Nahel Merzouk riots

Nahel Merzouk protests
Urban violence in Planoise
Date	27 June – 4 July 2023 (8 days)
Location	France and other French-speaking territories
Caused by	Killing of Nahel Merzouk
Methods	Arson, civil disobedience, civil resistance, looting, protests, riots
Casualties, arrests, and damages
Death(s)	1 confirmed
Injuries	808 officers
Arrested	3,300+
Damage	> €1.1 billion
Property damage	1,000+ buildings damaged 5,662 vehicles burned

A series of civil disturbances in France began on 27 June 2023 following the killing of Nahel Merzouk. In Nanterre, residents started a protest outside the police headquarters on 27 June, which later escalated into rioting as demonstrators set cars alight, destroyed bus stops, and shot fireworks at police. In Viry-Châtillon, just south of Paris, a group of youths reportedly set a bus ablaze.

In Mantes-la-Jolie, a town 40 km northwest of Paris, the town hall was set ablaze after being firebombed on the night of 27 June, burning until 3:15 (CEST). Clashes continued throughout the night across France, including Toulouse and Lille. Unrest was also reported in Asnières, Colombes, Suresnes, Aubervilliers, Clichy-sous-Bois and Mantes-la-Jolie.

By 29 June, over 150 people had been arrested, 24 officers had been injured, and 40 cars had been torched. Fearing greater unrest, Gérald Darmanin, Interior Minister of France, deployed 1,200 riot police and gendarmes in and around Paris, later adding an additional 2,000. On 29 June, Darmanin announced that the government would deploy 40,000 officers nationwide.

Background

Killing of Nahel Merzouk

Main article: Killing of Nahel Merzouk

On 27 June 2023, at approximately 7:55 a.m. CEST, two Paris Police Prefecture officers spotted a Mercedes-AMG with a Polish registration plate speeding along a bus lane on Boulevard Jacques-Germain-Soufflot in Hauts-de-Seine, Île-de-France heading towards the Nanterre-Université rail station. The officers stopped the driver Nahel Merzouk who attempted to drive away; one officer fired at him at 8:16. The two passengers in the vehicle fled at 8:19. Merzouk was pronounced dead at 9:15 a.m.

Civil unrest related to policing

The 2005 French riots were in reaction to the death of two Muslim teenagers, electrocuted while hiding from police in an electrical substation. Then-prime minister Dominique de Villepin and his Interior minister Nicolas Sarkozy suggested that the boys were thieves, which did little to calm the situation. Jacques Chirac declared a state of emergency, the protests lasted three weeks, and more than 4,000 people were arrested.

In 2016, the death of Adama Traoré spurred protests. His sister, Assa Traoré, became a driving force for France's Black Lives Matter movement and her campaign became part of the George Floyd protests in France.

Police brutality in France

The yellow vests protests in 2018 and the alleged violent excesses of the BRAV-M (a motorcycle brigade used to curb looting and violent actions at the margin of the protests against the pension reform) led to increased public perceptions of police brutality. In April 2023, over 260,000 people signed an unsuccessful petition on the National Assembly website calling for the brigade to be disbanded. Public opinion had likewise been shocked in 2020 by the widely-circulated video footage of police violence perpetrated against Michel Zecler, a black music producer, for not wearing a face-mask.

Racial profiling

Alleged use of racial profiling in traffic stops and identity checks is a recurring issue. In 2016, the Court of Cassation found against the French state concerning racial profiling for identity checks, ruling that the practice was discriminatory. On this basis, in October 2020, a Parisian civil court awarded €58,500 to 11 plaintiffs who sued the French state for police violence, unjustified identity checks and improper arrests.

2017 law concerning traffic stops

A law was passed in 2017 permitting police to shoot at a vehicle fleeing a traffic stop if it put the passengers or passersby in danger. This law resulted in thirteen deaths in 2022, six more than the year before.

Social problems

Mayors of some poor towns believe that the population's living conditions are the source of the riots. The mayor of Chanteloup-les-Vignes, Catherine Arenou, said: "What I see is that the population of 2023 is not the same as it was in 2005: it is poorer and poorer. Before, we still had a bit of upward social mobility. Now I see that the sons are not living as well as the fathers." According to Philippe Rio, mayor of Grigny, "In 2005, we were already talking about extreme poverty. But COVID has made things even worse, and inflation has added yet another layer. ... [E]ven those who work can no longer get by. And children are witnessing ... their parents' inability to fill the fridge. They get the impression that they've been completely relegated."

Protests and rioting

Metropolitan France

Riots were reported in the evening of 27 June after videos of Merzouk's killing in Nanterre began to circulate. The urban unrest was concentrated in Nanterre, where rioters threw projectiles at police, let off fireworks, and set cars, bus shelters, rubbish bins, and a school on fire. Fires were also lit near the tracks of the RER A. This rioting lasted until morning in Nanterre and spread to other areas in Île-de-France, but was also reported in Colmar and Roubaix. By the end of the day, there were at least 20 police officers injured, 10 police cars damaged, and 31 arrested. 2,000 police officers and gendarmes were deployed to deal with the outbreak of violence.

On 28 June, riots were reported in Amiens, Dijon, Lyon, Lille, Saint-Étienne, Clermont-Ferrand, and Strasbourg. French media reported numerous incidents around the Greater Paris region. There were reports of fireworks being directed at the Montreuil Town Hall which is located at the eastern edge of Paris. Fresnes Prison was also targeted by fireworks. In Toulouse, arson and clashes between 100 demonstrators and police in the Reynerie district resulted in 13 arrests and 20 vehicles burned. There were attacks reported on 27 national police stations (including 7 by arson), 4 gendarmerie barracks, 14 municipal police stations (including 10 by arson), 8 town halls, 6 schools, and 6 public buildings. Clashing and the burning of vehicles continued in Nanterre; police stations in Suresnes, Bois-Colombes and Gennevilliers as well as municipal police stations in Meudon were attacked. Fires were set at media libraries, a construction machine in Clichy-sous-Bois, a school in Puteaux, and a tram in Clamart. Looting was reported in Colombes and town halls were attacked in Meudon and Châtenay-Malabry. In total, more than 90 public buildings were attacked. In Paris, clashes erupted in the 18th and 19th arrondissements, while fires were set in the 15th arrondissement. Nationwide, at least 150 people were arrested, 170 police officers were injured, and 609 vehicles plus 109 buildings were damaged.

On 29 June, over 6,200 people participated in a march in support of Merzouk's family in Nanterre. By evening, tensions erupted and the BRI were sent to the scene. Buses and trams stopped running by evening to prevent damage, and several communes such as Clamart, Compiègne, and Savigny-le-Temple implemented curfews, with Savigny-le-Temple implementing a curfew only for minors. Rioters in Marseille reportedly threw fireworks at police. In Nanterre, rioters vandalised the Memorial to the Martyrs of the Deportation, which remembers victims of the Holocaust in Vichy France. A car reportedly crashed into the a Lidl store in Nantes, after which it was vandalized and looted. There were also reports of the Clichy-sous-Bois town hall being lit on fire by rioters. There were 875 arrests nationally. A vigil march was held in Nanterre in memory of Merzouk.

On 30 June, Interior Minister Gérald Darmanin instructed prefectures nationwide to order that all buses and trams stop service at 9pm, and to prohibit the sale and transport of fireworks mortars, petrol cans, and other dangerous substances. President Emmanuel Macron canceled a scheduled trip to Germany to handle the issue, after being criticized for attending a concert during the ongoing crisis. After an unauthorized demonstration against police violence in front of Angers city hall had been dispersed with tear gas, the protestors were accosted by members of the banned far-right group Alvarium armed with baseball bats. The situation was quickly defused by police with only one injury requiring hospitalization. The group was involved in further conflict the following day, leading police to search their headquarters on 3 July. The rioting in Angers -- which included looting of a tobacco shop, cars burned, police targeted with fireworks, and damage to the ground floor of a retirement home -- led to eleven arrests according to the prefecture, including "some very young minors". In Marseille, the city's largest public library, the Bibliothèque l'Alcazar, sustained fire damage. Its glass façade was badly damaged, but rioters were unable to enter the building. Meanwhile, in Nanterre, a Holocaust memorial was defaced with anti-police slogans.

On 2 July, the home of the mayor of L'Haÿ-les-Roses, Vincent Jeanbrun, was attacked in the suburbs south of Paris. after the town hall had been repeatedly attacked by rioters for several nights. After having the building protected with barricades and barbed wire fencing, the mayor had decided to spend the night there to monitor the security situation. At 1:30 a.m. attackers rammed a car into the front gate of Jeanbrun's home and attempted to set the car on fire. Fleeing the house, his wife suffered a broken leg and one of their two young children was injured. French Prime Minister Élisabeth Borne, who visited L'Haÿ-les-Roses hours later, called the attack on his family "particularly shocking". Prosecutor Stephane Hardouin confirmed that his office had opened an attempted murder investigation, while Jeanbrun called on President Macron to declare a state of emergency. In a tweet, Senate President Gérard Larcher condemned the attack, writing, "To attack the life of an elected representative and that of his family is to attack the nation."

On 3 July, arrests and violent activity began to abate. A demonstration was held in support of a "return to Republican order" after the attack on the Paris suburb's mayor's home the previous day. There were still 24 buildings damaged in the Paris area and 159 cars set on fire. Four police officers were reportedly shot at in the Rhône by men on mopeds with shotguns. In a separate event, 30 youths broke into a gun store in Marseille, one of whom was arrested in possession of a stolen rifle. Furthermore, there were multiple confirmed cases of rioters firing in the air using Kalashnikov assault rifles. A video was also filmed showing a rioter with PPS-43 style submachine-gun. Numerous cases of rioters firing at CCTV cameras with pump action shotguns were also filmed and verified.

On 4 July, prosecutors opened an investigation into the death of a 27 year old man who was hit by a projectile during the riots in Marseille. They said that the likely cause of death was a violent shock to the chest from a "flash-ball" projectile, which is used by riot police.

Overseas France

In French Guiana, riots and protests erupted in the capital city, Cayenne, beginning on 29 June, following those in Metropolitan France. Rioters set fires in several neighborhoods across the city, including the Cité Brutus, Mango, Novaparc, and Village Chinois districts. A 54-year-old government officer was killed by a stray bullet while standing on the balcony of his home in the Mont-Lucas district of Cayenne. French gendarmes based in Kourou used tear gas to disperse a crowd that set a bus on fire and attacked a supermarket in the Soula district of Macouria commune. Prefect of French Guiana Thierry Queffelec condemned the violence and announced the early shut down of Cayenne's public transportation system on 30 June, as well as a temporary ban on the sale and transportation of gasoline at night.

Elsewhere in the French Caribbean, small demonstrations took place in Guadeloupe and Martinique. Martinican demonstrators set fires to garbage receptacles and cars in Fort-de-France, Le Carbet, and Le Robert and threw objects at responding firefighters. No violence has been reported in Guadeloupe.

In the overseas departments and region of Réunion, rioters vandalized buildings and cars, and reportedly threw objects at police beginning on 28 June. More than 70 fires were set across the island on the night of 1 July, which was a decrease from that of the previous evenings. Fires set by demonstrators were reported in the capital of Saint-Denis, and the communes of La Plaine-des-Palmistes, Le Port, La Possession, Le Tampon, Saint-Benoît, Saint-Louis, and Saint-Paul.

International

In Belgium, some fires were lit in Brussels on 29 June and one person was arrested for rebellion. All told, in two days a little over 100 people (including many minors) were arrested in Brussels and in Liège (where there were no incidents), most of them preemptively. In Switzerland, of the seven people arrested in Lausanne for breaking shop windows six were minors, two of whom were not Swiss citizens. In the Canadian province of Québec, a demonstration happened in Montréal in front of the Eaton Centre.

Misinformation

Misinformation about the protests was promoted by far-right and anti-migrant social media users to discredit the protesters, cultural minorities in France and the country's immigration policies. Russian nationalist and British nationalist users also promoted misinformation regarding the riots. There are also instances of Indian Twitter users incorrectly attributing videos to the riots.

Video clips falsely linked to the protests were shared on social media, including footage from The Fate of the Furious of cars falling from a building, a video of a fire at a parking lot in Australia, footage taken at a music concert in Mexico and a 2020 clip showing a Louis Vuitton store in Portland, Oregon in the United States being looted during the George Floyd protests. A pro-Russian Twitter account shared a video of a man with a rifle on a roof, falsely claiming that the man was a sniper on Paris's rooftops.

Paul Golding, leader of the British far-right party Britain First, shared a June 2020 video of armed men and falsely described it as "armed rioters show[ing] off their arsenal of weapons in France". He also shared a February 2022 video of a robbery at the Merced Mall in California with the caption "Immigrant hordes loot a jewellery shop in France", which he subsequently deleted.

A fake press release supposedly from the Interior Ministry circulated on social media. It claimed that Internet access would be temporarily restricted in certain areas of the country.

Reactions

In the same speech where Macron denounced the police actions, he also called for protesters to be peaceful. Macron called upon parents to exercise influence on their children. He was critical of social media promoting videos of the urban conflict and complained of violence in video games which he said had "intoxicated" some teenagers. The Interior Ministry urged for calm after the first day of unrest. Nanterre mayor Patrick Jarry, though expressing "shock" over the video, declared on a 28 June news conference that the prefecture had undergone "one of the worst days of its history", urging citizens to "stop this destructive spiral", and adding that "we want justice for Merzouk; we will obtain it through peaceful mobilization."

According to BBC analysis, the thirteen deaths related to refusal to submit to traffic stops the previous year, along with the amplifying effects of social media, made the memory of the unrest in 2005 a key reason why Macron and the French political establishment reacted quickly to calm matters. During his presidency, there has already been significant "anger in the streets" during the yellow vests protests and the protests resulting from reforms of the French pension system.

Alliance Police nationale alongside the UNSA union issued a statement stating "Faced with these savage hordes, it's no longer enough to call for calm, it must be imposed." It also claimed that they were "at war with vermin".

The United Nations Human Rights Office issued a statement on 30 June urging France to seriously address the "deep-rooted issues of racism and racial discrimination" within its law enforcement agencies, and by 2 July, the United States, Turkey, Canada and several European countries, including the United Kingdom and Norway, had recommended caution to their citizens in France, and warned tourists to stay away from areas affected by the protests.

See also

• 2009 French riots
• 2017 French riots