1, 2016, the 50th anniversary of the shooting, a stone memorial inscribed with the victims' names[5] was installed on the university campus.[5]

Charles Whitman

Main article: Charles Whitman

Charles Whitman, 25,[6] and was studying architectural engineering.[7] at twelve years old had been the youngest person to become an Eagle Scout.[8] Whitman was also extremely intelligent; at the age of six, he scored 139 on an IQ test.[9] He joined the Marines after high school, and earned a Sharpshooter’s Badge, Good Conduct medal, and Marine Corps Expedition medal.[10]

In 1961 he was admitted to the University of Texas at Austin on a scholarship from the Naval Enlisted Science Education Program.[10] While at UT, Whitman met and married his wife, Kathleen. Whitman struggled with gambling and bad grades, and he lost his scholarship in 1963.[11] Before the attack, Whitman had sought professional help for "overwhelming violent impulses"[7] including fantasies about shooting people from the tower.[12] A small brain tumor found after his death may or may not have been the cause of these impulses.[13][14][15]

Timeline of events

Murders of Margaret and Kathy Whitman

Whitman killed his mother Margaret Whitman, and his wife Kathleen Leissner Whitman,[16][5] between midnight and 3:00 a.m. on August 1.[17] In a note he professed his love for both women, saying he had killed them to spare them future humiliation.[18]

Later that morning, Whitman rented a hand truck and cashed $250 (equivalent to $2,300 in 2023) worth of bad checks at a bank. He then drove to a hardware store, where he purchased a Universal M1 carbine, two additional ammunition magazines and eight boxes of ammunition, telling the cashier he planned to hunt wild hogs.[19] At a gun shop he purchased four further carbine magazines, six additional boxes of ammunition, and a can of gun cleaning solvent,[20] and at Sears he purchased a Sears Model 60 12 gauge semi-automatic shotgun before returning home.[21]

The rifles and sawed-off shotgun used by Whitman in the massacre

Whitman sawed off the barrel and butt stock of the shotgun, then packed it into his footlocker along with a Remington 700 6-mm bolt-action hunting rifle, a .35-caliber pump rifle, a .30-caliber carbine (M1), a 9-mm Luger pistol, a Galesi-Brescia .25-caliber pistol, a Smith & Wesson M19 .357 Magnum revolver, and over 700 rounds of ammunition. He also packed food, coffee, vitamins, Dexedrine, Excedrin, earplugs, jugs of water, matches, lighter fluid, rope, binoculars, a machete, three knives, a transistor radio, toilet paper, a razor, and a bottle of deodorant.[22] He put khaki coveralls on over his shirt and jeans.[23]

Whitman arrives on campus

At approximately 11:25 a.m.,[24] Whitman reached the University of Texas at Austin, where he showed false research assistant identification to obtain a parking permit.[22] Whitman wheeled a rented dolly carrying his equipment toward the Main Building of the University.[25] Entering the Main Building, Whitman found the elevator didn't work. An employee activated it for him; Whitman thanked her, saying: "You don't know how happy that makes me."[19]

Whitman hauled the dolly and equipment up a final flight of stairs to a hallway, from which a final flight led to the rooms skirted by the observation deck.[26] He knocked 51-year-old receptionist Edna Townsley to the floor and split the back of her skull with his rifle butt, then struck her above the left eye before dragging her behind a couch.[27]

Soon after, Cheryl Botts and Don Walden entered the reception area on their way to the elevator from the observation deck. Walden noticed two guns Whitman was holding and assumed that he was going to the observation deck to shoot pigeons. Whitman smiled and said, "Hi, how are you?"[28] as they left.[28] He then barricaded the stairway.[29]

Two families came up the stairs; Whitman shot and killed 16-year-old Mark Gabour and his aunt, Marguerite Lamport, and injured Mary Frances Gabour and Michael Gabour.[24] Two family members – M.J. Gabour and William Lamport – were uninjured.[30] Whitman then killed Townsley with a shot to her head before walking onto the observation deck.[31] Mary Gabour later said she and her sons had thought the barricade was in place for cleaning and that Whitman – still dressed in overalls – was a janitor.[32]

Whitman opens fire from the observation deck

At 11:48 a.m. Whitman began shooting from the observation deck, 231 feet (70 m) above the ground.[33] He targeted people on the campus and walking on a section of Guadalupe Street known as the Drag, which was home to coffee shops, bookstores, and other student hangouts.

The first person Whitman shot outside of the tower was Claire James.[2] James and her boyfriend, Thomas Eckman, were walking out of the Chuck Wagon restaurant, which was located in the UT student union.[34] James was eight months pregnant and Whitman aimed directly at her stomach. The shot killed her unborn baby. Eckman was shot in the back-left shoulder, just beneath his neck,[34][35] as he attempted to help James. Eckman died instantly.[2]

He next shot Robert Boyer, a 33-year-old mathematician, who was killed instantly by a single shot to the lower back.[36]

After shooting Boyer, Whitman shot a 31-year-old student named Devereau Huffman in the right arm; Huffman fell wounded beside a hedge.[37] When Charlotte Darehshori, a young secretary, ran to help Boyer and Huffman, she came under fire. She crouched beneath the concrete base of a flagpole for an hour and a half, shielding herself from Whitman's view.[38] Nearby, Whitman shot David Gunby, a 23-year-old electrical engineering student walking in the courtyard.[39]

Whitman fatally shot Thomas Ashton, a 22-year-old, in the chest.[40] Next, he shot Adrian and Brenda Littlefield as they walked onto the South Mall. Two young women, Nancy Harvey and Ellen Evganides, were wounded as they walked down the West Mall. Whitman shot Harvey, who was five months pregnant, in the hip, and Evganides in the leg and thigh.[41] Both Harvey and her unborn child survived.

File:Karen Griffith August 1 1966.jpg
Karen Griffith, aged 17
File:Darehshori 1966 University of Texas.jpg
Charlotte Darehshori takes refuge behind the concrete base of a flagpole as a student hit by gunfire lies beside a hedge

Whitman began to fire upon people walking on Guadalupe Street; he shot and wounded 17-year-old newspaper delivery boy Alex Hernandez, before fatally wounding 17-year-old Karen Griffith[42] with a shot to the chest. The next victim was a 24-year-old senior named Thomas Karr, whom Whitman fatally shot in the back as he walked to his residence after completing an exam. On the third block, Whitman shot and wounded 35-year-old basketball coach Billy Snowden from a distance of over 1,500 feet (460 m). Nearby, he shot 21-year-old Sandra Wilson in the chest.[43]

On the corner of 24th and Guadalupe, Whitman shot and wounded two students, Abdul Khashab and his fiancée Janet Paulos, outside a dress shop. Khashab, a 26-year-old chemistry student from Iraq, was shot in the elbow and Paulos in the chest.[44] The next to be shot was a 21-year-old named Lana Phillips, whom Whitman wounded in the shoulder.[45] Phillips' sister ran from cover to drag Lana to safety.[46]

Whitman shot at David Mattson, Tom Herman, and Roland Ehlke, a trio of Peace Corps volunteers who were going to lunch on the Drag. Mattson had part of his wrist blown off.[47] Ehlke subsequently recalled that he heard Mattson scream as the bullet hit him in the wrist; the youth saw shrapnel from the shot had embedded into his own left arm. Ehlke was shot in the left biceps before he dove for cover. Ehlke emerged from cover to drag his friend to safety and was shot again in the leg.[48] A 64-year-old local shopkeeper named Homer Kelly helped drag the wounded duo—plus Herman—into his shop, before he was shot and wounded in the leg.[49]

To the rear of the intersection of 24th and Guadalupe, Whitman targeted two 21-year-olds, Oscar Royuela and Irma Garcia, as the pair walked toward the university's biology laboratory. Shot first, Garcia later said the bullet spun her "completely around" and she fell to the ground. Royuela tried to help Garcia when he was shot through the shoulder blade; the bullet exited through his left arm.[50] Students Jack Stephens and Jack Pennington ran from cover and dragged the pair to safety. Whitman targeted a 26-year-old carpenter named Avelino Esparza and seriously wounded him in the left shoulder.[51]

Directly in front of the entrance to the West Mall on Guadalupe Street, two 18-year-old students named Paul Sonntag and Claudia Rutt had taken refuge behind a construction barricade alongside teenager Carla Sue Wheeler. Whitman started shooting in that direction and hit Sonntag in the mouth, killing him instantly. Sonntag's body fell against a parking meter and knocked the barricade slightly open.[52] Rutt tried to reach Sonntag while Wheeler restrained her; Whitman shot a bullet that passed through Wheeler's left hand, and hit Rutt in the chest. Rutt died later in the hospital; Wheeler survived.[53]

A block north of where Sonntag and Rutt were killed, Whitman shot and killed Harry Walchuk, a 38-year-old doctoral student and father of six. He next shot 36-year-old press reporter Robert Heard in the arm as Heard ran toward two highway patrolmen coming on the scene. Slightly north, 18-year-old freshman John Allen was wounded in the forearm as he and acquaintances looked toward the tower from the University of Texas Union.

When electricians Roy Dell Schmidt and Solon McCown realized a sniper attack was under way, they took cover behind a parked car at University and 21st Street with fellow city of Austin employee Don Carlson. After about 30 minutes, Schmidt stood and assured the others they were out of range. Whitman immediately fired from more than 500 yards away and fatally shot 29-year-old Schmidt in the abdomen.[54] Schmidt was the fatality hit farthest from the tower.[55]

A 30-year-old ambulance technician named Morris Hohmann was shot in the leg on West 23rd Street as he tried to evacuate the numerous wounded. The wound severed a major artery.

Police notified

Some mistook the sound of shots for the noise from a nearby construction site,[17] or that persons falling to the ground were part of a theater group[56] or an anti-war protest. One victim recalled that as she lay bleeding a passerby reprimanded her and told her to “get up.”[2] Among those who grasped the situation, many risked their lives to take the wounded to safety. An armored car and ambulances from local funeral homes were used to reach the wounded.[47]

Four minutes after Whitman began shooting from the tower, a history professor was the first to telephone the Austin Police Department, at 11:52 a.m.[57] Patrolman Billy Speed, one of the first officers to arrive, took refuge with a colleague behind a columned stone wall. Whitman shot through the six-inch space between the columns of the wall and killed Speed.

Officer Houston McCoy, 26, heard of the shooting on his radio. As he looked for a way into the tower, a student offered to help, saying he had a rifle at home. McCoy drove the student to his home to retrieve the rifle.[58]

Allen Crum, a 40-year-old retired Air Force tail gunner,[59] was a manager at the University Book Store Co-Op. Across the street he saw a 17-year-old newspaper boy being dragged and went to break up what he thought was a fight. Learning the boy had been shot, and hearing more shots, Crum rerouted street traffic out of harm's way.[59] Unable to make his way back to the store safely, he then made his way to the tower, where he offered to help the police. Inside the tower, he accompanied Department of Public Safety Agent Dub Cowan and Austin Police Officer Jerry Day up the elevator; Cowan provided Crum with a rifle.[60]

Around noon, Officer Ramiro “Ray” Martinez was off duty at home[61] when he heard about the attack on the news. Called the police station, he was instructed to go to the campus and direct traffic.[62] Once there he found other officers already doing that, so he went to the tower.[63] He later said he assumed he would find a team of officers there, but when he reached the 27th floor he found only Cowan, Crum, and Day.[64]

Officers attempting to reach the tower were forced to move slowly and take cover often, but a small group of officers including Houston McCoy began making their way to the tower via underground maintenance tunnels.[65] Officers and other persons shot at Whitman from the ground with small weapons and hunting rifles, forcing Whitman to stay low and fire through storm drains at the foot of the observation deck's wall. A police sharpshooter in a small plane was driven away by Whitman's return fire.[66]

Martinez, Crum, and Day searched the 27th floor, where they found M.J. Gabour; Day removed him. Martinez started up the stairs to the observation deck, and Crum insisted on covering him, asking Martinez to deputize him first.[67]

Beneath the stairwell leading to the reception area, Martinez found Marguerite Lamport, Mark Gabour,[68] Mike Gabour, and Mary Gabour. Mike Gabour gestured to the observation deck, saying: "He's out there."[69]

The body of Charles Whitman lies upon the observation deck

Martinez reached the observation deck first. He told Crum to remain at the door. McCoy and Day reached the observation deck a few minutes later. Day, after helping M.J. Gabour, had returned to the 27th floor. He realized Martinez had gone up to the observation deck and told McCoy. Then Day and McCoy went up to the observation deck.[further explanation needed][70]

Whitman killed

Martinez shot at Whitman, emptying his revolver. McCoy shot Whitman twice with a shotgun. Martinez took the shotgun from McCoy and fired one last shot.

At 1:24 p.m. Crum waved a white flag from the tower to signal that the attack was over.[71]

Casualties

A total of 17 people were killed, and 31 were injured in the attack.[72] The number of fatalities remained at 16 until 2001, when the 17th victim, David Gunby, died as a result of the injuries he sustained in the attack.[4]

Fatalities

2

Injuries

2

Legacy and memorials

Martinez and McCoy were awarded Medals of Valor by the city of Austin.[58]

Following the shootings the tower observation deck was closed. The various bullet holes were repaired and the tower was reopened in 1968. It was closed again in 1975 following four suicides.[98] After a stainless steel lattice and other security features were installed, it was again reopened in 1999, but only to by-appointment guided tours, and all visitors are screened by metal detectors.[99][100]

In 2006 a Memorial Garden was dedicated to those who died or were otherwise affected.[101][102] A monument listing the names of the victims was added in 2016 on the shootings' fiftieth anniversary;[103] the tower’s clock was stopped for 24 hours beginning at 11:48 a.m.[104] The day was declared by the City of Austin as "Ramiro Martinez Day".[105]

In 2008 the following names‍—‌officers and civilians who helped stop Whitman‍—‌were added to a plaque on an Austin police precinct building.[106] (The list is recognized to be incomplete.)[107]

  • Officer Billy Paul Speed
  • Officer Phillip Conner
  • Officer Jerry Day
  • Lt. Marion Lee
  • Officer Ramiro Martinez
  • Officer Houston McCoy
  • Officer Harold Moe
  • Officer George Shepard
  • Officer Milton Shoquist
  • Department of Public Safety Agent W.A. Cowan
  • Jim Boutwell
  • Allen Crum
  • Frank Holder
  • William Wilcox

Film

  • There is a reference to the shooting in the 1987 film "Full Metal Jacket."
  • Charles Whitman is also mentioned in the 1994 film Natural Born Killers.[108]
  • The 2016 film Tower is an animated documentary about the event.[109]
  • Peter Bogdanovich's 1968 film Targets features a character based on Charles Whitman and the UT Tower Shooting.[110]

Television

  • The Mad Men episode "Signal 30" references the UT tower shooting.[111]
  • 1975 TV Movie The Deadly Tower featured Kurt Russell as Whitman, Ned Beatty as Allan Crum, and Richard Yniguez as Ramiro Martinez.

[112]

Music

  • Harry Chapin's song "Sniper" was inspired by the UT tower shooting.[113]
  • Singer, humorist, and politician Kinky Friedman wrote a song about the shooting called "The Ballad of Charles Whitman."[114]
  • "El Policía del Austin: Acción Heroica de Ramiro Martínez," written and produced by singer-songwriter José Morante, describes Martinez's day atop the UT Tower on August 1, 1966. Morante also wrote "Tragedia en Austin."[115]

See also

2

References

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